diff --git a/common/CMakeLists.txt b/common/CMakeLists.txt
index c63dff1e5d..48006f851b 100644
--- a/common/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/common/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -454,6 +454,7 @@ target_link_libraries( common
     libcontext
     kimath
     kiplatform
+    fmt::fmt
     gal
     scripting
     threadpool
diff --git a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
index f38454b356..7195e440ac 100644
--- a/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ add_subdirectory( clipper )
 add_subdirectory( compoundfilereader )
 add_subdirectory( delaunator )
 add_subdirectory( dxflib_qcad )
+add_subdirectory( fmt )
 add_subdirectory( gzip-hpp )
 add_subdirectory( lemon )
 add_subdirectory( libcontext )
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/CMakeLists.txt b/thirdparty/fmt/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4033ddfc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1...3.18)
+
+# Fallback for using newer policies on CMake <3.12.
+if(${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_LESS 3.12)
+  cmake_policy(VERSION ${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION})
+endif()
+
+# Determine if fmt is built as a subproject (using add_subdirectory)
+# or if it is the master project.
+if (NOT DEFINED FMT_MASTER_PROJECT)
+  set(FMT_MASTER_PROJECT OFF)
+  if (CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
+    set(FMT_MASTER_PROJECT ON)
+    message(STATUS "CMake version: ${CMAKE_VERSION}")
+  endif ()
+endif ()
+
+# Joins arguments and places the results in ${result_var}.
+function(join result_var)
+  set(result "")
+  foreach (arg ${ARGN})
+    set(result "${result}${arg}")
+  endforeach ()
+  set(${result_var} "${result}" PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
+function(enable_module target)
+  if (MSVC)
+    set(BMI ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${target}.ifc)
+    target_compile_options(${target}
+      PRIVATE /interface /ifcOutput ${BMI}
+      INTERFACE /reference fmt=${BMI})
+  endif ()
+  set_target_properties(${target} PROPERTIES ADDITIONAL_CLEAN_FILES ${BMI})
+  set_source_files_properties(${BMI} PROPERTIES GENERATED ON)
+endfunction()
+
+include(CMakeParseArguments)
+
+# Sets a cache variable with a docstring joined from multiple arguments:
+#   set(<variable> <value>... CACHE <type> <docstring>...)
+# This allows splitting a long docstring for readability.
+function(set_verbose)
+  # cmake_parse_arguments is broken in CMake 3.4 (cannot parse CACHE) so use
+  # list instead.
+  list(GET ARGN 0 var)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(GET ARGN 0 val)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  list(GET ARGN 0 type)
+  list(REMOVE_AT ARGN 0)
+  join(doc ${ARGN})
+  set(${var} ${val} CACHE ${type} ${doc})
+endfunction()
+
+# Set the default CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE to Release.
+# This should be done before the project command since the latter can set
+# CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE itself (it does so for nmake).
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release CACHE STRING
+              "Choose the type of build, options are: None(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS or "
+              "CMAKE_C_FLAGS used) Debug Release RelWithDebInfo MinSizeRel.")
+endif ()
+
+project(FMT CXX)
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+set_verbose(FMT_INC_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR} CACHE STRING
+            "Installation directory for include files, a relative path that "
+            "will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute path.")
+
+option(FMT_PEDANTIC "Enable extra warnings and expensive tests." OFF)
+option(FMT_WERROR "Halt the compilation with an error on compiler warnings."
+       OFF)
+
+# Options that control generation of various targets.
+option(FMT_DOC "Generate the doc target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_INSTALL "Generate the install target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_TEST "Generate the test target." ${FMT_MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_FUZZ "Generate the fuzz target." OFF)
+option(FMT_CUDA_TEST "Generate the cuda-test target." OFF)
+option(FMT_OS "Include core requiring OS (Windows/Posix) " ON)
+option(FMT_MODULE "Build a module instead of a traditional library." OFF)
+option(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS "Expose headers with marking them as system." OFF)
+
+set(FMT_CAN_MODULE OFF)
+if (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD GREATER 17 AND
+    # msvc 16.10-pre4
+    MSVC AND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 19.29.30035)
+  set(FMT_CAN_MODULE OFF)
+endif ()
+if (NOT FMT_CAN_MODULE)
+  set(FMT_MODULE OFF)
+  message(STATUS "Module support is disabled.")
+endif ()
+if (FMT_TEST AND FMT_MODULE)
+  # The tests require {fmt} to be compiled as traditional library
+  message(STATUS "Testing is incompatible with build mode 'module'.")
+endif ()
+set(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE "")
+if (FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS)
+  set(FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE SYSTEM)
+endif ()
+
+# Get version from core.h
+file(READ include/fmt/core.h core_h)
+if (NOT core_h MATCHES "FMT_VERSION ([0-9]+)([0-9][0-9])([0-9][0-9])")
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot get FMT_VERSION from core.h.")
+endif ()
+# Use math to skip leading zeros if any.
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR ${CMAKE_MATCH_1})
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR ${CMAKE_MATCH_2})
+math(EXPR CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH ${CMAKE_MATCH_3})
+join(FMT_VERSION ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR}.${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MINOR}.
+                 ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_PATCH})
+message(STATUS "Version: ${FMT_VERSION}")
+
+message(STATUS "Build type: ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}")
+
+if (NOT CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)
+  set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/bin)
+endif ()
+
+set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH}
+  "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake")
+
+include(cxx14)
+include(JoinPaths)
+
+list(FIND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILE_FEATURES "cxx_variadic_templates" index)
+if (${index} GREATER -1)
+  # Use cxx_variadic_templates instead of more appropriate cxx_std_11 for
+  # compatibility with older CMake versions.
+  set(FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES cxx_variadic_templates)
+endif ()
+message(STATUS "Required features: ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES}")
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT DEFINED CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET hidden CACHE STRING
+              "Preset for the export of private symbols")
+  set_property(CACHE CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET PROPERTY STRINGS
+               hidden default)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT DEFINED CMAKE_VISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN)
+  set_verbose(CMAKE_VISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN ON CACHE BOOL
+              "Whether to add a compile flag to hide symbols of inline functions")
+endif ()
+
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -pedantic-errors -Wall -Wextra -pedantic
+      -Wold-style-cast -Wundef
+      -Wredundant-decls -Wwrite-strings -Wpointer-arith
+      -Wcast-qual -Wformat=2 -Wmissing-include-dirs
+      -Wcast-align
+      -Wctor-dtor-privacy -Wdisabled-optimization
+      -Winvalid-pch -Woverloaded-virtual
+      -Wconversion -Wundef
+      -Wno-ctor-dtor-privacy -Wno-format-nonliteral)
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 4.6)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS}
+         -Wno-dangling-else -Wno-unused-local-typedefs)
+  endif ()
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 5.0)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS} -Wdouble-promotion
+          -Wtrampolines -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant -Wuseless-cast
+          -Wvector-operation-performance -Wsized-deallocation -Wshadow)
+  endif ()
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_LESS 6.0)
+      set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS} -Wshift-overflow=2
+          -Wnull-dereference -Wduplicated-cond)
+  endif ()
+  set(WERROR_FLAG -Werror)
+endif ()
+
+if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wconversion -Wundef
+      -Wdeprecated -Wweak-vtables -Wshadow
+      -Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments)
+  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant HAS_NULLPTR_WARNING)
+  if (HAS_NULLPTR_WARNING)
+    set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS}
+        -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant)
+  endif ()
+  set(WERROR_FLAG -Werror)
+endif ()
+
+if (MSVC)
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS /W3)
+  set(WERROR_FLAG /WX)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "Visual Studio")
+  # If Microsoft SDK is installed create script run-msbuild.bat that
+  # calls SetEnv.cmd to set up build environment and runs msbuild.
+  # It is useful when building Visual Studio projects with the SDK
+  # toolchain rather than Visual Studio.
+  include(FindSetEnv)
+  if (WINSDK_SETENV)
+    set(MSBUILD_SETUP "call \"${WINSDK_SETENV}\"")
+  endif ()
+  # Set FrameworkPathOverride to get rid of MSB3644 warnings.
+  join(netfxpath
+       "C:\\Program Files\\Reference Assemblies\\Microsoft\\Framework\\"
+       ".NETFramework\\v4.0")
+  file(WRITE run-msbuild.bat "
+    ${MSBUILD_SETUP}
+    ${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM} -p:FrameworkPathOverride=\"${netfxpath}\" %*")
+endif ()
+
+function(add_headers VAR)
+  set(headers ${${VAR}})
+  foreach (header ${ARGN})
+    set(headers ${headers} include/fmt/${header})
+  endforeach()
+  set(${VAR} ${headers} PARENT_SCOPE)
+endfunction()
+
+# Define the fmt library, its includes and the needed defines.
+add_headers(FMT_HEADERS args.h chrono.h color.h compile.h core.h format.h
+                        format-inl.h os.h ostream.h printf.h ranges.h std.h
+                        xchar.h)
+if (FMT_MODULE)
+  set(FMT_SOURCES src/fmt.cc)
+elseif (FMT_OS)
+  set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc src/os.cc)
+else()
+  set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc)
+endif ()
+
+add_library(fmt ${FMT_SOURCES} ${FMT_HEADERS} README.rst ChangeLog.rst)
+add_library(fmt::fmt ALIAS fmt)
+
+if (FMT_WERROR)
+  target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${WERROR_FLAG})
+endif ()
+if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
+  target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
+endif ()
+if (FMT_MODULE)
+  enable_module(fmt)
+endif ()
+
+target_compile_features(fmt INTERFACE ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES})
+
+target_include_directories(fmt ${FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE} PUBLIC
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
+  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${FMT_INC_DIR}>)
+
+set(FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX d CACHE STRING "Debug library postfix.")
+
+set_target_properties(fmt PROPERTIES
+  VERSION ${FMT_VERSION} SOVERSION ${CPACK_PACKAGE_VERSION_MAJOR}
+  PUBLIC_HEADER "${FMT_HEADERS}"
+  DEBUG_POSTFIX "${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX}")
+
+# Set FMT_LIB_NAME for pkg-config fmt.pc. We cannot use the OUTPUT_NAME target
+# property because it's not set by default.
+set(FMT_LIB_NAME fmt)
+if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+  set(FMT_LIB_NAME ${FMT_LIB_NAME}${FMT_DEBUG_POSTFIX})
+endif ()
+
+if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
+  if (UNIX AND NOT APPLE AND NOT ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "SunOS" AND
+      NOT EMSCRIPTEN)
+    # Fix rpmlint warning:
+    # unused-direct-shlib-dependency /usr/lib/libformat.so.1.1.0 /lib/libm.so.6.
+    target_link_libraries(fmt -Wl,--as-needed)
+  endif ()
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PRIVATE FMT_EXPORT INTERFACE FMT_SHARED)
+endif ()
+if (FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
+endif()
+
+add_library(fmt-header-only INTERFACE)
+add_library(fmt::fmt-header-only ALIAS fmt-header-only)
+
+target_compile_definitions(fmt-header-only INTERFACE FMT_HEADER_ONLY=1)
+target_compile_features(fmt-header-only INTERFACE ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES})
+
+target_include_directories(fmt-header-only ${FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS_ATTRIBUTE} INTERFACE
+  $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
+  $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${FMT_INC_DIR}>)
+
+# Install targets.
+if (FMT_INSTALL)
+  include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
+  set_verbose(FMT_CMAKE_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/fmt CACHE STRING
+              "Installation directory for cmake files, a relative path that "
+              "will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute "
+              "path.")
+  set(version_config ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt-config-version.cmake)
+  set(project_config ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt-config.cmake)
+  set(pkgconfig ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt.pc)
+  set(targets_export_name fmt-targets)
+
+  set_verbose(FMT_LIB_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR} CACHE STRING
+              "Installation directory for libraries, a relative path that "
+              "will be joined to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an absolute path.")
+
+  set_verbose(FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig CACHE PATH
+              "Installation directory for pkgconfig (.pc) files, a relative "
+              "path that will be joined with ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX} or an "
+              "absolute path.")
+
+  # Generate the version, config and target files into the build directory.
+  write_basic_package_version_file(
+    ${version_config}
+    VERSION ${FMT_VERSION}
+    COMPATIBILITY AnyNewerVersion)
+
+  join_paths(libdir_for_pc_file "\${exec_prefix}" "${FMT_LIB_DIR}")
+  join_paths(includedir_for_pc_file "\${prefix}" "${FMT_INC_DIR}")
+
+  configure_file(
+    "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in"
+    "${pkgconfig}"
+    @ONLY)
+  configure_package_config_file(
+    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
+    ${project_config}
+    INSTALL_DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR})
+
+  set(INSTALL_TARGETS fmt fmt-header-only)
+
+  # Install the library and headers.
+  install(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS} EXPORT ${targets_export_name}
+          LIBRARY DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR}
+          ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR}
+          PUBLIC_HEADER DESTINATION "${FMT_INC_DIR}/fmt"
+          FRAMEWORK DESTINATION "."
+          RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR})
+
+  # Use a namespace because CMake provides better diagnostics for namespaced
+  # imported targets.
+  export(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS} NAMESPACE fmt::
+         FILE ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/${targets_export_name}.cmake)
+
+  # Install version, config and target files.
+  install(
+    FILES ${project_config} ${version_config}
+    DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR})
+  install(EXPORT ${targets_export_name} DESTINATION ${FMT_CMAKE_DIR}
+          NAMESPACE fmt::)
+
+  install(FILES $<TARGET_PDB_FILE:${INSTALL_TARGETS}>
+          DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR} OPTIONAL)
+  install(FILES "${pkgconfig}" DESTINATION "${FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR}")
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_DOC)
+  add_subdirectory(doc)
+endif ()
+
+if (FMT_TEST)
+  enable_testing()
+  add_subdirectory(test)
+endif ()
+
+# Control fuzzing independent of the unit tests.
+if (FMT_FUZZ)
+  add_subdirectory(test/fuzzing)
+
+  # The FMT_FUZZ macro is used to prevent resource exhaustion in fuzzing
+  # mode and make fuzzing practically possible. It is similar to
+  # FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION but uses a different name to
+  # avoid interfering with fuzzing of projects that use {fmt}.
+  # See also https://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html#fuzzer-friendly-build-mode.
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_FUZZ)
+endif ()
+
+set(gitignore ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/.gitignore)
+if (FMT_MASTER_PROJECT AND EXISTS ${gitignore})
+  # Get the list of ignored files from .gitignore.
+  file (STRINGS ${gitignore} lines)
+  list(REMOVE_ITEM lines /doc/html)
+  foreach (line ${lines})
+    string(REPLACE "." "[.]" line "${line}")
+    string(REPLACE "*" ".*" line "${line}")
+    set(ignored_files ${ignored_files} "${line}$" "${line}/")
+  endforeach ()
+  set(ignored_files ${ignored_files}
+    /.git /breathe /format-benchmark sphinx/ .buildinfo .doctrees)
+
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_GENERATOR ZIP)
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_IGNORE_FILES ${ignored_files})
+  set(CPACK_SOURCE_PACKAGE_FILE_NAME fmt-${FMT_VERSION})
+  set(CPACK_PACKAGE_NAME fmt)
+  set(CPACK_RESOURCE_FILE_README ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/README.rst)
+  include(CPack)
+endif ()
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/ChangeLog.rst b/thirdparty/fmt/ChangeLog.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..966d039f81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/ChangeLog.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,5129 @@
+9.0.0 - 2022-07-04
+------------------
+
+* Switched to the internal floating point formatter for all decimal presentation
+  formats. In particular this results in consistent rounding on all platforms
+  and removing the ``s[n]printf`` fallback for decimal FP formatting.
+
+* Compile-time floating point formatting no longer requires the header-only
+  mode. For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/G37PTeG3b>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <array>
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     consteval auto compile_time_dtoa(double value) -> std::array<char, 10> {
+       auto result = std::array<char, 10>();
+       fmt::format_to(result.data(), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), value);
+       return result;
+     }
+
+     constexpr auto answer = compile_time_itoa(0.42);
+
+  works with the default settings.
+
+* Improved the implementation of
+  `Dragonbox <https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox>`_, the algorithm used for
+  the default floating-point formatting
+  (`#2713 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2713>`_,
+  `#2750 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2750>`_).
+  Thanks `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_.
+
+* Made ``fmt::to_string`` work with ``__float128``. This uses the internal
+  FP formatter and works even on system without ``__float128`` support in
+  ``[s]printf``.
+
+* Disabled automatic ``std::ostream`` insertion operator (``operator<<``)
+  discovery when ``fmt/ostream.h`` is included to prevent ODR violations.
+  You can get the old behavior by defining ``FMT_DEPRECATED_OSTREAM`` but this
+  will be removed in the next major release. Use ``fmt::streamed`` or
+  ``fmt::ostream_formatter`` to enable formatting via ``std::ostream`` instead.
+  
+* Added ``fmt::ostream_formatter`` that can be used to write ``formatter``
+  specializations that perform formatting via ``std::ostream``.
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/5sEc5qMsf>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+     struct date {
+       int year, month, day;
+
+       friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const date& d) {
+         return os << d.year << '-' << d.month << '-' << d.day;
+       }
+     };
+
+     template <> struct fmt::formatter<date> : ostream_formatter {};
+
+     std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date{2012, 12, 9});
+     // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
+
+* Added the ``fmt::streamed`` function that takes an object and formats it
+  via ``std::ostream``.
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/5G3346G1f>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <thread>
+     #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n",
+                  fmt::streamed(std::this_thread::get_id()));
+     }
+
+  Note that ``fmt/std.h`` provides a ``formatter`` specialization for
+  ``std::thread::id`` so you don't need to format it via ``std::ostream``.
+
+* Deprecated implicit conversions of unscoped enums to integers for consistency
+  with scoped enums.
+
+* Added an argument-dependent lookup based ``format_as`` extension API to
+  simplify formatting of enums.
+
+* Added experimental ``std::variant`` formatting support
+  (`#2941 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2941>`_).
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/KG9z6cq68>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <variant>
+     #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       auto v = std::variant<int, std::string>(42);
+       fmt::print("{}\n", v);
+     }
+
+  prints::
+
+     variant(42)
+
+  Thanks `@jehelset <https://github.com/jehelset>`_.
+
+* Added experimental ``std::filesystem::path`` formatting support
+  (`#2865 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2865>`_,
+  `#2902 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2902>`_,
+  `#2917 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2917>`_,
+  `#2918 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2918>`_).
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/o44dMexEb>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <filesystem>
+     #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("There is no place like {}.", std::filesystem::path("/home"));
+     }
+
+  prints::
+
+     There is no place like "/home".
+
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Added a ``std::thread::id`` formatter to ``fmt/std.h``.
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/j1azbYf3E>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <thread>
+     #include <fmt/std.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n", std::this_thread::get_id());
+     }
+
+* Added ``fmt::styled`` that applies a text style to an individual argument
+  (`#2793 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2793>`_).
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/vWGW7v5M6>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+     #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+       fmt::print(
+         "[{}] {}: {}\n",
+         fmt::styled(now, fmt::emphasis::bold),
+         fmt::styled("error", fg(fmt::color::red)),
+         "something went wrong");
+     }
+
+  prints
+
+  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+             175071215-12809244-dab0-4005-96d8-7cd911c964d5.png
+
+  Thanks `@rbrugo (Riccardo Brugo) <https://github.com/rbrugo>`_.
+
+* Made ``fmt::print`` overload for text styles correctly handle UTF-8
+  (`#2681 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2681>`_,
+  `#2701 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2701>`_).
+  Thanks `@AlexGuteniev (Alex Guteniev) <https://github.com/AlexGuteniev>`_.
+
+* Fixed Unicode handling when writing to an ostream.
+
+* Added support for nested specifiers to range formatting
+  (`#2673 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2673>`_).
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/xd3Gj38cf>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <vector>
+     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{::#x}\n", std::vector{10, 20, 30});
+     }
+
+  prints ``[0xa, 0x14, 0x1e]``.
+
+  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
+
+* Implemented escaping of wide strings in ranges
+  (`#2904 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2904>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Added support for ranges with ``begin`` / ``end`` found via the
+  argument-dependent lookup
+  (`#2807 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2807>`_).
+  Thanks `@rbrugo (Riccardo Brugo) <https://github.com/rbrugo>`_.
+
+* Fixed formatting of certain kinds of ranges of ranges
+  (`#2787 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2787>`_).
+  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of maps with element types other than ``std::pair``
+  (`#2944 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2944>`_).
+  Thanks `@BrukerJWD (Jonathan W) <https://github.com/BrukerJWD>`_.
+
+* Made tuple formatter enabled only if elements are formattable
+  (`#2939 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2939>`_,
+  `#2940 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2940>`_).
+  Thanks `@jehelset <https://github.com/jehelset>`_.
+
+* Made ``fmt::join`` compatible with format string compilation
+  (`#2719 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2719>`_,
+  `#2720 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2720>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Made compile-time checks work with named arguments of custom types and
+  ``std::ostream`` ``print`` overloads
+  (`#2816 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2816>`_,
+  `#2817 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2817>`_,
+  `#2819 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2819>`_).
+  Thanks `@timsong-cpp <https://github.com/timsong-cpp>`_.
+
+* Removed ``make_args_checked`` because it is no longer needed for compile-time
+  checks (`#2760 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2760>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Removed the following deprecated APIs: ``_format``, ``arg_join``,
+  the ``format_to`` overload that takes a memory buffer,
+  ``[v]fprintf`` that takes an ``ostream``.
+
+* Removed the deprecated implicit conversion of ``[const] signed char*`` and 
+  ``[const] unsigned char*`` to C strings.
+
+* Removed the deprecated ``fmt/locale.h``.
+
+* Replaced the deprecated ``fileno()`` with ``descriptor()`` in
+  ``buffered_file``.
+
+* Moved ``to_string_view`` to the ``detail`` namespace since it's an
+  implementation detail.
+
+* Made access mode of a created file consistent with ``fopen`` by setting
+  ``S_IWGRP`` and ``S_IWOTH``
+  (`#2733 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2733>`_).
+  Thanks `@arogge (Andreas Rogge) <https://github.com/arogge>`_.
+
+* Removed a redundant buffer resize when formatting to ``std::ostream``
+  (`#2842 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2842>`_,
+  `#2843 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2843>`_).
+  Thanks `@jcelerier (Jean-Michaël Celerier) <https://github.com/jcelerier>`_.
+
+* Made precision computation for strings consistent with width
+  (`#2888 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2888>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of locale separators in floating point formatting
+  (`#2830 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2830>`_).
+
+* Made sign specifiers work with ``__int128_t``
+  (`#2773 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2773>`_).
+
+* Improved support for systems such as CHERI with extra data stored in pointers
+  (`#2932 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2932>`_).
+  Thanks `@davidchisnall (David Chisnall) <https://github.com/davidchisnall>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#2706 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2706>`_,
+  `#2712 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2712>`_,
+  `#2789 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2789>`_,
+  `#2803 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2803>`_,
+  `#2805 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2805>`_,
+  `#2815 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2815>`_,
+  `#2924 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2924>`_).
+  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_,
+  `@Pokechu22 <https://github.com/Pokechu22>`_,
+  `@setoye (Alta) <https://github.com/setoye>`_,
+  `@rtobar <https://github.com/rtobar>`_,
+  `@rbrugo (Riccardo Brugo) <https://github.com/rbrugo>`_,
+  `@anoonD (cre) <https://github.com/anoonD>`_,
+  `@leha-bot (Alex) <https://github.com/leha-bot>`_.
+
+* Improved build configuration
+  (`#2766 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2766>`_,
+  `#2772 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2772>`_,
+  `#2836 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2836>`_,
+  `#2852 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2852>`_,
+  `#2907 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2907>`_,
+  `#2913 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2913>`_,
+  `#2914 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2914>`_).
+  Thanks `@kambala-decapitator (Andrey Filipenkov)
+  <https://github.com/kambala-decapitator>`_,
+  `@mattiasljungstrom (Mattias Ljungström)
+  <https://github.com/mattiasljungstrom>`_,
+  `@kieselnb (Nick Kiesel) <https://github.com/kieselnb>`_,
+  `@nathannaveen <https://github.com/nathannaveen>`_,
+  `@Vertexwahn <https://github.com/Vertexwahn>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#2408 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2408>`_,
+  `#2507 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2507>`_,
+  `#2697 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2697>`_,
+  `#2715 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2715>`_,
+  `#2717 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2717>`_,
+  `#2722 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2722>`_,
+  `#2724 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2724>`_,
+  `#2725 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2725>`_,
+  `#2726 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2726>`_,
+  `#2728 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2728>`_,
+  `#2732 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2732>`_,
+  `#2738 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2738>`_,
+  `#2742 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2742>`_,
+  `#2744 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2744>`_,
+  `#2745 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2745>`_,
+  `#2746 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2746>`_,
+  `#2754 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2754>`_,
+  `#2755 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2755>`_,
+  `#2757 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2757>`_,
+  `#2758 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2758>`_,
+  `#2761 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2761>`_,
+  `#2762 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2762>`_,
+  `#2763 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2763>`_,
+  `#2765 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2765>`_,
+  `#2769 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2769>`_,
+  `#2770 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2770>`_,
+  `#2771 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2771>`_,
+  `#2777 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2777>`_,
+  `#2779 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2779>`_,
+  `#2782 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2782>`_,
+  `#2783 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2783>`_,
+  `#2794 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2794>`_,
+  `#2796 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2796>`_,
+  `#2797 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2797>`_,
+  `#2801 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2801>`_,
+  `#2802 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2802>`_,
+  `#2808 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2808>`_,
+  `#2818 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2818>`_,
+  `#2819 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2819>`_,
+  `#2829 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2829>`_,
+  `#2835 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2835>`_,
+  `#2848 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2848>`_,
+  `#2860 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2860>`_,
+  `#2861 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2861>`_,
+  `#2882 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2882>`_,
+  `#2886 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2886>`_,
+  `#2891 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2891>`_,
+  `#2892 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2892>`_,
+  `#2895 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2895>`_,
+  `#2896 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2896>`_,
+  `#2903 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2903>`_,
+  `#2906 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2906>`_,
+  `#2908 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2908>`_,
+  `#2909 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2909>`_,
+  `#2920 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2920>`_,
+  `#2922 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2922>`_,
+  `#2927 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2927>`_,
+  `#2929 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2929>`_,
+  `#2936 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2936>`_,
+  `#2937 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2937>`_,
+  `#2938 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2938>`_,
+  `#2951 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2951>`_,
+  `#2954 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2954>`_,
+  `#2957 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2957>`_,
+  `#2958 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2958>`_,
+  `#2960 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2960>`_).
+  Thanks `@matrackif <https://github.com/matrackif>`_
+  `@Tobi823 (Tobias Hellmann) <https://github.com/Tobi823>`_,
+  `@ivan-volnov (Ivan Volnov) <https://github.com/ivan-volnov>`_,
+  `@VasiliPupkin256 <https://github.com/VasiliPupkin256>`_,
+  `@federico-busato (Federico) <https://github.com/federico-busato>`_,
+  `@barcharcraz (Charlie Barto) <https://github.com/barcharcraz>`_,
+  `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_,
+  `@HazardyKnusperkeks (Björn Schäpers)
+  <https://github.com/HazardyKnusperkeks>`_,
+  `@dalboris (Boris Dalstein) <https://github.com/dalboris>`_,
+  `@seanm (Sean McBride) <https://github.com/seanm>`_,
+  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@timsong-cpp <https://github.com/timsong-cpp>`_,
+  `@seanm (Sean McBride) <https://github.com/seanm>`_,
+  `@frithrah <https://github.com/frithrah>`_,
+  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@Agga <https://github.com/Agga>`_,
+  `@madmaxoft (Mattes D) <https://github.com/madmaxoft>`_,
+  `@JurajX (Juraj) <https://github.com/JurajX>`_,
+  `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_,
+  `@Dani-Hub (Daniel Krügler) <https://github.com/Dani-Hub>`_.
+
+8.1.1 - 2022-01-06
+------------------
+
+* Restored ABI compatibility with version 8.0.x
+  (`#2695 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2695>`_,
+  `#2696 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2696>`_).
+  Thanks `@saraedum (Julian Rüth) <https://github.com/saraedum>`_.
+
+* Fixed chrono formatting on big endian systems
+  (`#2698 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2698>`_,
+  `#2699 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2699>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_ and
+  `@xvitaly (Vitaly Zaitsev) <https://github.com/xvitaly>`_.
+
+* Fixed a linkage error with mingw
+  (`#2691 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2691>`_,
+  `#2692 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2692>`_).
+  Thanks `@rbberger (Richard Berger) <https://github.com/rbberger>`_.
+
+8.1.0 - 2022-01-02
+------------------
+
+* Optimized chrono formatting
+  (`#2500 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2500>`_,
+  `#2537 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2537>`_,
+  `#2541 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2541>`_,
+  `#2544 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2544>`_,
+  `#2550 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2550>`_,
+  `#2551 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2551>`_,
+  `#2576 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2576>`_,
+  `#2577 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2577>`_,
+  `#2586 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2586>`_,
+  `#2591 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2591>`_,
+  `#2594 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2594>`_,
+  `#2602 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2602>`_,
+  `#2617 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2617>`_,
+  `#2628 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2628>`_,
+  `#2633 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2633>`_,
+  `#2670 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2670>`_,
+  `#2671 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2671>`_).
+
+  Processing of some specifiers such as ``%z`` and ``%Y`` is now up to 10-20
+  times faster, for example on GCC 11 with libstdc++::
+
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Benchmark                                  Before             After
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    FMTFormatter_z                             261 ns             26.3 ns
+    FMTFormatterCompile_z                      246 ns             11.6 ns
+    FMTFormatter_Y                             263 ns             26.1 ns
+    FMTFormatterCompile_Y                      244 ns             10.5 ns
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_ and
+  `@toughengineer (Pavel Novikov) <https://github.com/toughengineer>`_.
+
+* Implemented subsecond formatting for chrono durations
+  (`#2623 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2623>`_).
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/es7vWTETe>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{:%S}", std::chrono::milliseconds(1234));
+     }
+
+  prints "01.234".
+
+  Thanks `@matrackif <https://github.com/matrackif>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of precision 0 when formatting chrono durations
+  (`#2587 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2587>`_,
+  `#2588 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2588>`_).
+  Thanks `@lukester1975 <https://github.com/lukester1975>`_.
+
+* Fixed an overflow on invalid inputs in the ``tm`` formatter
+  (`#2564 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2564>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Added ``fmt::group_digits`` that formats integers with a non-localized digit
+  separator (comma) for groups of three digits.
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/TxGxG9Poq>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{} dollars", fmt::group_digits(1000000));
+     }
+
+  prints "1,000,000 dollars".
+
+* Added support for faint, conceal, reverse and blink text styles
+  (`#2394 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2394>`_):
+
+  https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/147710227-c68f5317-f8fa-42c3-9123-7c4ba3c398cb.mp4
+
+  Thanks `@benit8 (Benoît Lormeau) <https://github.com/benit8>`_ and
+  `@data-man (Dmitry Atamanov) <https://github.com/data-man>`_.
+
+* Added experimental support for compile-time floating point formatting
+  (`#2426 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2426>`_,
+  `#2470 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2470>`_).
+  It is currently limited to the header-only mode.
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Added UDL-based named argument support to compile-time format string checks
+  (`#2640 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2640>`_,
+  `#2649 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2649>`_).
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/ohGbbvonv>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       using namespace fmt::literals;
+       fmt::print("{answer:s}", "answer"_a=42);
+     }
+
+  gives a compile-time error on compilers with C++20 ``consteval`` and non-type
+  template parameter support (gcc 10+) because ``s`` is not a valid format
+  specifier for an integer.
+
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Implemented escaping of string range elements.
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/rKvM1vKf3>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+     #include <vector>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{}", std::vector<std::string>{"\naan"});
+     }
+
+  is now printed as::
+
+    ["\naan"]
+
+  instead of::
+  
+    ["
+    aan"]
+
+* Added an experimental ``?`` specifier for escaping strings.
+  (`#2674 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2674>`_).
+  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
+
+* Switched to JSON-like representation of maps and sets for consistency with
+  Python's ``str.format``.
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/seKjoY9W5>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+     #include <map>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{}", std::map<std::string, int>{{"answer", 42}});
+     }
+
+  is now printed as::
+
+    {"answer": 42}
+
+* Extended ``fmt::join`` to support C++20-only ranges
+  (`#2549 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2549>`_).
+  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
+
+* Optimized handling of non-const-iterable ranges and implemented initial
+  support for non-const-formattable types.
+
+* Disabled implicit conversions of scoped enums to integers that was
+  accidentally introduced in earlier versions
+  (`#1841 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1841>`_).
+
+* Deprecated implicit conversion of ``[const] signed char*`` and 
+  ``[const] unsigned char*`` to C strings.
+
+* Deprecated ``_format``, a legacy UDL-based format API
+  (`#2646 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2646>`_).
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Marked ``format``, ``formatted_size`` and ``to_string`` as ``[[nodiscard]]``
+  (`#2612 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2612>`_).
+  `@0x8000-0000 (Florin Iucha) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_.
+
+* Added missing diagnostic when trying to format function and member pointers
+  as well as objects convertible to pointers which is explicitly disallowed
+  (`#2598 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2598>`_,
+  `#2609 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2609>`_,
+  `#2610 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2610>`_).
+  Thanks `@AlexGuteniev (Alex Guteniev) <https://github.com/AlexGuteniev>`_.
+
+* Optimized writing to a contiguous buffer with ``format_to_n``
+  (`#2489 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2489>`_).
+  Thanks `@Roman-Koshelev <https://github.com/Roman-Koshelev>`_.
+
+* Optimized writing to non-``char`` buffers
+  (`#2477 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2477>`_).
+  Thanks `@Roman-Koshelev <https://github.com/Roman-Koshelev>`_.
+
+* Decimal point is now localized when using the ``L`` specifier.
+
+* Improved floating point formatter implementation
+  (`#2498 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2498>`_,
+  `#2499 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2499>`_).
+  Thanks `@Roman-Koshelev <https://github.com/Roman-Koshelev>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of very large precision in fixed format
+  (`#2616 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2616>`_).
+
+* Made a table of cached powers used in FP formatting static
+  (`#2509 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2509>`_).
+  Thanks `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_.
+
+* Resolved a lookup ambiguity with C++20 format-related functions due to ADL
+  (`#2639 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2639>`_,
+  `#2641 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2641>`_).
+  Thanks `@mkurdej (Marek Kurdej) <https://github.com/mkurdej>`_.
+
+* Removed unnecessary inline namespace qualification
+  (`#2642 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2642>`_,
+  `#2643 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2643>`_).
+  Thanks `@mkurdej (Marek Kurdej) <https://github.com/mkurdej>`_.
+
+* Implemented argument forwarding in ``format_to_n``
+  (`#2462 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2462>`_,
+  `#2463 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2463>`_).
+  Thanks `@owent (WenTao Ou) <https://github.com/owent>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of implicit conversions in ``fmt::to_string`` and format string
+  compilation (`#2565 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2565>`_).
+
+* Changed the default access mode of files created by ``fmt::output_file`` to
+  ``-rw-r--r--`` for consistency with ``fopen``
+  (`#2530 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2530>`_).
+
+* Make ``fmt::ostream::flush`` public
+  (`#2435 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2435>`_).
+
+* Improved C++14/17 attribute detection
+  (`#2615 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2615>`_).
+  Thanks `@AlexGuteniev (Alex Guteniev) <https://github.com/AlexGuteniev>`_.
+
+* Improved ``consteval`` detection for MSVC
+  (`#2559 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2559>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#2406 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2406>`_,
+  `#2446 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2446>`_,
+  `#2493 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2493>`_,
+  `#2513 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2513>`_,
+  `#2515 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2515>`_,
+  `#2522 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2522>`_,
+  `#2562 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2562>`_,
+  `#2575 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2575>`_,
+  `#2606 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2606>`_,
+  `#2620 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2620>`_,
+  `#2676 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2676>`_).
+  Thanks `@sobolevn (Nikita Sobolev) <https://github.com/sobolevn>`_,
+  `@UnePierre (Max FERGER) <https://github.com/UnePierre>`_,
+  `@zhsj <https://github.com/zhsj>`_,
+  `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_,
+  `@ericcurtin (Eric Curtin) <https://github.com/ericcurtin>`_,
+  `@Lounarok <https://github.com/Lounarok>`_.
+
+* Improved fuzzers and added a fuzzer for chrono timepoint formatting
+  (`#2461 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2461>`_,
+  `#2469 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2469>`_).
+  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_,
+
+* Added the ``FMT_SYSTEM_HEADERS`` CMake option setting which marks {fmt}'s
+  headers as system. It can be used to suppress warnings
+  (`#2644 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2644>`_,
+  `#2651 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2651>`_).
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Added the Bazel build system support
+  (`#2505 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2505>`_,
+  `#2516 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2516>`_).
+  Thanks `@Vertexwahn <https://github.com/Vertexwahn>`_.
+
+* Improved build configuration and tests
+  (`#2437 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2437>`_,
+  `#2558 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2558>`_,
+  `#2648 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2648>`_,
+  `#2650 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2650>`_,
+  `#2663 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2663>`_,
+  `#2677 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2677>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
+  `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_,
+  `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#2353 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2353>`_,
+  `#2356 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2356>`_,
+  `#2399 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2399>`_,
+  `#2408 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2408>`_,
+  `#2414 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2414>`_,
+  `#2427 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2427>`_,
+  `#2432 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2432>`_,
+  `#2442 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2442>`_,
+  `#2434 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2434>`_,
+  `#2439 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2439>`_,
+  `#2447 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2447>`_,
+  `#2450 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2450>`_,
+  `#2455 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2455>`_,
+  `#2465 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2465>`_,
+  `#2472 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2472>`_,
+  `#2474 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2474>`_,
+  `#2476 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2476>`_,
+  `#2478 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2478>`_,
+  `#2479 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2479>`_,
+  `#2481 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2481>`_,
+  `#2482 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2482>`_,
+  `#2483 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2483>`_,
+  `#2490 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2490>`_,
+  `#2491 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2491>`_,
+  `#2510 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2510>`_,
+  `#2518 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2518>`_,
+  `#2528 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2528>`_,
+  `#2529 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2529>`_,
+  `#2539 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2539>`_,
+  `#2540 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2540>`_,
+  `#2545 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2545>`_,
+  `#2555 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2555>`_,
+  `#2557 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2557>`_,
+  `#2570 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2570>`_,
+  `#2573 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2573>`_,
+  `#2582 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2582>`_,
+  `#2605 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2605>`_,
+  `#2611 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2611>`_,
+  `#2647 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2647>`_,
+  `#2627 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2627>`_,
+  `#2630 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2630>`_,
+  `#2635 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2635>`_,
+  `#2638 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2638>`_,
+  `#2653 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2653>`_,
+  `#2654 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2654>`_,
+  `#2661 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2661>`_,
+  `#2664 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2664>`_,
+  `#2684 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2684>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
+  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
+  `@cdacamar (Cameron DaCamara) <https://github.com/cdacamar>`_,
+  `@TrebledJ (Johnathan) <https://github.com/TrebledJ>`_,
+  `@bodomartin (brm) <https://github.com/bodomartin>`_,
+  `@cquammen (Cory Quammen) <https://github.com/cquammen>`_,
+  `@white238 (Chris White) <https://github.com/white238>`_,
+  `@mmarkeloff (Max) <https://github.com/mmarkeloff>`_,
+  `@palacaze (Pierre-Antoine Lacaze) <https://github.com/palacaze>`_,
+  `@jcelerier (Jean-Michaël Celerier) <https://github.com/jcelerier>`_,
+  `@mborn-adi (Mathias Born) <https://github.com/mborn-adi>`_,
+  `@BrukerJWD (Jonathan W) <https://github.com/BrukerJWD>`_,
+  `@spyridon97 (Spiros Tsalikis) <https://github.com/spyridon97>`_,
+  `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_,
+  `@oliverlee (Oliver Lee) <https://github.com/oliverlee>`_,
+  `@joshessman-llnl (Josh Essman) <https://github.com/joshessman-llnl>`_,
+  `@akohlmey (Axel Kohlmeyer) <https://github.com/akohlmey>`_,
+  `@timkalu <https://github.com/timkalu>`_,
+  `@olupton (Olli Lupton) <https://github.com/olupton>`_,
+  `@Acretock <https://github.com/Acretock>`_,
+  `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_,
+  `@andrewcorrigan (Andrew Corrigan) <https://github.com/andrewcorrigan>`_,
+  `@lucpelletier <https://github.com/lucpelletier>`_,
+  `@HazardyKnusperkeks (Björn Schäpers)
+  <https://github.com/HazardyKnusperkeks>`_.
+
+8.0.1 - 2021-07-02
+------------------
+
+* Fixed the version number in the inline namespace
+  (`#2374 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2374>`_).
+
+* Added a missing presentation type check for ``std::string``
+  (`#2402 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2402>`_).
+
+* Fixed a linkage error when mixing code built with clang and gcc
+  (`#2377 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2377>`_).
+
+* Fixed documentation issues
+  (`#2396 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2396>`_,
+  `#2403 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2403>`_,
+  `#2406 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2406>`_).
+  Thanks `@mkurdej (Marek Kurdej) <https://github.com/mkurdej>`_.
+
+* Removed dead code in FP formatter (
+  `#2398 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2398>`_).
+  Thanks `@javierhonduco (Javier Honduvilla Coto)
+  <https://github.com/javierhonduco>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#2351 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2351>`_,
+  `#2359 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2359>`_,
+  `#2365 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2365>`_,
+  `#2368 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2368>`_,
+  `#2370 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2370>`_,
+  `#2376 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2376>`_,
+  `#2381 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2381>`_,
+  `#2382 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2382>`_,
+  `#2386 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2386>`_,
+  `#2389 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2389>`_,
+  `#2395 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2395>`_,
+  `#2397 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2397>`_,
+  `#2400 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2400>`_,
+  `#2401 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2401>`_,
+  `#2407 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2407>`_).
+  Thanks `@zx2c4 (Jason A. Donenfeld) <https://github.com/zx2c4>`_,
+  `@AidanSun05 (Aidan Sun) <https://github.com/AidanSun05>`_,
+  `@mattiasljungstrom (Mattias Ljungström)
+  <https://github.com/mattiasljungstrom>`_,
+  `@joemmett (Jonathan Emmett) <https://github.com/joemmett>`_,
+  `@erengy (Eren Okka) <https://github.com/erengy>`_,
+  `@patlkli (Patrick Geltinger) <https://github.com/patlkli>`_,
+  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+8.0.0 - 2021-06-21
+------------------
+
+* Enabled compile-time format string checks by default.
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/sMxcohGjz>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{:d}", "I am not a number");
+     }
+
+  gives a compile-time error on compilers with C++20 ``consteval`` support
+  (gcc 10+, clang 11+) because ``d`` is not a valid format specifier for a
+  string.
+
+  To pass a runtime string wrap it in ``fmt::runtime``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::print(fmt::runtime("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
+
+* Added compile-time formatting
+  (`#2019 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2019>`_,
+  `#2044 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2044>`_,
+  `#2056 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2056>`_,
+  `#2072 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2072>`_,
+  `#2075 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2075>`_,
+  `#2078 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2078>`_,
+  `#2129 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2129>`_,
+  `#2326 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2326>`_).
+  For example (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/Mxx9d89jM>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     consteval auto compile_time_itoa(int value) -> std::array<char, 10> {
+       auto result = std::array<char, 10>();
+       fmt::format_to(result.data(), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), value);
+       return result;
+     }
+
+     constexpr auto answer = compile_time_itoa(42);
+
+  Most of the formatting functionality is available at compile time with a
+  notable exception of floating-point numbers and pointers.
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Optimized handling of format specifiers during format string compilation.
+  For example, hexadecimal formatting (``"{:x}"``) is now 3-7x faster than
+  before when using ``format_to`` with format string compilation and a
+  stack-allocated buffer (`#1944 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1944>`_).
+
+  Before (7.1.3)::
+
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    FMTCompileOld/0                         15.5 ns         15.5 ns     43302898
+    FMTCompileOld/42                        16.6 ns         16.6 ns     43278267
+    FMTCompileOld/273123                    18.7 ns         18.6 ns     37035861
+    FMTCompileOld/9223372036854775807       19.4 ns         19.4 ns     35243000
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  After (8.x)::
+
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    FMTCompileNew/0                         1.99 ns         1.99 ns    360523686
+    FMTCompileNew/42                        2.33 ns         2.33 ns    279865664
+    FMTCompileNew/273123                    3.72 ns         3.71 ns    190230315
+    FMTCompileNew/9223372036854775807       5.28 ns         5.26 ns    130711631
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  It is even faster than ``std::to_chars`` from libc++ compiled with clang on
+  macOS::
+
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    Benchmark                                  Time             CPU   Iterations
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    ToChars/0                               4.42 ns         4.41 ns    160196630
+    ToChars/42                              5.00 ns         4.98 ns    140735201
+    ToChars/273123                          7.26 ns         7.24 ns     95784130
+    ToChars/9223372036854775807             8.77 ns         8.75 ns     75872534
+    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  In other cases, especially involving ``std::string`` construction, the
+  speed up is usually lower because handling format specifiers takes a smaller
+  fraction of the total time.
+
+* Added the ``_cf`` user-defined literal to represent a compiled format string.
+  It can be used instead of the ``FMT_COMPILE`` macro
+  (`#2043 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2043>`_,
+  `#2242 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2242>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     using namespace fmt::literals;
+     auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42); // 🙁 not modern
+     auto s = fmt::format("{}"_cf, 42);           // 🙂 modern as hell
+
+  It requires compiler support for class types in non-type template parameters
+  (a C++20 feature) which is available in GCC 9.3+.
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Format string compilation now requires ``format`` functions of ``formatter``
+  specializations for user-defined types to be ``const``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     template <> struct fmt::formatter<my_type>: formatter<string_view> {
+       template <typename FormatContext>
+       auto format(my_type obj, FormatContext& ctx) const {  // Note const here.
+         // ...
+       }
+     };
+
+* Added UDL-based named argument support to format string compilation
+  (`#2243 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2243>`_,
+  `#2281 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2281>`_). For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     using namespace fmt::literals;
+     auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{answer}"), "answer"_a = 42);
+
+  Here the argument named "answer" is resolved at compile time with no
+  runtime overhead.
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Added format string compilation support to ``fmt::print``
+  (`#2280 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2280>`_,
+  `#2304 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2304>`_).
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Added initial support for compiling {fmt} as a C++20 module
+  (`#2235 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2235>`_,
+  `#2240 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2240>`_,
+  `#2260 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2260>`_,
+  `#2282 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2282>`_,
+  `#2283 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2283>`_,
+  `#2288 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2288>`_,
+  `#2298 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2298>`_,
+  `#2306 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2306>`_,
+  `#2307 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2307>`_,
+  `#2309 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2309>`_,
+  `#2318 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2318>`_,
+  `#2324 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2324>`_,
+  `#2332 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2332>`_,
+  `#2340 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2340>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Made symbols private by default reducing shared library size
+  (`#2301 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2301>`_). For example there was
+  a ~15% reported reduction on one platform.
+  Thanks `@sergiud (Sergiu Deitsch) <https://github.com/sergiud>`_.
+
+* Optimized includes making the result of preprocessing ``fmt/format.h``
+  ~20% smaller with libstdc++/C++20 and slightly improving build times
+  (`#1998 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1998>`_).
+
+* Added support of ranges with non-const ``begin`` / ``end``
+  (`#1953 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1953>`_).
+  Thanks `@kitegi (sarah) <https://github.com/kitegi>`_.
+
+* Added support of ``std::byte`` and other formattable types to ``fmt::join``
+  (`#1981 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1981>`_,
+  `#2040 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2040>`_,
+  `#2050 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2050>`_,
+  `#2262 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2262>`_). For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+     #include <cstddef>
+     #include <vector>
+
+     int main() {
+       auto bytes = std::vector{std::byte(4), std::byte(2)};
+       fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(bytes, ""));
+     }
+
+  prints "42".
+
+  Thanks `@kamibo (Camille Bordignon) <https://github.com/kamibo>`_.
+
+* Implemented the default format for ``std::chrono::system_clock``
+  (`#2319 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2319>`_,
+  `#2345 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2345>`_). For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{}", std::chrono::system_clock::now());
+     }
+
+  prints "2021-06-18 15:22:00" (the output depends on the current date and
+  time). Thanks `@sunmy2019 <https://github.com/sunmy2019>`_.
+
+* Made more chrono specifiers locale independent by default. Use the ``'L'``
+  specifier to get localized formatting. For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+       auto monday = std::chrono::weekday(1);
+       fmt::print("{}\n", monday);   // prints "Mon"
+       fmt::print("{:L}\n", monday); // prints "пн"
+     }
+
+* Improved locale handling in chrono formatting
+  (`#2337 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2337>`_,
+  `#2349 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2349>`_,
+  `#2350 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2350>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Deprecated ``fmt/locale.h`` moving the formatting functions that take a
+  locale to ``fmt/format.h`` (``char``) and ``fmt/xchar`` (other overloads).
+  This doesn't introduce a dependency on ``<locale>`` so there is virtually no
+  compile time effect.
+
+* Deprecated an undocumented ``format_to`` overload that takes
+  ``basic_memory_buffer``.
+
+* Made parameter order in ``vformat_to`` consistent with ``format_to``
+  (`#2327 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2327>`_).
+
+* Added support for time points with arbitrary durations
+  (`#2208 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2208>`_). For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       using tp = std::chrono::time_point<
+         std::chrono::system_clock, std::chrono::seconds>;
+       fmt::print("{:%S}", tp(std::chrono::seconds(42)));
+     }
+
+  prints "42".
+
+* Formatting floating-point numbers no longer produces trailing zeros by default
+  for consistency with ``std::format``. For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{0:.3}", 1.1);
+     }
+
+  prints "1.1". Use the ``'#'`` specifier to keep trailing zeros.
+
+* Dropped a limit on the number of elements in a range and replaced ``{}`` with
+  ``[]`` as range delimiters for consistency with Python's ``str.format``.
+
+* The ``'L'`` specifier for locale-specific numeric formatting can now be
+  combined with presentation specifiers as in ``std::format``. For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+     #include <locale>
+
+     int main() {
+       std::locale::global(std::locale("fr_FR.UTF-8"));
+       fmt::print("{0:.2Lf}", 0.42);
+     }
+
+  prints "0,42". The deprecated ``'n'`` specifier has been removed.
+
+* Made the ``0`` specifier ignored for infinity and NaN
+  (`#2305 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2305>`_,
+  `#2310 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2310>`_).
+  Thanks `@Liedtke (Matthias Liedtke) <https://github.com/Liedtke>`_.
+
+* Made the hexfloat formatting use the right alignment by default
+  (`#2308 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2308>`_,
+  `#2317 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2317>`_).
+  Thanks `@Liedtke (Matthias Liedtke) <https://github.com/Liedtke>`_.
+
+* Removed the deprecated numeric alignment (``'='``). Use the ``'0'`` specifier
+  instead.
+
+* Removed the deprecated ``fmt/posix.h`` header that has been replaced with
+  ``fmt/os.h``.
+
+* Removed the deprecated ``format_to_n_context``, ``format_to_n_args`` and
+  ``make_format_to_n_args``. They have been replaced with ``format_context``,
+  ``format_args` and ``make_format_args`` respectively.
+
+* Moved ``wchar_t``-specific functions and types to ``fmt/xchar.h``.
+  You can define ``FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_XCHAR`` to automatically include
+  ``fmt/xchar.h`` from ``fmt/format.h`` but this will be disabled in the next
+  major release.
+
+* Fixed handling of the ``'+'`` specifier in localized formatting
+  (`#2133 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2133>`_).
+
+* Added support for the ``'s'`` format specifier that gives textual
+  representation of ``bool``
+  (`#2094 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2094>`_,
+  `#2109 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2109>`_). For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{:s}", true);
+     }
+
+  prints "true".
+  Thanks `@powercoderlol (Ivan Polyakov) <https://github.com/powercoderlol>`_.
+
+* Made ``fmt::ptr`` work with function pointers
+  (`#2131 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2131>`_). For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("My main: {}\n", fmt::ptr(main));
+     }
+
+  Thanks `@mikecrowe (Mike Crowe) <https://github.com/mikecrowe>`_.
+
+* The undocumented support for specializing ``formatter`` for pointer types
+  has been removed.
+
+* Fixed ``fmt::formatted_size`` with format string compilation
+  (`#2141 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2141>`_,
+  `#2161 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2161>`_).
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of empty format strings during format string compilation
+  (`#2042 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2042>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE(""));
+
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of enums in ``fmt::to_string``
+  (`#2036 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2036>`_).
+
+* Improved width computation
+  (`#2033 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2033>`_,
+  `#2091 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2091>`_). For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{:-<10}{}\n", "你好", "世界");
+       fmt::print("{:-<10}{}\n", "hello", "world");
+     }
+
+  prints
+
+  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+             119840373-cea3ca80-beb9-11eb-91e0-54266c48e181.png
+
+  on a modern terminal.
+
+* The experimental fast output stream (``fmt::ostream``) is now truncated by
+  default for consistency with ``fopen``
+  (`#2018 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2018>`_). For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/os.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::ostream out1 = fmt::output_file("guide");
+       out1.print("Zaphod");
+       out1.close();
+       fmt::ostream out2 = fmt::output_file("guide");
+       out2.print("Ford");
+     }
+
+  writes "Ford" to the file "guide". To preserve the old file content if any
+  pass ``fmt::file::WRONLY | fmt::file::CREATE`` flags to ``fmt::output_file``.
+
+* Fixed moving of ``fmt::ostream`` that holds buffered data
+  (`#2197 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2197>`_,
+  `#2198 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2198>`_).
+  Thanks `@vtta <https://github.com/vtta>`_.
+
+* Replaced the ``fmt::system_error`` exception with a function of the same
+  name that constructs ``std::system_error``
+  (`#2266 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2266>`_).
+
+* Replaced the ``fmt::windows_error`` exception with a function of the same
+  name that constructs ``std::system_error`` with the category returned by
+  ``fmt::system_category()``
+  (`#2274 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2274>`_,
+  `#2275 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2275>`_).
+  The latter is similar to ``std::sytem_category`` but correctly handles UTF-8.
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Replaced ``fmt::error_code`` with ``std::error_code`` and made it formattable
+  (`#2269 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2269>`_,
+  `#2270 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2270>`_,
+  `#2273 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2273>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+ 
+* Added speech synthesis support
+  (`#2206 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2206>`_).
+
+* Made ``format_to`` work with a memory buffer that has a custom allocator
+  (`#2300 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2300>`_).
+  Thanks `@voxmea <https://github.com/voxmea>`_.
+
+* Added ``Allocator::max_size`` support to ``basic_memory_buffer``.
+  (`#1960 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1960>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Added wide string support to ``fmt::join``
+  (`#2236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2236>`_).
+  Thanks `@crbrz <https://github.com/crbrz>`_.
+
+* Made iterators passed to ``formatter`` specializations via a format context
+  satisfy C++20 ``std::output_iterator`` requirements
+  (`#2156 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2156>`_,
+  `#2158 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2158>`_,
+  `#2195 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2195>`_,
+  `#2204 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2204>`_).
+  Thanks `@randomnetcat (Jason Cobb) <https://github.com/randomnetcat>`_.
+
+* Optimized the ``printf`` implementation
+  (`#1982 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1982>`_,
+  `#1984 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1984>`_,
+  `#2016 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2016>`_,
+  `#2164 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2164>`_).
+  Thanks `@rimathia <https://github.com/rimathia>`_ and
+  `@moiwi <https://github.com/moiwi>`_.
+
+* Improved detection of ``constexpr`` ``char_traits``
+  (`#2246 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2246>`_,
+  `#2257 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2257>`_).
+  Thanks `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_.
+
+* Fixed writing to ``stdout`` when it is redirected to ``NUL`` on Windows
+  (`#2080 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2080>`_).
+
+* Fixed exception propagation from iterators
+  (`#2097 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2097>`_).
+  
+* Improved ``strftime`` error handling 
+  (`#2238 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2238>`_,
+  `#2244 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2244>`_).
+  Thanks `@yumeyao <https://github.com/yumeyao>`_.
+
+* Stopped using deprecated GCC UDL template extension.
+
+* Added ``fmt/args.h`` to the install target
+  (`#2096 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2096>`_).
+
+* Error messages are now passed to assert when exceptions are disabled
+  (`#2145 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2145>`_).
+  Thanks `@NobodyXu (Jiahao XU) <https://github.com/NobodyXu>`_.
+
+* Added the ``FMT_MASTER_PROJECT`` CMake option to control build and install
+  targets when {fmt} is included via ``add_subdirectory``
+  (`#2098 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2098>`_,
+  `#2100 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2100>`_).
+  Thanks `@randomizedthinking <https://github.com/randomizedthinking>`_.
+
+* Improved build configuration
+  (`#2026 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2026>`_,
+  `#2122 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2122>`_).
+  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_ and
+  `@ibaned (Dan Ibanez) <https://github.com/ibaned>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#1947 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1947>`_,
+  `#1959 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1959>`_,
+  `#1963 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1963>`_,
+  `#1965 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1965>`_,
+  `#1966 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1966>`_,
+  `#1974 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1974>`_,
+  `#1975 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1975>`_,
+  `#1990 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1990>`_,
+  `#2000 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2000>`_,
+  `#2001 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2001>`_,
+  `#2002 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2002>`_,
+  `#2004 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2004>`_,
+  `#2006 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2006>`_,
+  `#2009 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2009>`_,
+  `#2010 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2010>`_,
+  `#2038 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2038>`_,
+  `#2039 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2039>`_,
+  `#2047 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2047>`_,
+  `#2053 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2053>`_,
+  `#2059 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2059>`_,
+  `#2065 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2065>`_,
+  `#2067 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2067>`_,
+  `#2068 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2068>`_,
+  `#2073 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2073>`_,
+  `#2103 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2103>`_,
+  `#2105 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2105>`_,
+  `#2106 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2106>`_,
+  `#2107 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2107>`_,
+  `#2116 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2116>`_,
+  `#2117 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2117>`_,
+  `#2118 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2118>`_,
+  `#2119 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2119>`_,
+  `#2127 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2127>`_,
+  `#2128 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2128>`_,
+  `#2140 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2140>`_,
+  `#2142 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2142>`_,
+  `#2143 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2143>`_,
+  `#2144 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2144>`_,
+  `#2147 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2147>`_,
+  `#2148 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2148>`_,
+  `#2149 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2149>`_,
+  `#2152 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2152>`_,
+  `#2160 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2160>`_,
+  `#2170 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2170>`_,
+  `#2175 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2175>`_,
+  `#2176 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2176>`_,
+  `#2177 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2177>`_,
+  `#2178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2178>`_,
+  `#2179 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2179>`_,
+  `#2180 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2180>`_,
+  `#2181 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2181>`_,
+  `#2183 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2183>`_,
+  `#2184 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2184>`_,
+  `#2185 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2185>`_,
+  `#2186 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2186>`_,
+  `#2187 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2187>`_,
+  `#2190 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2190>`_,
+  `#2192 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2192>`_,
+  `#2194 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2194>`_,
+  `#2205 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2205>`_,
+  `#2210 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2210>`_,
+  `#2211 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2211>`_,
+  `#2215 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2215>`_,
+  `#2216 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2216>`_,
+  `#2218 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2218>`_,
+  `#2220 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2220>`_,
+  `#2228 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2228>`_,
+  `#2229 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2229>`_,
+  `#2230 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2230>`_,
+  `#2233 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2233>`_,
+  `#2239 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2239>`_,
+  `#2248 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2248>`_,
+  `#2252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2252>`_,
+  `#2253 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2253>`_,
+  `#2255 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2255>`_,
+  `#2261 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2261>`_,
+  `#2278 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2278>`_,
+  `#2284 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2284>`_,
+  `#2287 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2287>`_,
+  `#2289 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2289>`_,
+  `#2290 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2290>`_,
+  `#2293 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2293>`_,
+  `#2295 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2295>`_,
+  `#2296 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2296>`_,
+  `#2297 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2297>`_,
+  `#2311 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2311>`_,
+  `#2313 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2313>`_,
+  `#2315 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2315>`_,
+  `#2320 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2320>`_,
+  `#2321 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2321>`_,
+  `#2323 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2323>`_,
+  `#2328 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2328>`_,
+  `#2329 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2329>`_,
+  `#2333 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2333>`_,
+  `#2338 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2338>`_,
+  `#2341 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2341>`_).
+  Thanks `@darklukee <https://github.com/darklukee>`_,
+  `@fagg (Ashton Fagg) <https://github.com/fagg>`_,
+  `@killerbot242 (Lieven de Cock) <https://github.com/killerbot242>`_,
+  `@jgopel (Jonathan Gopel) <https://github.com/jgopel>`_,
+  `@yeswalrus (Walter Gray) <https://github.com/yeswalrus>`_,
+  `@Finkman <https://github.com/Finkman>`_,
+  `@HazardyKnusperkeks (Björn Schäpers) <https://github.com/HazardyKnusperkeks>`_,
+  `@dkavolis (Daumantas Kavolis) <https://github.com/dkavolis>`_,
+  `@concatime (Issam Maghni) <https://github.com/concatime>`_,
+  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@summivox (Yin Zhong) <https://github.com/summivox>`_,
+  `@yNeo <https://github.com/yNeo>`_,
+  `@Apache-HB (Elliot) <https://github.com/Apache-HB>`_,
+  `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_,
+  `@toojays (John Steele Scott) <https://github.com/toojays>`_,
+  `@Brainy0207 <https://github.com/Brainy0207>`_,
+  `@vadz (VZ) <https://github.com/vadz>`_,
+  `@imsherlock (Ryan Sherlock) <https://github.com/imsherlock>`_,
+  `@phprus (Vladislav Shchapov) <https://github.com/phprus>`_,
+  `@white238 (Chris White) <https://github.com/white238>`_,
+  `@yafshar (Yaser Afshar) <https://github.com/yafshar>`_,
+  `@BillyDonahue (Billy Donahue) <https://github.com/BillyDonahue>`_,
+  `@jstaahl <https://github.com/jstaahl>`_,
+  `@denchat <https://github.com/denchat>`_,
+  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
+  `@ilyakurdyukov (Ilya Kurdyukov) <https://github.com/ilyakurdyukov>`_,
+  `@ilmai <https://github.com/ilmai>`_,
+  `@JessyDL (Jessy De Lannoit) <https://github.com/JessyDL>`_,
+  `@sergiud (Sergiu Deitsch) <https://github.com/sergiud>`_,
+  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
+  `@sven-herrmann <https://github.com/sven-herrmann>`_,
+  `@jmelas (John Melas) <https://github.com/jmelas>`_,
+  `@twoixter (Jose Miguel Pérez) <https://github.com/twoixter>`_,
+  `@crbrz <https://github.com/crbrz>`_,
+  `@upsj (Tobias Ribizel) <https://github.com/upsj>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#1986 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1986>`_,
+  `#2051 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2051>`_,
+  `#2057 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2057>`_,
+  `#2081 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2081>`_,
+  `#2084 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2084>`_,
+  `#2312 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2312>`_).
+  Thanks `@imba-tjd (谭九鼎) <https://github.com/imba-tjd>`_,
+  `@0x416c69 (AlιAѕѕaѕѕιN) <https://github.com/0x416c69>`_,
+  `@mordante <https://github.com/mordante>`_.
+
+* Continuous integration and test improvements
+  (`#1969 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1969>`_,
+  `#1991 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1991>`_,
+  `#2020 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2020>`_,
+  `#2110 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2110>`_,
+  `#2114 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2114>`_,
+  `#2196 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2196>`_,
+  `#2217 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2217>`_,
+  `#2247 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2247>`_,
+  `#2256 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2256>`_,
+  `#2336 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2336>`_,
+  `#2346 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/2346>`_).
+  Thanks `@jgopel (Jonathan Gopel) <https://github.com/jgopel>`_,
+  `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_ and
+  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+  
+7.1.3 - 2020-11-24
+------------------
+
+* Fixed handling of buffer boundaries in ``format_to_n``
+  (`#1996 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1996>`_,
+  `#2029 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2029>`_).
+
+* Fixed linkage errors when linking with a shared library
+  (`#2011 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2011>`_).
+
+* Reintroduced ostream support to range formatters
+  (`#2014 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2014>`_).
+
+* Worked around an issue with mixing std versions in gcc
+  (`#2017 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2017>`_).
+
+7.1.2 - 2020-11-04
+------------------
+
+* Fixed floating point formatting with large precision
+  (`#1976 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1976>`_).
+
+7.1.1 - 2020-11-01
+------------------
+
+* Fixed ABI compatibility with 7.0.x
+  (`#1961 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1961>`_).
+
+* Added the ``FMT_ARM_ABI_COMPATIBILITY`` macro to work around ABI
+  incompatibility between GCC and Clang on ARM
+  (`#1919 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1919>`_).
+
+* Worked around a SFINAE bug in GCC 8
+  (`#1957 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1957>`_).
+
+* Fixed linkage errors when building with GCC's LTO
+  (`#1955 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1955>`_).
+
+* Fixed a compilation error when building without ``__builtin_clz`` or equivalent
+  (`#1968 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1968>`_).
+  Thanks `@tohammer (Tobias Hammer) <https://github.com/tohammer>`_.
+
+* Fixed a sign conversion warning
+  (`#1964 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1964>`_).
+  Thanks `@OptoCloud <https://github.com/OptoCloud>`_.
+
+7.1.0 - 2020-10-25
+------------------
+
+* Switched from `Grisu3
+  <https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/florian-loitsch/printf.pdf>`_
+  to `Dragonbox <https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox>`_ for the default
+  floating-point formatting which gives the shortest decimal representation
+  with round-trip guarantee and correct rounding
+  (`#1882 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1882>`_,
+  `#1887 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1887>`_,
+  `#1894 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1894>`_). This makes {fmt} up to
+  20-30x faster than common implementations of ``std::ostringstream`` and
+  ``sprintf`` on `dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_
+  and faster than double-conversion and Ryū:
+
+  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+             95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png
+
+  It is possible to get even better performance at the cost of larger binary
+  size by compiling with the ``FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX`` macro set to 1.
+
+  Thanks `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_.
+
+* Added an experimental unsynchronized file output API which, together with
+  `format string compilation <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#compile-api>`_,
+  can give `5-9 times speed up compared to fprintf
+  <https://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html>`_
+  on common platforms (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/nsTcG8>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/os.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       auto f = fmt::output_file("guide");
+       f.print("The answer is {}.", 42);
+     }
+
+* Added a formatter for ``std::chrono::time_point<system_clock>``
+  (`#1819 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1819>`_,
+  `#1837 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1837>`_). For example
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/c4M6fh>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+       fmt::print("The time is {:%H:%M:%S}.\n", now);
+     }
+
+  Thanks `@adamburgess (Adam Burgess) <https://github.com/adamburgess>`_.
+
+* Added support for ranges with non-const ``begin``/``end`` to ``fmt::join``
+  (`#1784 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1784>`_,
+  `#1786 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1786>`_). For example
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/jP63Tv>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+     #include <range/v3/view/filter.hpp>
+
+     int main() {
+       using std::literals::string_literals::operator""s;
+       auto strs = std::array{"a"s, "bb"s, "ccc"s};
+       auto range = strs | ranges::views::filter(
+         [] (const std::string &x) { return x.size() != 2; }
+       );
+       fmt::print("{}\n", fmt::join(range, ""));
+     }
+
+  prints "accc".
+
+  Thanks `@tonyelewis (Tony E Lewis) <https://github.com/tonyelewis>`_.
+
+* Added a ``memory_buffer::append`` overload that takes a range
+  (`#1806 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1806>`_).
+  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
+
+* Improved handling of single code units in ``FMT_COMPILE``. For example:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     char* f(char* buf) {
+       return fmt::format_to(buf, FMT_COMPILE("x{}"), 42);
+     }
+
+  compiles to just (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/5vncz3>`__):
+
+  .. code:: asm
+
+     _Z1fPc:
+       movb $120, (%rdi)
+       xorl %edx, %edx
+       cmpl $42, _ZN3fmt2v76detail10basic_dataIvE23zero_or_powers_of_10_32E+8(%rip)
+       movl $3, %eax
+       seta %dl
+       subl %edx, %eax
+       movzwl _ZN3fmt2v76detail10basic_dataIvE6digitsE+84(%rip), %edx
+       cltq
+       addq %rdi, %rax
+       movw %dx, -2(%rax)
+       ret
+
+  Here a single ``mov`` instruction writes ``'x'`` (``$120``) to the output
+  buffer.
+
+* Added dynamic width support to format string compilation
+  (`#1809 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1809>`_).
+
+* Improved error reporting for unformattable types: now you'll get the type name
+  directly in the error message instead of the note:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     struct how_about_no {};
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{}", how_about_no());
+     }
+
+  Error (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/GoxM4e>`__):
+
+  ``fmt/core.h:1438:3: error: static_assert failed due to requirement
+  'fmt::v7::formattable<how_about_no>()' "Cannot format an argument.
+  To make type T formattable provide a formatter<T> specialization:
+  https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#udt"
+  ...``
+
+* Added the `make_args_checked <https://fmt.dev/7.1.0/api.html#argument-lists>`_
+  function template that allows you to write formatting functions with
+  compile-time format string checks and avoid binary code bloat
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/PEf9qr>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     void vlog(const char* file, int line, fmt::string_view format,
+               fmt::format_args args) {
+       fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
+       fmt::vprint(format, args);
+     }
+
+     template <typename S, typename... Args>
+     void log(const char* file, int line, const S& format, Args&&... args) {
+       vlog(file, line, format,
+           fmt::make_args_checked<Args...>(format, args...));
+     }
+
+     #define MY_LOG(format, ...) \
+       log(__FILE__, __LINE__, FMT_STRING(format), __VA_ARGS__)
+
+     MY_LOG("invalid squishiness: {}", 42);
+
+* Replaced ``snprintf`` fallback with a faster internal IEEE 754 ``float`` and
+  ``double`` formatter for arbitrary precision. For example
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/dPhWvj>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{:.500}\n", 4.9406564584124654E-324);
+     }
+
+  prints
+
+  ``4.9406564584124654417656879286822137236505980261432476442558568250067550727020875186529983636163599237979656469544571773092665671035593979639877479601078187812630071319031140452784581716784898210368871863605699873072305000638740915356498438731247339727316961514003171538539807412623856559117102665855668676818703956031062493194527159149245532930545654440112748012970999954193198940908041656332452475714786901472678015935523861155013480352649347201937902681071074917033322268447533357208324319360923829e-324``.
+
+* Made ``format_to_n`` and ``formatted_size`` part of the `core API
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#core-api>`__
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/sPjY1K>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       char buffer[10];
+       auto result = fmt::format_to_n(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "{}", 42);
+     }
+
+* Added ``fmt::format_to_n`` overload with format string compilation
+  (`#1764 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1764>`_,
+  `#1767 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1767>`_,
+  `#1869 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1869>`_). For example
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/93h86q>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       char buffer[8];
+       fmt::format_to_n(buffer, sizeof(buffer), FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
+     }
+
+  Thanks `@Kurkin (Dmitry Kurkin) <https://github.com/Kurkin>`_,
+  `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Added ``fmt::format_to`` overload that take ``text_style``
+  (`#1593 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1593>`_,
+  `#1842 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1842>`_,
+  `#1843 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1843>`_). For example
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/91153r>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       std::string out;
+       fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
+                      fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                      "The answer is {}.", 42);
+     }
+
+  Thanks `@Naios (Denis Blank) <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
+
+* Made the ``'#'`` specifier emit trailing zeros in addition to the decimal
+  point (`#1797 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1797>`_). For example
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/bhdcW9>`__):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{:#.2g}", 0.5);
+     }
+
+  prints ``0.50``.
+
+* Changed the default floating point format to not include ``.0`` for
+  consistency with ``std::format`` and ``std::to_chars``
+  (`#1893 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1893>`_,
+  `#1943 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1943>`_). It is possible to get
+  the decimal point and trailing zero with the ``#`` specifier.
+
+* Fixed an issue with floating-point formatting that could result in addition of
+  a non-significant trailing zero in rare cases e.g. ``1.00e-34`` instead of
+  ``1.0e-34`` (`#1873 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1873>`_,
+  `#1917 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1917>`_).
+
+* Made ``fmt::to_string`` fallback on ``ostream`` insertion operator if
+  the ``formatter`` specialization is not provided
+  (`#1815 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1815>`_,
+  `#1829 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1829>`_).
+  Thanks `@alexezeder (Alexey Ochapov) <https://github.com/alexezeder>`_.
+
+* Added support for the append mode to the experimental file API and
+  improved ``fcntl.h`` detection.
+  (`#1847 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1847>`_,
+  `#1848 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1848>`_).
+  Thanks `@t-wiser <https://github.com/t-wiser>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of types that have both an implicit conversion operator and
+  an overloaded ``ostream`` insertion operator
+  (`#1766 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1766>`_).
+
+* Fixed a slicing issue in an internal iterator type
+  (`#1822 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1822>`_).
+  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
+
+* Fixed an issue in locale-specific integer formatting
+  (`#1927 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1927>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of exotic code unit types
+  (`#1870 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1870>`_,
+  `#1932 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1932>`_).
+
+* Improved ``FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE``
+  (`#1878 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1878>`_).
+  Thanks `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_.
+
+* Removed dependency on ``windows.h``
+  (`#1900 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1900>`_).
+  Thanks `@bernd5 (Bernd Baumanns) <https://github.com/bernd5>`_.
+
+* Optimized counting of decimal digits on MSVC
+  (`#1890 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1890>`_).
+  Thanks `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#1772 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1772>`_,
+  `#1775 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1775>`_,
+  `#1792 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1792>`_,
+  `#1838 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1838>`_,
+  `#1888 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1888>`_,
+  `#1918 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1918>`_,
+  `#1939 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1939>`_).
+  Thanks `@leolchat (Léonard Gérard) <https://github.com/leolchat>`_,
+  `@pepsiman (Malcolm Parsons) <https://github.com/pepsiman>`_,
+  `@Klaim (Joël Lamotte) <https://github.com/Klaim>`_,
+  `@ravijanjam (Ravi J) <https://github.com/ravijanjam>`_,
+  `@francesco-st <https://github.com/francesco-st>`_,
+  `@udnaan (Adnan) <https://github.com/udnaan>`_.
+
+* Added the ``FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS`` CMake option that reduces the
+  binary code size at the cost of some integer formatting performance. This can
+  be useful for extremely memory-constrained embedded systems
+  (`#1778 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1778>`_,
+  `#1781 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1781>`_).
+  Thanks `@kammce (Khalil Estell) <https://github.com/kammce>`_.
+
+* Added the ``FMT_USE_INLINE_NAMESPACES`` macro to control usage of inline
+  namespaces (`#1945 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1945>`_).
+  Thanks `@darklukee <https://github.com/darklukee>`_.
+
+* Improved build configuration
+  (`#1760 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1760>`_,
+  `#1770 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1770>`_,
+  `#1779 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1779>`_,
+  `#1783 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1783>`_,
+  `#1823 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1823>`_).
+  Thanks `@dvetutnev (Dmitriy Vetutnev) <https://github.com/dvetutnev>`_,
+  `@xvitaly (Vitaly Zaitsev) <https://github.com/xvitaly>`_,
+  `@tambry (Raul Tambre) <https://github.com/tambry>`_,
+  `@medithe <https://github.com/medithe>`_,
+  `@martinwuehrer (Martin Wührer) <https://github.com/martinwuehrer>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#1790 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1790>`_,
+  `#1802 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1802>`_,
+  `#1808 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1808>`_,
+  `#1810 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1810>`_,
+  `#1811 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1811>`_,
+  `#1812 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1812>`_,
+  `#1814 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1814>`_,
+  `#1816 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1816>`_,
+  `#1817 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1817>`_,
+  `#1818 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1818>`_,
+  `#1825 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1825>`_,
+  `#1836 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1836>`_,
+  `#1855 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1855>`_,
+  `#1856 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1856>`_,
+  `#1860 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1860>`_,
+  `#1877 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1877>`_,
+  `#1879 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1879>`_,
+  `#1880 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1880>`_,
+  `#1896 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1896>`_,
+  `#1897 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1897>`_,
+  `#1898 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1898>`_,
+  `#1904 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1904>`_,
+  `#1908 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1908>`_,
+  `#1911 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1911>`_,
+  `#1912 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1912>`_,
+  `#1928 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1928>`_,
+  `#1929 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1929>`_,
+  `#1935 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1935>`_,
+  `#1937 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1937>`_,
+  `#1942 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1942>`_,
+  `#1949 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1949>`_).
+  Thanks `@TheQwertiest <https://github.com/TheQwertiest>`_,
+  `@medithe <https://github.com/medithe>`_,
+  `@martinwuehrer (Martin Wührer) <https://github.com/martinwuehrer>`_,
+  `@n16h7hunt3r <https://github.com/n16h7hunt3r>`_,
+  `@Othereum (Seokjin Lee) <https://github.com/Othereum>`_,
+  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@AlexanderLanin (Alexander Lanin) <https://github.com/AlexanderLanin>`_,
+  `@gcerretani (Giovanni Cerretani) <https://github.com/gcerretani>`_,
+  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@noizefloor (Jan Schwers) <https://github.com/noizefloor>`_,
+  `@akohlmey (Axel Kohlmeyer) <https://github.com/akohlmey>`_,
+  `@jk-jeon (Junekey Jeon) <https://github.com/jk-jeon>`_,
+  `@rimathia <https://github.com/rimathia>`_,
+  `@rglarix (Riccardo Ghetta (larix)) <https://github.com/rglarix>`_,
+  `@moiwi <https://github.com/moiwi>`_,
+  `@heckad (Kazantcev Andrey) <https://github.com/heckad>`_,
+  `@MarcDirven <https://github.com/MarcDirven>`_.
+  `@BartSiwek (Bart Siwek) <https://github.com/BartSiwek>`_,
+  `@darklukee <https://github.com/darklukee>`_.
+
+7.0.3 - 2020-08-06
+------------------
+
+* Worked around broken ``numeric_limits`` for 128-bit integers
+  (`#1787 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1787>`_).
+
+* Added error reporting on missing named arguments
+  (`#1796 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1796>`_).
+
+* Stopped using 128-bit integers with clang-cl
+  (`#1800 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1800>`_).
+  Thanks `@Kingcom <https://github.com/Kingcom>`_.
+
+* Fixed issues in locale-specific integer formatting
+  (`#1782 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1782>`_,
+  `#1801 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1801>`_).
+
+7.0.2 - 2020-07-29
+------------------
+
+* Worked around broken ``numeric_limits`` for 128-bit integers
+  (`#1725 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1725>`_).
+
+* Fixed compatibility with CMake 3.4
+  (`#1779 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1779>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of digit separators in locale-specific formatting
+  (`#1782 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1782>`_).
+
+7.0.1 - 2020-07-07
+------------------
+
+* Updated the inline version namespace name.
+
+* Worked around a gcc bug in mangling of alias templates
+  (`#1753 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1753>`_).
+
+* Fixed a linkage error on Windows
+  (`#1757 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1757>`_).
+  Thanks `@Kurkin (Dmitry Kurkin) <https://github.com/Kurkin>`_.
+
+* Fixed minor issues with the documentation.
+
+7.0.0 - 2020-07-05
+------------------
+
+* Reduced the library size. For example, on macOS a stripped test binary
+  statically linked with {fmt} `shrank from ~368k to less than 100k
+  <http://www.zverovich.net/2020/05/21/reducing-library-size.html>`_.
+
+* Added a simpler and more efficient `format string compilation API
+  <https://fmt.dev/7.0.0/api.html#compile-api>`_:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
+     // runtime format string processing.
+     std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
+
+  The old ``fmt::compile`` API is now deprecated.
+
+* Optimized integer formatting: ``format_to`` with format string compilation
+  and a stack-allocated buffer is now `faster than to_chars on both
+  libc++ and libstdc++
+  <http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_.
+
+* Optimized handling of small format strings. For example,
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+      fmt::format("Result: {}: ({},{},{},{})", str1, str2, str3, str4, str5)
+
+  is now ~40% faster (`#1685 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1685>`_).
+
+* Applied extern templates to improve compile times when using the core API
+  and ``fmt/format.h`` (`#1452 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1452>`_).
+  For example, on macOS with clang the compile time of a test translation unit
+  dropped from 2.3s to 0.3s with ``-O2`` and from 0.6s to 0.3s with the default
+  settings (``-O0``).
+
+  Before (``-O2``)::
+
+    % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2
+    c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2  2.22s user 0.08s system 99% cpu 2.311 total
+
+  After (``-O2``)::
+
+    % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2
+    c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17 -O2  0.26s user 0.04s system 98% cpu 0.303 total
+
+  Before (default)::
+
+    % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17
+    c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17  0.53s user 0.06s system 98% cpu 0.601 total
+
+  After (default)::
+
+    % time c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17
+    c++ -c test.cc -I include -std=c++17  0.24s user 0.06s system 98% cpu 0.301 total
+
+  It is still recommended to use ``fmt/core.h`` instead of ``fmt/format.h`` but
+  the compile time difference is now smaller. Thanks
+  `@alex3d <https://github.com/alex3d>`_ for the suggestion.
+
+* Named arguments are now stored on stack (no dynamic memory allocations) and
+  the compiled code is more compact and efficient. For example
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("The answer is {answer}\n", fmt::arg("answer", 42));
+     }
+
+  compiles to just (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/z/NcfEp_>`__)
+
+  .. code:: asm
+
+      .LC0:
+              .string "answer"
+      .LC1:
+              .string "The answer is {answer}\n"
+      main:
+              sub     rsp, 56
+              mov     edi, OFFSET FLAT:.LC1
+              mov     esi, 23
+              movabs  rdx, 4611686018427387905
+              lea     rax, [rsp+32]
+              lea     rcx, [rsp+16]
+              mov     QWORD PTR [rsp+8], 1
+              mov     QWORD PTR [rsp], rax
+              mov     DWORD PTR [rsp+16], 42
+              mov     QWORD PTR [rsp+32], OFFSET FLAT:.LC0
+              mov     DWORD PTR [rsp+40], 0
+              call    fmt::v6::vprint(fmt::v6::basic_string_view<char>,
+                                      fmt::v6::format_args)
+              xor     eax, eax
+              add     rsp, 56
+              ret
+
+          .L.str.1:
+                  .asciz  "answer"
+
+* Implemented compile-time checks for dynamic width and precision
+  (`#1614 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1614>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print(FMT_STRING("{0:{1}}"), 42);
+     }
+
+  now gives a compilation error because argument 1 doesn't exist::
+
+    In file included from test.cc:1:
+    include/fmt/format.h:2726:27: error: constexpr variable 'invalid_format' must be
+    initialized by a constant expression
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL bool invalid_format =
+                              ^
+    ...
+    include/fmt/core.h:569:26: note: in call to
+    '&checker(s, {}).context_->on_error(&"argument not found"[0])'
+        if (id >= num_args_) on_error("argument not found");
+                            ^
+
+* Added sentinel support to ``fmt::join``
+  (`#1689 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1689>`_)
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    struct zstring_sentinel {};
+    bool operator==(const char* p, zstring_sentinel) { return *p == '\0'; }
+    bool operator!=(const char* p, zstring_sentinel) { return *p != '\0'; }
+
+    struct zstring {
+      const char* p;
+      const char* begin() const { return p; }
+      zstring_sentinel end() const { return {}; }
+    };
+
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::join(zstring{"hello"}, "_"));
+    // s == "h_e_l_l_o"
+
+  Thanks `@BRevzin (Barry Revzin) <https://github.com/BRevzin>`_.
+
+* Added support for named arguments, ``clear`` and ``reserve`` to
+  ``dynamic_format_arg_store``
+  (`#1655 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1655>`_,
+  `#1663 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1663>`_,
+  `#1674 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1674>`_,
+  `#1677 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1677>`_).
+  Thanks `@vsolontsov-ll (Vladimir Solontsov)
+  <https://github.com/vsolontsov-ll>`_.
+
+* Added support for the ``'c'`` format specifier to integral types for
+  compatibility with ``std::format``
+  (`#1652 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1652>`_).
+
+* Replaced the ``'n'`` format specifier with ``'L'`` for compatibility with
+  ``std::format`` (`#1624 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1624>`_).
+  The ``'n'`` specifier can be enabled via the ``FMT_DEPRECATED_N_SPECIFIER``
+  macro.
+
+* The ``'='`` format specifier is now disabled by default for compatibility with
+  ``std::format``. It can be enabled via the ``FMT_DEPRECATED_NUMERIC_ALIGN``
+  macro.
+
+* Removed the following deprecated APIs:
+
+  * ``FMT_STRING_ALIAS`` and ``fmt`` macros - replaced by ``FMT_STRING``
+  * ``fmt::basic_string_view::char_type`` - replaced by
+    ``fmt::basic_string_view::value_type``
+  * ``convert_to_int``
+  * ``format_arg_store::types``
+  * ``*parse_context`` - replaced by ``*format_parse_context``
+  * ``FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_OS``
+  * ``FMT_DEPRECATED_PERCENT`` - incompatible with ``std::format``
+  * ``*writer`` - replaced by compiled format API
+
+* Renamed the ``internal`` namespace to ``detail``
+  (`#1538 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1538>`_). The former is still
+  provided as an alias if the ``FMT_USE_INTERNAL`` macro is defined.
+
+* Improved compatibility between ``fmt::printf`` with the standard specs
+  (`#1595 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1595>`_,
+  `#1682 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1682>`_,
+  `#1683 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1683>`_,
+  `#1687 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1687>`_,
+  `#1699 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1699>`_).
+  Thanks `@rimathia <https://github.com/rimathia>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of ``operator<<`` overloads that use ``copyfmt``
+  (`#1666 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1666>`_).
+
+* Added the ``FMT_OS`` CMake option to control inclusion of OS-specific APIs
+  in the fmt target. This can be useful for embedded platforms
+  (`#1654 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1654>`_,
+  `#1656 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1656>`_).
+  Thanks `@kwesolowski (Krzysztof Wesolowski)
+  <https://github.com/kwesolowski>`_.
+
+* Replaced ``FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION`` with the ``FMT_FUZZ``
+  macro to prevent interferring with fuzzing of projects using {fmt}
+  (`#1650 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1650>`_).
+  Thanks `@asraa (Asra Ali) <https://github.com/asraa>`_.
+
+* Fixed compatibility with emscripten
+  (`#1636 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1636>`_,
+  `#1637 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1637>`_).
+  Thanks `@ArthurSonzogni (Arthur Sonzogni)
+  <https://github.com/ArthurSonzogni>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#704 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/704>`_,
+  `#1643 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1643>`_,
+  `#1660 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1660>`_,
+  `#1681 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1681>`_,
+  `#1691 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1691>`_,
+  `#1706 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1706>`_,
+  `#1714 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1714>`_,
+  `#1721 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1721>`_,
+  `#1739 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1739>`_,
+  `#1740 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1740>`_,
+  `#1741 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1741>`_,
+  `#1751 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1751>`_).
+  Thanks `@senior7515 (Alexander Gallego) <https://github.com/senior7515>`_,
+  `@lsr0 (Lindsay Roberts) <https://github.com/lsr0>`_,
+  `@puetzk (Kevin Puetz) <https://github.com/puetzk>`_,
+  `@fpelliccioni (Fernando Pelliccioni) <https://github.com/fpelliccioni>`_,
+  Alexey Kuzmenko, `@jelly (jelle van der Waa) <https://github.com/jelly>`_,
+  `@claremacrae (Clare Macrae) <https://github.com/claremacrae>`_,
+  `@jiapengwen (文佳鹏) <https://github.com/jiapengwen>`_,
+  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@alexey-milovidov <https://github.com/alexey-milovidov>`_.
+
+* Implemented various build configuration fixes and improvements
+  (`#1603 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1603>`_,
+  `#1657 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1657>`_,
+  `#1702 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1702>`_,
+  `#1728 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1728>`_).
+  Thanks `@scramsby (Scott Ramsby) <https://github.com/scramsby>`_,
+  `@jtojnar (Jan Tojnar) <https://github.com/jtojnar>`_,
+  `@orivej (Orivej Desh) <https://github.com/orivej>`_,
+  `@flagarde <https://github.com/flagarde>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#1616 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1616>`_,
+  `#1620 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1620>`_,
+  `#1622 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1622>`_,
+  `#1625 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1625>`_,
+  `#1627 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1627>`_,
+  `#1628 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1628>`_,
+  `#1629 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1629>`_,
+  `#1631 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1631>`_,
+  `#1633 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1633>`_,
+  `#1649 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1649>`_,
+  `#1658 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1658>`_,
+  `#1661 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1661>`_,
+  `#1667 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1667>`_,
+  `#1668 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1668>`_,
+  `#1669 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1669>`_,
+  `#1692 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1692>`_,
+  `#1696 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1696>`_,
+  `#1697 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1697>`_,
+  `#1707 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1707>`_,
+  `#1712 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1712>`_,
+  `#1716 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1716>`_,
+  `#1722 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1722>`_,
+  `#1724 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1724>`_,
+  `#1729 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1729>`_,
+  `#1738 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1738>`_,
+  `#1742 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1742>`_,
+  `#1743 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1743>`_,
+  `#1744 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1744>`_,
+  `#1747 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1747>`_,
+  `#1750 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1750>`_).
+  Thanks `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
+  `@johnor (Johan) <https://github.com/johnor>`_,
+  `@Kurkin (Dmitry Kurkin) <https://github.com/Kurkin>`_,
+  `@invexed (James Beach) <https://github.com/invexed>`_,
+  `@peterbell10 <https://github.com/peterbell10>`_,
+  `@daixtrose (Markus Werle) <https://github.com/daixtrose>`_,
+  `@petrutlucian94 (Lucian Petrut) <https://github.com/petrutlucian94>`_,
+  `@Neargye (Daniil Goncharov) <https://github.com/Neargye>`_,
+  `@ambitslix (Attila M. Szilagyi) <https://github.com/ambitslix>`_,
+  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
+  `@erthink (Leonid Yuriev) <https://github.com/erthink>`_,
+  `@tohammer (Tobias Hammer) <https://github.com/tohammer>`_,
+  `@0x8000-0000 (Florin Iucha) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_.
+
+6.2.1 - 2020-05-09
+------------------
+
+* Fixed ostream support in ``sprintf``
+  (`#1631 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1631>`_).
+
+* Fixed type detection when using implicit conversion to ``string_view`` and
+  ostream ``operator<<`` inconsistently
+  (`#1662 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1662>`_).
+
+6.2.0 - 2020-04-05
+------------------
+
+* Improved error reporting when trying to format an object of a non-formattable
+  type:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::format("{}", S());
+
+  now gives::
+
+    include/fmt/core.h:1015:5: error: static_assert failed due to requirement
+    'formattable' "Cannot format argument. To make type T formattable provide a
+    formatter<T> specialization:
+    https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types"
+        static_assert(
+        ^
+    ...
+    note: in instantiation of function template specialization
+    'fmt::v6::format<char [3], S, char>' requested here
+      fmt::format("{}", S());
+           ^
+
+  if ``S`` is not formattable.
+
+* Reduced the library size by ~10%.
+
+* Always print decimal point if ``#`` is specified
+  (`#1476 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1476>`_,
+  `#1498 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1498>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::print("{:#.0f}", 42.0);
+
+  now prints ``42.``
+
+* Implemented the ``'L'`` specifier for locale-specific numeric formatting to
+  improve compatibility with ``std::format``. The ``'n'`` specifier is now
+  deprecated and will be removed in the next major release.
+
+* Moved OS-specific APIs such as ``windows_error`` from ``fmt/format.h`` to
+  ``fmt/os.h``. You can define ``FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_OS`` to automatically
+  include ``fmt/os.h`` from ``fmt/format.h`` for compatibility but this will be
+  disabled in the next major release.
+
+* Added precision overflow detection in floating-point formatting.
+
+* Implemented detection of invalid use of ``fmt::arg``.
+
+* Used ``type_identity`` to block unnecessary template argument deduction.
+  Thanks Tim Song.
+
+* Improved UTF-8 handling
+  (`#1109 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1109>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::print("┌{0:─^{2}}┐\n"
+                "│{1: ^{2}}│\n"
+                "└{0:─^{2}}┘\n", "", "Привет, мир!", 20);
+
+  now prints::
+
+     ┌────────────────────┐
+     │    Привет, мир!    │
+     └────────────────────┘
+
+  on systems that support Unicode.
+
+* Added experimental dynamic argument storage
+  (`#1170 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1170>`_,
+  `#1584 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1584>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+     store.push_back("answer");
+     store.push_back(42);
+     fmt::vprint("The {} is {}.\n", store);
+  
+  prints::
+
+     The answer is 42.
+
+  Thanks `@vsolontsov-ll (Vladimir Solontsov)
+  <https://github.com/vsolontsov-ll>`_.
+
+* Made ``fmt::join`` accept ``initializer_list``
+  (`#1591 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1591>`_).
+  Thanks `@Rapotkinnik (Nikolay Rapotkin) <https://github.com/Rapotkinnik>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of empty tuples
+  (`#1588 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1588>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of output iterators in ``format_to_n``
+  (`#1506 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1506>`_).
+
+* Fixed formatting of ``std::chrono::duration`` types to wide output
+  (`#1533 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1533>`_).
+  Thanks `@zeffy (pilao) <https://github.com/zeffy>`_.
+
+* Added const ``begin`` and ``end`` overload to buffers
+  (`#1553 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1553>`_).
+  Thanks `@dominicpoeschko <https://github.com/dominicpoeschko>`_.
+
+* Added the ability to disable floating-point formatting via ``FMT_USE_FLOAT``,
+  ``FMT_USE_DOUBLE`` and ``FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE`` macros for extremely
+  memory-constrained embedded system
+  (`#1590 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1590>`_).
+  Thanks `@albaguirre (Alberto Aguirre) <https://github.com/albaguirre>`_.
+
+* Made ``FMT_STRING`` work with ``constexpr`` ``string_view``
+  (`#1589 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1589>`_).
+  Thanks `@scramsby (Scott Ramsby) <https://github.com/scramsby>`_.
+
+* Implemented a minor optimization in the format string parser
+  (`#1560 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1560>`_).
+  Thanks `@IkarusDeveloper <https://github.com/IkarusDeveloper>`_.
+
+* Improved attribute detection
+  (`#1469 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1469>`_,
+  `#1475 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1475>`_,
+  `#1576 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1576>`_).
+  Thanks `@federico-busato (Federico) <https://github.com/federico-busato>`_,
+  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@refnum <https://github.com/refnum>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#1481 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1481>`_,
+  `#1523 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1523>`_).
+  Thanks `@JackBoosY (Jack·Boos·Yu) <https://github.com/JackBoosY>`_,
+  `@imba-tjd (谭九鼎) <https://github.com/imba-tjd>`_.
+
+* Fixed symbol visibility on Linux when compiling with ``-fvisibility=hidden``
+  (`#1535 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1535>`_).
+  Thanks `@milianw (Milian Wolff) <https://github.com/milianw>`_.
+
+* Implemented various build configuration fixes and improvements
+  (`#1264 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1264>`_,
+  `#1460 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1460>`_,
+  `#1534 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1534>`_,
+  `#1536 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1536>`_,
+  `#1545 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1545>`_,
+  `#1546 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1546>`_,
+  `#1566 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1566>`_,
+  `#1582 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1582>`_,
+  `#1597 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1597>`_,
+  `#1598 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1598>`_).
+  Thanks `@ambitslix (Attila M. Szilagyi) <https://github.com/ambitslix>`_,
+  `@jwillikers (Jordan Williams) <https://github.com/jwillikers>`_,
+  `@stac47 (Laurent Stacul) <https://github.com/stac47>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#1433 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1433>`_,
+  `#1461 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1461>`_,
+  `#1470 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1470>`_,
+  `#1480 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1480>`_,
+  `#1485 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1485>`_,
+  `#1492 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1492>`_,
+  `#1493 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1493>`_,
+  `#1504 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1504>`_,
+  `#1505 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1505>`_,
+  `#1512 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1512>`_,
+  `#1515 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1515>`_,
+  `#1516 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1516>`_,
+  `#1518 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1518>`_,
+  `#1519 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1519>`_,
+  `#1520 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1520>`_,
+  `#1521 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1521>`_,
+  `#1522 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1522>`_,
+  `#1524 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1524>`_,
+  `#1530 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1530>`_,
+  `#1531 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1531>`_,
+  `#1532 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1532>`_,
+  `#1539 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1539>`_,
+  `#1547 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1547>`_,
+  `#1548 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1548>`_,
+  `#1554 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1554>`_,
+  `#1567 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1567>`_,
+  `#1568 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1568>`_,
+  `#1569 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1569>`_,
+  `#1571 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1571>`_,
+  `#1573 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1573>`_,
+  `#1575 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1575>`_,
+  `#1581 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1581>`_,
+  `#1583 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1583>`_,
+  `#1586 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1586>`_,
+  `#1587 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1587>`_,
+  `#1594 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1594>`_,
+  `#1596 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1596>`_,
+  `#1604 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1604>`_,
+  `#1606 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1606>`_,
+  `#1607 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1607>`_,
+  `#1609 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1609>`_).
+  Thanks `@marti4d (Chris Martin) <https://github.com/marti4d>`_,
+  `@iPherian <https://github.com/iPherian>`_,
+  `@parkertomatoes <https://github.com/parkertomatoes>`_,
+  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
+  `@torsten48 <https://github.com/torsten48>`_,
+  `@tohammer (Tobias Hammer) <https://github.com/tohammer>`_,
+  `@lefticus (Jason Turner) <https://github.com/lefticus>`_,
+  `@ryusakki (Haise) <https://github.com/ryusakki>`_,
+  `@adnsv (Alex Denisov) <https://github.com/adnsv>`_,
+  `@fghzxm <https://github.com/fghzxm>`_,
+  `@refnum <https://github.com/refnum>`_,
+  `@pramodk (Pramod Kumbhar) <https://github.com/pramodk>`_,
+  `@Spirrwell <https://github.com/Spirrwell>`_,
+  `@scramsby (Scott Ramsby) <https://github.com/scramsby>`_.
+
+6.1.2 - 2019-12-11
+------------------
+
+* Fixed ABI compatibility with ``libfmt.so.6.0.0``
+  (`#1471 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1471>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling types convertible to ``std::string_view``
+  (`#1451 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1451>`_).
+  Thanks `@denizevrenci (Deniz Evrenci) <https://github.com/denizevrenci>`_.
+
+* Made CUDA test an opt-in enabled via the ``FMT_CUDA_TEST`` CMake option.
+
+* Fixed sign conversion warnings
+  (`#1440 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1440>`_).
+  Thanks `@0x8000-0000 (Florin Iucha) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_.
+
+6.1.1 - 2019-12-04
+------------------
+
+* Fixed shared library build on Windows
+  (`#1443 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1443>`_,
+  `#1445 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1445>`_,
+  `#1446 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1446>`_,
+  `#1450 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1450>`_).
+  Thanks `@egorpugin (Egor Pugin) <https://github.com/egorpugin>`_,
+  `@bbolli (Beat Bolli) <https://github.com/bbolli>`_.
+
+* Added a missing decimal point in exponent notation with trailing zeros.
+
+* Removed deprecated ``format_arg_store::TYPES``.
+
+6.1.0 - 2019-12-01
+------------------
+
+* {fmt} now formats IEEE 754 ``float`` and ``double`` using the shortest decimal
+  representation with correct rounding by default:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <cmath>
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       fmt::print("{}", M_PI);
+     }
+
+  prints ``3.141592653589793``.
+
+* Made the fast binary to decimal floating-point formatter the default,
+  simplified it and improved performance. {fmt} is now 15 times faster than
+  libc++'s ``std::ostringstream``, 11 times faster than ``printf`` and 10%
+  faster than double-conversion on `dtoa-benchmark
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_:
+
+  ==================  =========  =======
+  Function            Time (ns)  Speedup
+  ==================  =========  =======
+  ostringstream        1,346.30    1.00x
+  ostrstream           1,195.74    1.13x
+  sprintf                995.08    1.35x
+  doubleconv              99.10   13.59x
+  fmt                     88.34   15.24x
+  ==================  =========  =======
+
+  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+             69767160-cdaca400-112f-11ea-9fc5-347c9f83caad.png
+
+* {fmt} no longer converts ``float`` arguments to ``double``. In particular this
+  improves the default (shortest) representation of floats and makes
+  ``fmt::format`` consistent with ``std::format`` specs
+  (`#1336 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1336>`_,
+  `#1353 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1353>`_,
+  `#1360 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1360>`_,
+  `#1361 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1361>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::print("{}", 0.1f);
+
+  prints ``0.1`` instead of ``0.10000000149011612``.
+
+  Thanks `@orivej (Orivej Desh) <https://github.com/orivej>`_.
+
+* Made floating-point formatting output consistent with ``printf``/iostreams
+  (`#1376 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1376>`_,
+  `#1417 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1417>`_).
+
+* Added support for 128-bit integers
+  (`#1287 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1287>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::print("{}", std::numeric_limits<__int128_t>::max());
+
+  prints ``170141183460469231731687303715884105727``.
+
+  Thanks `@denizevrenci (Deniz Evrenci) <https://github.com/denizevrenci>`_.
+
+* The overload of ``print`` that takes ``text_style`` is now atomic, i.e. the
+  output from different threads doesn't interleave
+  (`#1351 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1351>`_).
+  Thanks `@tankiJong (Tanki Zhang) <https://github.com/tankiJong>`_.
+
+* Made compile time in the header-only mode ~20% faster by reducing the number
+  of template instantiations. ``wchar_t`` overload of ``vprint`` was moved from
+  ``fmt/core.h`` to ``fmt/format.h``.
+
+* Added an overload of ``fmt::join`` that works with tuples
+  (`#1322 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1322>`_,
+  `#1330 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1330>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <tuple>
+     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       std::tuple<char, int, float> t{'a', 1, 2.0f};
+       fmt::print("{}", t);
+     }
+
+  prints ``('a', 1, 2.0)``.
+
+  Thanks `@jeremyong (Jeremy Ong) <https://github.com/jeremyong>`_.
+
+* Changed formatting of octal zero with prefix from "00" to "0":
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::print("{:#o}", 0);
+
+  prints ``0``.
+
+* The locale is now passed to ostream insertion (``<<``) operators
+  (`#1406 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1406>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/locale.h>
+     #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+     struct S {
+       double value;
+     };
+
+     std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, S s) {
+       return os << s.value;
+     }
+
+     int main() {
+       auto s = fmt::format(std::locale("fr_FR.UTF-8"), "{}", S{0.42});
+       // s == "0,42"
+     }
+
+  Thanks `@dlaugt (Daniel Laügt) <https://github.com/dlaugt>`_.
+
+* Locale-specific number formatting now uses grouping
+  (`#1393 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1393>`_
+  `#1394 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1394>`_).
+  Thanks `@skrdaniel <https://github.com/skrdaniel>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of types with deleted implicit rvalue conversion to
+  ``const char**`` (`#1421 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1421>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     struct mystring {
+       operator const char*() const&;
+       operator const char*() &;
+       operator const char*() const&& = delete;
+       operator const char*() && = delete;
+     };
+     mystring str;
+     fmt::print("{}", str); // now compiles
+
+* Enums are now mapped to correct underlying types instead of ``int``
+  (`#1286 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1286>`_).
+  Thanks `@agmt (Egor Seredin) <https://github.com/agmt>`_.
+
+* Enum classes are no longer implicitly converted to ``int``
+  (`#1424 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1424>`_).
+
+* Added ``basic_format_parse_context`` for consistency with C++20
+  ``std::format`` and deprecated ``basic_parse_context``.
+
+* Fixed handling of UTF-8 in precision
+  (`#1389 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1389>`_,
+  `#1390 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1390>`_).
+  Thanks `@tajtiattila (Attila Tajti) <https://github.com/tajtiattila>`_.
+
+* {fmt} can now be installed on Linux, macOS and Windows with
+  `Conda <https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/>`__ using its
+  `conda-forge <https://conda-forge.org>`__
+  `package <https://github.com/conda-forge/fmt-feedstock>`__
+  (`#1410 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1410>`_)::
+
+    conda install -c conda-forge fmt
+
+  Thanks `@tdegeus (Tom de Geus) <https://github.com/tdegeus>`_.
+
+* Added a CUDA test (`#1285 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1285>`_,
+  `#1317 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1317>`_).
+  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_ and
+  `@risa2000 <https://github.com/risa2000>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation (`#1276 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1276>`_,
+  `#1291 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1291>`_,
+  `#1296 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1296>`_,
+  `#1315 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1315>`_,
+  `#1332 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1332>`_,
+  `#1337 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1337>`_,
+  `#1395 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1395>`_
+  `#1418 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1418>`_).
+  Thanks
+  `@waywardmonkeys (Bruce Mitchener) <https://github.com/waywardmonkeys>`_,
+  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_,
+  `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_.
+
+* Various code improvements
+  (`#1358 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1358>`_,
+  `#1407 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1407>`_).
+  Thanks `@orivej (Orivej Desh) <https://github.com/orivej>`_,
+  `@dpacbach (David P. Sicilia) <https://github.com/dpacbach>`_,
+
+* Fixed compile-time format string checks for user-defined types
+  (`#1292 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1292>`_).
+
+* Worked around a false positive in ``unsigned-integer-overflow`` sanitizer
+  (`#1377 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1377>`_).
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#1273 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1273>`_,
+  `#1278 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1278>`_,
+  `#1280 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1280>`_,
+  `#1281 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1281>`_,
+  `#1288 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1288>`_,
+  `#1290 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1290>`_,
+  `#1301 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1301>`_,
+  `#1305 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1305>`_,
+  `#1306 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1306>`_,
+  `#1309 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1309>`_,
+  `#1312 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1312>`_,
+  `#1313 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1313>`_,
+  `#1316 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1316>`_,
+  `#1319 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1319>`_,
+  `#1320 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1320>`_,
+  `#1326 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1326>`_,
+  `#1328 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1328>`_,
+  `#1344 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1344>`_,
+  `#1345 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1345>`_,
+  `#1347 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1347>`_,
+  `#1349 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1349>`_,
+  `#1354 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1354>`_,
+  `#1362 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1362>`_,
+  `#1366 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1366>`_,
+  `#1364 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1364>`_,
+  `#1370 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1370>`_,
+  `#1371 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1371>`_,
+  `#1385 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1385>`_,
+  `#1388 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1388>`_,
+  `#1397 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1397>`_,
+  `#1414 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1414>`_,
+  `#1416 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1416>`_,
+  `#1422 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1422>`_
+  `#1427 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1427>`_,
+  `#1431 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1431>`_,
+  `#1433 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1433>`_).
+  Thanks `@hhb <https://github.com/hhb>`_,
+  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
+  `@neheb (Rosen Penev) <https://github.com/neheb>`_,
+  `@vedranmiletic (Vedran Miletić) <https://github.com/vedranmiletic>`_,
+  `@dkavolis (Daumantas Kavolis) <https://github.com/dkavolis>`_,
+  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
+  `@orivej (Orivej Desh) <https://github.com/orivej>`_,
+  `@denizevrenci (Deniz Evrenci) <https://github.com/denizevrenci>`_
+  `@leonklingele <https://github.com/leonklingele>`_,
+  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@kent-tri <https://github.com/kent-tri>`_,
+  `@0x8000-0000 (Florin Iucha) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_,
+  `@marti4d (Chris Martin) <https://github.com/marti4d>`_.
+
+6.0.0 - 2019-08-26
+------------------
+
+* Switched to the `MIT license
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/5a4b24613ba16cc689977c3b5bd8274a3ba1dd1f/LICENSE.rst>`_
+  with an optional exception that allows distributing binary code without
+  attribution.
+
+* Floating-point formatting is now locale-independent by default:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <locale>
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+       fmt::print("value = {}", 4.2);
+     }
+
+  prints "value = 4.2" regardless of the locale.
+
+  For locale-specific formatting use the ``n`` specifier:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+     fmt::print("value = {:n}", 4.2);
+
+  prints "value = 4,2".
+
+* Added an experimental Grisu floating-point formatting algorithm
+  implementation (disabled by default). To enable it compile with the
+  ``FMT_USE_GRISU`` macro defined to 1:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #define FMT_USE_GRISU 1
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     auto s = fmt::format("{}", 4.2); // formats 4.2 using Grisu
+
+  With Grisu enabled, {fmt} is 13x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` (libc++)
+  and 10x faster than ``sprintf`` on `dtoa-benchmark
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_ (`full results
+  <https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang10.0.html>`_):
+
+  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+             54883977-9fe8c000-4e28-11e9-8bde-272d122e7c52.jpg
+
+* Separated formatting and parsing contexts for consistency with
+  `C++20 std::format <http://eel.is/c++draft/format>`_, removing the
+  undocumented ``basic_format_context::parse_context()`` function.
+
+* Added `oss-fuzz <https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz>`_ support
+  (`#1199 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1199>`_).
+  Thanks `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
+
+* ``formatter`` specializations now always take precedence over ``operator<<``
+  (`#952 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/952>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <iostream>
+     #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+     struct S {};
+
+     std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, S) {
+       return os << 1;
+     }
+
+     template <>
+     struct fmt::formatter<S> : fmt::formatter<int> {
+       auto format(S, format_context& ctx) {
+         return formatter<int>::format(2, ctx);
+       }
+     };
+
+     int main() {
+       std::cout << S() << "\n"; // prints 1 using operator<<
+       fmt::print("{}\n", S());  // prints 2 using formatter
+     }
+
+* Introduced the experimental ``fmt::compile`` function that does format string
+  compilation (`#618 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/618>`_,
+  `#1169 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1169>`_,
+  `#1171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1171>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     auto f = fmt::compile<int>("{}");
+     std::string s = fmt::format(f, 42); // can be called multiple times to
+                                         // format different values
+     // s == "42"
+
+  It moves the cost of parsing a format string outside of the format function
+  which can be beneficial when identically formatting many objects of the same
+  types. Thanks `@stryku (Mateusz Janek) <https://github.com/stryku>`_.
+
+* Added experimental ``%`` format specifier that formats floating-point values
+  as percentages (`#1060 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1060>`_,
+  `#1069 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1069>`_,
+  `#1071 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1071>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto s = fmt::format("{:.1%}", 0.42); // s == "42.0%"
+
+  Thanks `@gawain-bolton (Gawain Bolton) <https://github.com/gawain-bolton>`_.
+
+* Implemented precision for floating-point durations
+  (`#1004 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1004>`_,
+  `#1012 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1012>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto s = fmt::format("{:.1}", std::chrono::duration<double>(1.234));
+     // s == 1.2s
+
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Implemented ``chrono`` format specifiers ``%Q`` and ``%q`` that give the value
+  and the unit respectively (`#1019 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1019>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto value = fmt::format("{:%Q}", 42s); // value == "42"
+     auto unit  = fmt::format("{:%q}", 42s); // unit == "s"
+
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of dynamic width in chrono formatter:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto s = fmt::format("{0:{1}%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(12345), 12);
+     //                        ^ width argument index                     ^ width
+     // s == "03:25:45    "
+
+  Thanks Howard Hinnant.
+
+* Removed deprecated ``fmt/time.h``. Use ``fmt/chrono.h`` instead.
+
+* Added ``fmt::format`` and ``fmt::vformat`` overloads that take ``text_style``
+  (`#993 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/993>`_,
+  `#994 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/994>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+     std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                                       "The answer is {}.", 42);
+
+  Thanks `@Naios (Denis Blank) <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
+
+* Removed the deprecated color API (``print_colored``). Use the new API, namely
+  ``print`` overloads that take ``text_style`` instead.
+
+* Made ``std::unique_ptr`` and ``std::shared_ptr`` formattable as pointers via
+  ``fmt::ptr`` (`#1121 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1121>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     std::unique_ptr<int> p = ...;
+     fmt::print("{}", fmt::ptr(p)); // prints p as a pointer
+
+  Thanks `@sighingnow (Tao He) <https://github.com/sighingnow>`_.
+
+* Made ``print`` and ``vprint`` report I/O errors
+  (`#1098 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1098>`_,
+  `#1099 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1099>`_).
+  Thanks `@BillyDonahue (Billy Donahue) <https://github.com/BillyDonahue>`_.
+
+* Marked deprecated APIs with the ``[[deprecated]]`` attribute and removed
+  internal uses of deprecated APIs
+  (`#1022 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1022>`_).
+  Thanks `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_.
+
+* Modernized the codebase using more C++11 features and removing workarounds.
+  Most importantly, ``buffer_context`` is now an alias template, so
+  use ``buffer_context<T>`` instead of ``buffer_context<T>::type``.
+  These features require GCC 4.8 or later.
+
+* ``formatter`` specializations now always take precedence over implicit
+  conversions to ``int`` and the undocumented ``convert_to_int`` trait
+  is now deprecated.
+
+* Moved the undocumented ``basic_writer``, ``writer``, and ``wwriter`` types
+  to the ``internal`` namespace.
+
+* Removed deprecated ``basic_format_context::begin()``. Use ``out()`` instead.
+
+* Disallowed passing the result of ``join`` as an lvalue to prevent misuse.
+
+* Refactored the undocumented structs that represent parsed format specifiers
+  to simplify the API and allow multibyte fill.
+
+* Moved SFINAE to template parameters to reduce symbol sizes.
+
+* Switched to ``fputws`` for writing wide strings so that it's no longer
+  required to call ``_setmode`` on Windows
+  (`#1229 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1229>`_,
+  `#1243 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1243>`_).
+  Thanks `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_.
+
+* Improved literal-based API
+  (`#1254 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1254>`_).
+  Thanks `@sylveon (Charles Milette) <https://github.com/sylveon>`_.
+
+* Added support for exotic platforms without ``uintptr_t`` such as IBM i
+  (AS/400) which has 128-bit pointers and only 64-bit integers
+  (`#1059 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1059>`_).
+
+* Added `Sublime Text syntax highlighting config
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/support/C%2B%2B.sublime-syntax>`_
+  (`#1037 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1037>`_).
+  Thanks `@Kronuz (Germán Méndez Bravo) <https://github.com/Kronuz>`_.
+
+* Added the ``FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING`` macro to enforce the use of
+  compile-time format strings
+  (`#1231 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1231>`_).
+  Thanks `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_.
+
+* Stopped setting ``CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE`` if {fmt} is a subproject
+  (`#1081 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1081>`_).
+
+* Various build improvements
+  (`#1039 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1039>`_,
+  `#1078 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1078>`_,
+  `#1091 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1091>`_,
+  `#1103 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1103>`_,
+  `#1177 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1177>`_).
+  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_,
+  `@jasonszang (Jason Shuo Zang) <https://github.com/jasonszang>`_,
+  `@olafhering (Olaf Hering) <https://github.com/olafhering>`_,
+  `@Lecetem <https://github.com/Lectem>`_,
+  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#1049 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1049>`_,
+  `#1051 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1051>`_,
+  `#1083 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1083>`_,
+  `#1113 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1113>`_,
+  `#1114 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1114>`_,
+  `#1146 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1146>`_,
+  `#1180 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1180>`_,
+  `#1250 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1250>`_,
+  `#1252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1252>`_,
+  `#1265 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1265>`_).
+  Thanks `@mikelui (Michael Lui) <https://github.com/mikelui>`_,
+  `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
+  `@BillyDonahue (Billy Donahue) <https://github.com/BillyDonahue>`_,
+  `@jwakely (Jonathan Wakely) <https://github.com/jwakely>`_,
+  `@kaisbe (Kais Ben Salah) <https://github.com/kaisbe>`_,
+  `@sdebionne (Samuel Debionne) <https://github.com/sdebionne>`_.
+
+* Fixed ambiguous formatter specialization in ``fmt/ranges.h``
+  (`#1123 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1123>`_).
+
+* Fixed formatting of a non-empty ``std::filesystem::path`` which is an
+  infinitely deep range of its components
+  (`#1268 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1268>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of general output iterators when formatting characters
+  (`#1056 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1056>`_,
+  `#1058 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1058>`_).
+  Thanks `@abolz (Alexander Bolz) <https://github.com/abolz>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of output iterators in ``formatter`` specialization for
+  ranges (`#1064 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1064>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of exotic character types
+  (`#1188 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1188>`_).
+
+* Made chrono formatting work with exceptions disabled
+  (`#1062 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1062>`_).
+
+* Fixed DLL visibility issues
+  (`#1134 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1134>`_,
+  `#1147 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1147>`_).
+  Thanks `@denchat <https://github.com/denchat>`_.
+
+* Disabled the use of UDL template extension on GCC 9
+  (`#1148 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1148>`_).
+
+* Removed misplaced ``format`` compile-time checks from ``printf``
+  (`#1173 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1173>`_).
+
+* Fixed issues in the experimental floating-point formatter
+  (`#1072 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1072>`_,
+  `#1129 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1129>`_,
+  `#1153 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1153>`_,
+  `#1155 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1155>`_,
+  `#1210 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1210>`_,
+  `#1222 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1222>`_).
+  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
+
+* Fixed bugs discovered by fuzzing or during fuzzing integration
+  (`#1124 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1124>`_,
+  `#1127 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1127>`_,
+  `#1132 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1132>`_,
+  `#1135 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1135>`_,
+  `#1136 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1136>`_,
+  `#1141 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1141>`_,
+  `#1142 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1142>`_,
+  `#1178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1178>`_,
+  `#1179 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1179>`_,
+  `#1194 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1194>`_).
+  Thanks `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
+
+* Fixed building tests on FreeBSD and Hurd
+  (`#1043 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1043>`_).
+  Thanks `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#998 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/998>`_,
+  `#1006 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1006>`_,
+  `#1008 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1008>`_,
+  `#1011 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1011>`_,
+  `#1025 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1025>`_,
+  `#1027 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1027>`_,
+  `#1028 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1028>`_,
+  `#1029 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1029>`_,
+  `#1030 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1030>`_,
+  `#1031 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1031>`_,
+  `#1054 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1054>`_,
+  `#1063 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1063>`_,
+  `#1068 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1068>`_,
+  `#1074 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1074>`_,
+  `#1075 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1075>`_,
+  `#1079 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1079>`_,
+  `#1086 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1086>`_,
+  `#1088 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1088>`_,
+  `#1089 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1089>`_,
+  `#1094 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1094>`_,
+  `#1101 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1101>`_,
+  `#1102 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1102>`_,
+  `#1105 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1105>`_,
+  `#1107 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1107>`_,
+  `#1115 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1115>`_,
+  `#1117 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1117>`_,
+  `#1118 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1118>`_,
+  `#1120 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1120>`_,
+  `#1123 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1123>`_,
+  `#1139 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1139>`_,
+  `#1140 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1140>`_,
+  `#1143 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1143>`_,
+  `#1144 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1144>`_,
+  `#1150 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1150>`_,
+  `#1151 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1151>`_,
+  `#1152 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1152>`_,
+  `#1154 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1154>`_,
+  `#1156 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1156>`_,
+  `#1159 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1159>`_,
+  `#1175 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1175>`_,
+  `#1181 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1181>`_,
+  `#1186 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1186>`_,
+  `#1187 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1187>`_,
+  `#1191 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1191>`_,
+  `#1197 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1197>`_,
+  `#1200 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1200>`_,
+  `#1203 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1203>`_,
+  `#1205 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1205>`_,
+  `#1206 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1206>`_,
+  `#1213 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1213>`_,
+  `#1214 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1214>`_,
+  `#1217 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1217>`_,
+  `#1228 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1228>`_,
+  `#1230 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1230>`_,
+  `#1232 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1232>`_,
+  `#1235 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1235>`_,
+  `#1236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1236>`_,
+  `#1240 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1240>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
+  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
+  `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_,
+  `@morinmorin <https://github.com/morinmorin>`_,
+  `@ricco19 (Brian Ricciardelli) <https://github.com/ricco19>`_,
+  `@waywardmonkeys (Bruce Mitchener) <https://github.com/waywardmonkeys>`_,
+  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@remyabel <https://github.com/remyabel>`_,
+  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_,
+  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@rcane (Ronny Krüger) <https://github.com/rcane>`_,
+  `@mocabe <https://github.com/mocabe>`_,
+  `@denchat <https://github.com/denchat>`_,
+  `@cjdb (Christopher Di Bella) <https://github.com/cjdb>`_,
+  `@HazardyKnusperkeks (Björn Schäpers) <https://github.com/HazardyKnusperkeks>`_,
+  `@vedranmiletic (Vedran Miletić) <https://github.com/vedranmiletic>`_,
+  `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_,
+  `@DaanDeMeyer (Daan De Meyer) <https://github.com/DaanDeMeyer>`_,
+  `@starkmapper (Mark Stapper) <https://github.com/starkmapper>`_.
+
+5.3.0 - 2018-12-28
+------------------
+
+* Introduced experimental chrono formatting support:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
+       fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
+       fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
+     }
+
+  prints::
+
+     Default format: 42s 100ms
+     strftime-like format: 03:15:30
+
+* Added experimental support for emphasis (bold, italic, underline,
+  strikethrough), colored output to a file stream, and improved colored
+  formatting API
+  (`#961 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/961>`_,
+  `#967 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/967>`_,
+  `#973 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/973>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
+             "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
+       print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
+             fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир");
+       print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
+             "Hello, {}!\n", "世界");
+     }
+
+  prints the following on modern terminals with RGB color support:
+
+  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+             50405788-b66e7500-076e-11e9-9592-7324d1f951d8.png
+
+  Thanks `@Rakete1111 (Nicolas) <https://github.com/Rakete1111>`_.
+
+* Added support for 4-bit terminal colors
+  (`#968 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/968>`_,
+  `#974 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/974>`_)
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       print(fg(fmt::terminal_color::red), "stop\n");
+     }
+
+  Note that these colors vary by terminal:
+
+  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+             50405925-dbfc7e00-0770-11e9-9b85-333fab0af9ac.png
+
+  Thanks `@Rakete1111 (Nicolas) <https://github.com/Rakete1111>`_.
+
+* Parameterized formatting functions on the type of the format string
+  (`#880 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/880>`_,
+  `#881 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/881>`_,
+  `#883 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/883>`_,
+  `#885 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/885>`_,
+  `#897 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/897>`_,
+  `#920 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/920>`_).
+  Any object of type ``S`` that has an overloaded ``to_string_view(const S&)``
+  returning ``fmt::string_view`` can be used as a format string:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     namespace my_ns {
+     inline string_view to_string_view(const my_string& s) {
+       return {s.data(), s.length()};
+     }
+     }
+
+     std::string message = fmt::format(my_string("The answer is {}."), 42);
+
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Made ``std::string_view`` work as a format string
+  (`#898 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/898>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto message = fmt::format(std::string_view("The answer is {}."), 42);
+
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Added wide string support to compile-time format string checks
+  (`#924 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/924>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     print(fmt(L"{:f}"), 42); // compile-time error: invalid type specifier
+
+  Thanks `@XZiar <https://github.com/XZiar>`_.
+
+* Made colored print functions work with wide strings
+  (`#867 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/867>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       print(fg(fmt::color::red), L"{}\n", 42);
+     }
+
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Introduced experimental Unicode support
+  (`#628 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/628>`_,
+  `#891 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/891>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     using namespace fmt::literals;
+     auto s = fmt::format("{:*^5}"_u, "🤡"_u); // s == "**🤡**"_u
+
+* Improved locale support:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/locale.h>
+
+     struct numpunct : std::numpunct<char> {
+      protected:
+       char do_thousands_sep() const override { return '~'; }
+     };
+
+     std::locale loc;
+     auto s = fmt::format(std::locale(loc, new numpunct()), "{:n}", 1234567);
+     // s == "1~234~567"
+
+* Constrained formatting functions on proper iterator types
+  (`#921 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/921>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Added ``make_printf_args`` and ``make_wprintf_args`` functions
+  (`#934 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/934>`_).
+  Thanks `@tnovotny <https://github.com/tnovotny>`_.
+
+* Deprecated ``fmt::visit``, ``parse_context``, and ``wparse_context``.
+  Use ``fmt::visit_format_arg``, ``format_parse_context``, and
+  ``wformat_parse_context`` instead.
+
+* Removed undocumented ``basic_fixed_buffer`` which has been superseded by the
+  iterator-based API
+  (`#873 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/873>`_,
+  `#902 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/902>`_).
+  Thanks `@superfunc (hollywood programmer) <https://github.com/superfunc>`_.
+
+* Disallowed repeated leading zeros in an argument ID:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::print("{000}", 42); // error
+
+* Reintroduced support for gcc 4.4.
+
+* Fixed compilation on platforms with exotic ``double``
+  (`#878 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/878>`_).
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#164 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/164>`_,
+  `#877 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/877>`_,
+  `#901 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/901>`_,
+  `#906 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/906>`_,
+  `#979 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/979>`_).
+  Thanks `@kookjr (Mathew Cucuzella) <https://github.com/kookjr>`_,
+  `@DarkDimius (Dmitry Petrashko) <https://github.com/DarkDimius>`_,
+  `@HecticSerenity <https://github.com/HecticSerenity>`_.
+
+* Added pkgconfig support which makes it easier to consume the library from
+  meson and other build systems
+  (`#916 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/916>`_).
+  Thanks `@colemickens (Cole Mickens) <https://github.com/colemickens>`_.
+
+* Various build improvements
+  (`#909 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/909>`_,
+  `#926 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/926>`_,
+  `#937 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/937>`_,
+  `#953 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/953>`_,
+  `#959 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/959>`_).
+  Thanks `@tchaikov (Kefu Chai) <https://github.com/tchaikov>`_,
+  `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_,
+  `@AndreasSchoenle (Andreas Schönle) <https://github.com/AndreasSchoenle>`_,
+  `@hotwatermorning <https://github.com/hotwatermorning>`_,
+  `@Zefz (JohanJansen) <https://github.com/Zefz>`_.
+
+* Improved ``string_view`` construction performance
+  (`#914 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/914>`_).
+  Thanks `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_.
+
+* Fixed non-matching char types
+  (`#895 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/895>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Fixed ``format_to_n`` with ``std::back_insert_iterator``
+  (`#913 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/913>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Fixed locale-dependent formatting
+  (`#905 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/905>`_).
+
+* Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
+  (`#882 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/882>`_,
+  `#886 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/886>`_,
+  `#933 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/933>`_,
+  `#941 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/941>`_,
+  `#931 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/931>`_,
+  `#943 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/943>`_,
+  `#954 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/954>`_,
+  `#956 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/956>`_,
+  `#962 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/962>`_,
+  `#965 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/965>`_,
+  `#977 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/977>`_,
+  `#983 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/983>`_,
+  `#989 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/989>`_).
+  Thanks `@Luthaf (Guillaume Fraux) <https://github.com/Luthaf>`_,
+  `@stevenhoving (Steven Hoving) <https://github.com/stevenhoving>`_,
+  `@christinaa (Kristina Brooks) <https://github.com/christinaa>`_,
+  `@lgritz (Larry Gritz) <https://github.com/lgritz>`_,
+  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
+  `@0x8000-0000 (Sign Bit) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_,
+  `@liuping1997 <https://github.com/liuping1997>`_.
+
+5.2.1 - 2018-09-21
+------------------
+
+* Fixed ``visit`` lookup issues on gcc 7 & 8
+  (`#870 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/870>`_).
+  Thanks `@medithe <https://github.com/medithe>`_.
+
+* Fixed linkage errors on older gcc.
+
+* Prevented ``fmt/range.h`` from specializing ``fmt::basic_string_view``
+  (`#865 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/865>`_,
+  `#868 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/868>`_).
+  Thanks `@hhggit (dual) <https://github.com/hhggit>`_.
+
+* Improved error message when formatting unknown types
+  (`#872 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/872>`_).
+  Thanks `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
+
+* Disabled templated user-defined literals when compiled under nvcc
+  (`#875 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/875>`_).
+  Thanks `@CandyGumdrop (Candy Gumdrop) <https://github.com/CandyGumdrop>`_,
+
+* Fixed ``format_to`` formatting to ``wmemory_buffer``
+  (`#874 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/874>`_).
+
+5.2.0 - 2018-09-13
+------------------
+
+* Optimized format string parsing and argument processing which resulted in up
+  to 5x speed up on long format strings and significant performance boost on
+  various benchmarks. For example, version 5.2 is 2.22x faster than 5.1 on
+  decimal integer formatting with ``format_to`` (macOS, clang-902.0.39.2):
+
+  ==================  =======  =======
+  Method              Time, s  Speedup
+  ==================  =======  =======
+  fmt::format 5.1      0.58
+  fmt::format 5.2      0.35     1.66x
+  fmt::format_to 5.1   0.51
+  fmt::format_to 5.2   0.23     2.22x
+  sprintf              0.71
+  std::to_string       1.01
+  std::stringstream    1.73
+  ==================  =======  =======
+
+* Changed the ``fmt`` macro from opt-out to opt-in to prevent name collisions.
+  To enable it define the ``FMT_STRING_ALIAS`` macro to 1 before including
+  ``fmt/format.h``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #define FMT_STRING_ALIAS 1
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+     std::string answer = format(fmt("{}"), 42);
+
+* Added compile-time format string checks to ``format_to`` overload that takes
+  ``fmt::memory_buffer`` (`#783 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/783>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::memory_buffer buf;
+     // Compile-time error: invalid type specifier.
+     fmt::format_to(buf, fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
+
+* Moved experimental color support to ``fmt/color.h`` and enabled the
+  new API by default. The old API can be enabled by defining the
+  ``FMT_DEPRECATED_COLORS`` macro.
+
+* Added formatting support for types explicitly convertible to
+  ``fmt::string_view``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     struct foo {
+       explicit operator fmt::string_view() const { return "foo"; }
+     };
+     auto s = format("{}", foo());
+
+  In particular, this makes formatting function work with
+  ``folly::StringPiece``.
+
+* Implemented preliminary support for ``char*_t`` by replacing the ``format``
+  function overloads with a single function template parameterized on the string
+  type.
+
+* Added support for dynamic argument lists
+  (`#814 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/814>`_,
+  `#819 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/819>`_).
+  Thanks `@MikePopoloski (Michael Popoloski)
+  <https://github.com/MikePopoloski>`_.
+
+* Reduced executable size overhead for embedded targets using newlib nano by
+  making locale dependency optional
+  (`#839 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/839>`_).
+  Thanks `@teajay-fr (Thomas Benard) <https://github.com/teajay-fr>`_.
+
+* Keep ``noexcept`` specifier when exceptions are disabled
+  (`#801 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/801>`_,
+  `#810 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/810>`_).
+  Thanks `@qis (Alexej Harm) <https://github.com/qis>`_.
+
+* Fixed formatting of user-defined types providing ``operator<<`` with
+  ``format_to_n``
+  (`#806 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/806>`_).
+  Thanks `@mkurdej (Marek Kurdej) <https://github.com/mkurdej>`_.
+
+* Fixed dynamic linkage of new symbols
+  (`#808 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/808>`_).
+
+* Fixed global initialization issue
+  (`#807 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/807>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     // This works on compilers with constexpr support.
+     static const std::string answer = fmt::format("{}", 42);
+
+* Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
+  (`#804 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/804>`_,
+  `#809 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/809>`_,
+  `#811 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/811>`_,
+  `#822 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/822>`_,
+  `#827 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/827>`_,
+  `#830 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/830>`_,
+  `#838 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/838>`_,
+  `#843 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/843>`_,
+  `#844 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/844>`_,
+  `#851 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/851>`_,
+  `#852 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/852>`_,
+  `#854 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/854>`_).
+  Thanks `@henryiii (Henry Schreiner) <https://github.com/henryiii>`_,
+  `@medithe <https://github.com/medithe>`_, and
+  `@eliasdaler (Elias Daler) <https://github.com/eliasdaler>`_.
+
+5.1.0 - 2018-07-05
+------------------
+
+* Added experimental support for RGB color output enabled with
+  the ``FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS`` macro:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #define FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS
+     #define FMT_HEADER_ONLY // or compile fmt with FMT_EXTENDED_COLORS defined
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     fmt::print(fmt::color::steel_blue, "Some beautiful text");
+
+  The old API (the ``print_colored`` and ``vprint_colored`` functions and the
+  ``color`` enum) is now deprecated.
+  (`#762 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/762>`_
+  `#767 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/767>`_).
+  thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_.
+
+* Added quotes to strings in ranges and tuples
+  (`#766 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/766>`_).
+  Thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_.
+
+* Made ``format_to`` work with ``basic_memory_buffer``
+  (`#776 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/776>`_).
+
+* Added ``vformat_to_n`` and ``wchar_t`` overload of ``format_to_n``
+  (`#764 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/764>`_,
+  `#769 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/769>`_).
+
+* Made ``is_range`` and ``is_tuple_like`` part of public (experimental) API
+  to allow specialization for user-defined types
+  (`#751 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/751>`_,
+  `#759 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/759>`_).
+  Thanks `@drrlvn (Dror Levin) <https://github.com/drrlvn>`_.
+
+* Added more compilers to continuous integration and increased ``FMT_PEDANTIC``
+  warning levels
+  (`#736 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/736>`_).
+  Thanks `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_.
+
+* Fixed compilation with MSVC 2013.
+
+* Fixed handling of user-defined types in ``format_to``
+  (`#793 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/793>`_).
+
+* Forced linking of inline ``vformat`` functions into the library
+  (`#795 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/795>`_).
+
+* Fixed incorrect call to on_align in ``'{:}='``
+  (`#750 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/750>`_).
+
+* Fixed floating-point formatting to a non-back_insert_iterator with sign &
+  numeric alignment specified
+  (`#756 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/756>`_).
+
+* Fixed formatting to an array with ``format_to_n``
+  (`#778 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/778>`_).
+
+* Fixed formatting of more than 15 named arguments
+  (`#754 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/754>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of compile-time strings when including ``fmt/ostream.h``.
+  (`#768 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/768>`_).
+
+* Fixed various compiler warnings and errors
+  (`#742 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/742>`_,
+  `#748 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/748>`_,
+  `#752 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/752>`_,
+  `#770 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/770>`_,
+  `#775 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/775>`_,
+  `#779 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/779>`_,
+  `#780 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/780>`_,
+  `#790 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/790>`_,
+  `#792 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/792>`_,
+  `#800 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/800>`_).
+  Thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_,
+  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
+  `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
+  `@Dark-Passenger (Dhruv Paranjape) <https://github.com/Dark-Passenger>`_, and
+  `@0x8000-0000 (Sign Bit) <https://github.com/0x8000-0000>`_.
+
+5.0.0 - 2018-05-21
+------------------
+
+* Added a requirement for partial C++11 support, most importantly variadic
+  templates and type traits, and dropped ``FMT_VARIADIC_*`` emulation macros.
+  Variadic templates are available since GCC 4.4, Clang 2.9 and MSVC 18.0 (2013).
+  For older compilers use {fmt} `version 4.x
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/tag/4.1.0>`_ which continues to be
+  maintained and works with C++98 compilers.
+
+* Renamed symbols to follow standard C++ naming conventions and proposed a subset
+  of the library for standardization in `P0645R2 Text Formatting
+  <https://wg21.link/P0645>`_.
+
+* Implemented ``constexpr`` parsing of format strings and `compile-time format
+  string checks
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#compile-time-format-string-checks>`_. For
+  example
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     std::string s = format(fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
+
+  gives a compile-time error because ``d`` is an invalid specifier for strings
+  (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/rnCy9Q>`__)::
+
+     ...
+     <source>:4:19: note: in instantiation of function template specialization 'fmt::v5::format<S, char [4]>' requested here
+       std::string s = format(fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
+                       ^
+     format.h:1337:13: note: non-constexpr function 'on_error' cannot be used in a constant expression
+         handler.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+
+  Compile-time checks require relaxed ``constexpr`` (C++14 feature) support. If
+  the latter is not available, checks will be performed at runtime.
+
+* Separated format string parsing and formatting in the extension API to enable
+  compile-time format string processing. For example
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     struct Answer {};
+
+     namespace fmt {
+     template <>
+     struct formatter<Answer> {
+       constexpr auto parse(parse_context& ctx) {
+         auto it = ctx.begin();
+         spec = *it;
+         if (spec != 'd' && spec != 's')
+           throw format_error("invalid specifier");
+         return ++it;
+       }
+
+       template <typename FormatContext>
+       auto format(Answer, FormatContext& ctx) {
+         return spec == 's' ?
+           format_to(ctx.begin(), "{}", "fourty-two") :
+           format_to(ctx.begin(), "{}", 42);
+       }
+
+       char spec = 0;
+     };
+     }
+
+     std::string s = format(fmt("{:x}"), Answer());
+
+  gives a compile-time error due to invalid format specifier (`godbolt
+  <https://godbolt.org/g/2jQ1Dv>`__)::
+
+     ...
+     <source>:12:45: error: expression '<throw-expression>' is not a constant expression
+            throw format_error("invalid specifier");
+
+* Added `iterator support
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#output-iterator-support>`_:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <vector>
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     std::vector<char> out;
+     fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
+
+* Added the `format_to_n
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt11format_to_nE8OutputItNSt6size_tE11string_viewDpRK4Args>`_
+  function that restricts the output to the specified number of characters
+  (`#298 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/298>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     char out[4];
+     fmt::format_to_n(out, sizeof(out), "{}", 12345);
+     // out == "1234" (without terminating '\0')
+
+* Added the `formatted_size
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt14formatted_sizeE11string_viewDpRK4Args>`_
+  function for computing the output size:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     auto size = fmt::formatted_size("{}", 12345); // size == 5
+
+* Improved compile times by reducing dependencies on standard headers and
+  providing a lightweight `core API <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#core-api>`_:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     fmt::print("The answer is {}.", 42);
+
+  See `Compile time and code bloat
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat>`_.
+
+* Added the `make_format_args
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt16make_format_argsEDpRK4Args>`_
+  function for capturing formatting arguments:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+  
+     // Prints formatted error message.
+     void vreport_error(const char *format, fmt::format_args args) {
+       fmt::print("Error: ");
+       fmt::vprint(format, args);
+     }
+     template <typename... Args>
+     void report_error(const char *format, const Args & ... args) {
+       vreport_error(format, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+     }
+
+* Added the ``make_printf_args`` function for capturing ``printf`` arguments
+  (`#687 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/687>`_,
+  `#694 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/694>`_).
+  Thanks `@Kronuz (Germán Méndez Bravo) <https://github.com/Kronuz>`_.
+
+* Added prefix ``v`` to non-variadic functions taking ``format_args`` to
+  distinguish them from variadic ones:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     std::string vformat(string_view format_str, format_args args);
+     
+     template <typename... Args>
+     std::string format(string_view format_str, const Args & ... args);
+
+* Added experimental support for formatting ranges, containers and tuple-like
+  types in ``fmt/ranges.h`` (`#735 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/735>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+     std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+     fmt::print("{}", v); // prints {1, 2, 3}
+
+  Thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_.
+
+* Implemented ``wchar_t`` date and time formatting
+  (`#712 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/712>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/time.h>
+
+     std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
+     auto s = fmt::format(L"The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", *std::localtime(&t));
+
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Provided more wide string overloads
+  (`#724 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/724>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Switched from a custom null-terminated string view class to ``string_view``
+  in the format API and provided ``fmt::string_view`` which implements a subset
+  of ``std::string_view`` API for pre-C++17 systems.
+
+* Added support for ``std::experimental::string_view``
+  (`#607 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/607>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+     #include <experimental/string_view>
+
+     fmt::print("{}", std::experimental::string_view("foo"));
+
+  Thanks `@virgiliofornazin (Virgilio Alexandre Fornazin)
+  <https://github.com/virgiliofornazin>`__.
+
+* Allowed mixing named and automatic arguments:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     fmt::format("{} {two}", 1, fmt::arg("two", 2));
+
+* Removed the write API in favor of the `format API
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#format-api>`_ with compile-time handling of
+  format strings.
+
+* Disallowed formatting of multibyte strings into a wide character target
+  (`#606 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/606>`_).
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#515 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/515>`_,
+  `#614 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/614>`_,
+  `#617 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/617>`_,
+  `#661 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/661>`_,
+  `#680 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/680>`_).
+  Thanks `@ibell (Ian Bell) <https://github.com/ibell>`_,
+  `@mihaitodor (Mihai Todor) <https://github.com/mihaitodor>`_, and
+  `@johnthagen <https://github.com/johnthagen>`_.
+
+* Implemented more efficient handling of large number of format arguments.
+
+* Introduced an inline namespace for symbol versioning.
+
+* Added debug postfix ``d`` to the ``fmt`` library name
+  (`#636 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/636>`_).
+
+* Removed unnecessary ``fmt/`` prefix in includes
+  (`#397 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/397>`_).
+  Thanks `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_.
+
+* Moved ``fmt/*.h`` to ``include/fmt/*.h`` to prevent irrelevant files and
+  directories appearing on the include search paths when fmt is used as a
+  subproject and moved source files to the ``src`` directory.
+
+* Added qmake project file ``support/fmt.pro``
+  (`#641 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/641>`_).
+  Thanks `@cowo78 (Giuseppe Corbelli) <https://github.com/cowo78>`_.
+
+* Added Gradle build file ``support/build.gradle``
+  (`#649 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/649>`_).
+  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_.
+
+* Removed ``FMT_CPPFORMAT`` CMake option.
+
+* Fixed a name conflict with the macro ``CHAR_WIDTH`` in glibc
+  (`#616 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/616>`_).
+  Thanks `@aroig (Abdó Roig-Maranges) <https://github.com/aroig>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of nested braces in ``fmt::join``
+  (`#638 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/638>`_).
+
+* Added ``SOURCELINK_SUFFIX`` for compatibility with Sphinx 1.5
+  (`#497 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/497>`_).
+  Thanks `@ginggs (Graham Inggs) <https://github.com/ginggs>`_.
+
+* Added a missing ``inline`` in the header-only mode
+  (`#626 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/626>`_).
+  Thanks `@aroig (Abdó Roig-Maranges) <https://github.com/aroig>`_.
+
+* Fixed various compiler warnings
+  (`#640 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/640>`_,
+  `#656 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/656>`_,
+  `#679 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/679>`_,
+  `#681 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/681>`_,
+  `#705 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/705>`__,
+  `#715 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/715>`_,
+  `#717 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/717>`_,
+  `#720 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/720>`_,
+  `#723 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/723>`_,
+  `#726 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/726>`_,
+  `#730 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/730>`_,
+  `#739 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/739>`_).
+  Thanks `@peterbell10 <https://github.com/peterbell10>`_,
+  `@LarsGullik <https://github.com/LarsGullik>`_,
+  `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
+  `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_,
+  `@christianparpart (Christian Parpart) <https://github.com/christianparpart>`_,
+  `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
+  and `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
+
+* Worked around an MSVC bug and fixed several warnings
+  (`#653 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/653>`_).
+  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
+
+* Worked around GCC bug 67371
+  (`#682 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/682>`_).
+
+* Fixed compilation with ``-fno-exceptions``
+  (`#655 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/655>`_).
+  Thanks `@chenxiaolong (Andrew Gunnerson) <https://github.com/chenxiaolong>`_.
+
+* Made ``constexpr remove_prefix`` gcc version check tighter
+  (`#648 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/648>`_).
+
+* Renamed internal type enum constants to prevent collision with poorly written
+  C libraries (`#644 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/644>`_).
+
+* Added detection of ``wostream operator<<``
+  (`#650 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/650>`_).
+
+* Fixed compilation on OpenBSD
+  (`#660 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/660>`_).
+  Thanks `@hubslave <https://github.com/hubslave>`_.
+
+* Fixed compilation on FreeBSD 12
+  (`#732 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/732>`_).
+  Thanks `@dankm <https://github.com/dankm>`_.
+
+* Fixed compilation when there is a mismatch between ``-std`` options between
+  the library and user code
+  (`#664 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/664>`_).
+
+* Fixed compilation with GCC 7 and ``-std=c++11``
+  (`#734 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/734>`_).
+
+* Improved generated binary code on GCC 7 and older
+  (`#668 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/668>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of numeric alignment with no width 
+  (`#675 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/675>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of empty strings in UTF8/16 converters
+  (`#676 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/676>`_).
+  Thanks `@vgalka-sl (Vasili Galka) <https://github.com/vgalka-sl>`_.
+
+* Fixed formatting of an empty ``string_view``
+  (`#689 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/689>`_).
+
+* Fixed detection of ``string_view`` on libc++ 
+  (`#686 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/686>`_).
+
+* Fixed DLL issues (`#696 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/696>`_).
+  Thanks `@sebkoenig <https://github.com/sebkoenig>`_.
+
+* Fixed compile checks for mixing narrow and wide strings
+  (`#690 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/690>`_).
+
+* Disabled unsafe implicit conversion to ``std::string``
+  (`#729 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/729>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of reused format specs (as in ``fmt::join``) for pointers
+  (`#725 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/725>`_).
+  Thanks `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
+
+* Fixed installation of ``fmt/ranges.h``
+  (`#738 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/738>`_).
+  Thanks `@sv1990 <https://github.com/sv1990>`_.
+
+4.1.0 - 2017-12-20
+------------------
+
+* Added ``fmt::to_wstring()`` in addition to ``fmt::to_string()``
+  (`#559 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/559>`_).
+  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
+
+* Added support for C++17 ``std::string_view``
+  (`#571 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/571>`_ and
+  `#578 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/578>`_).
+  Thanks `@thelostt (Mário Feroldi) <https://github.com/thelostt>`_ and
+  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
+
+* Enabled stream exceptions to catch errors
+  (`#581 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/581>`_).
+  Thanks `@crusader-mike <https://github.com/crusader-mike>`_.
+
+* Allowed formatting of class hierarchies with ``fmt::format_arg()``
+  (`#547 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/547>`_).
+  Thanks `@rollbear (Björn Fahller) <https://github.com/rollbear>`_.
+
+* Removed limitations on character types
+  (`#563 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/563>`_).
+  Thanks `@Yelnats321 (Elnar Dakeshov) <https://github.com/Yelnats321>`_.
+
+* Conditionally enabled use of ``std::allocator_traits``
+  (`#583 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/583>`_).
+  Thanks `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
+
+* Added support for ``const`` variadic member function emulation with
+  ``FMT_VARIADIC_CONST`` (`#591 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/591>`_).
+  Thanks `@ludekvodicka (Ludek Vodicka) <https://github.com/ludekvodicka>`_.
+
+* Various bugfixes: bad overflow check, unsupported implicit type conversion
+  when determining formatting function, test segfaults
+  (`#551 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/551>`_), ill-formed macros
+  (`#542 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/542>`_) and ambiguous overloads
+  (`#580 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/580>`_).
+  Thanks `@xylosper (Byoung-young Lee) <https://github.com/xylosper>`_.
+
+* Prevented warnings on MSVC (`#605 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/605>`_,
+  `#602 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/602>`_, and
+  `#545 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/545>`_),
+  clang (`#582 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/582>`_),
+  GCC (`#573 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/573>`_),
+  various conversion warnings (`#609 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/609>`_,
+  `#567 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/567>`_,
+  `#553 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/553>`_ and
+  `#553 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/553>`_), and added ``override`` and
+  ``[[noreturn]]`` (`#549 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/549>`_ and
+  `#555 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/555>`_).
+  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_,
+  `@virgiliofornazin (Virgilio Alexandre Fornazin)
+  <https://gihtub.com/virgiliofornazin>`_,
+  `@alexanderbock (Alexander Bock) <https://github.com/alexanderbock>`_,
+  `@yumetodo <https://github.com/yumetodo>`_,
+  `@VaderY (Császár Mátyás) <https://github.com/VaderY>`_,
+  `@jpcima (JP Cimalando) <https://github.com/jpcima>`_,
+  `@thelostt (Mário Feroldi) <https://github.com/thelostt>`_, and
+  `@Manu343726 (Manu Sánchez) <https://github.com/Manu343726>`_.
+
+* Improved CMake: Used ``GNUInstallDirs`` to set installation location
+  (`#610 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/610>`_) and fixed warnings
+  (`#536 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/536>`_ and
+  `#556 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/556>`_).
+  Thanks `@mikecrowe (Mike Crowe) <https://github.com/mikecrowe>`_,
+  `@evgen231 <https://github.com/evgen231>`_ and
+  `@henryiii (Henry Schreiner) <https://github.com/henryiii>`_.
+
+4.0.0 - 2017-06-27
+------------------
+
+* Removed old compatibility headers ``cppformat/*.h`` and CMake options
+  (`#527 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/527>`_).
+  Thanks `@maddinat0r (Alex Martin) <https://github.com/maddinat0r>`_.
+
+* Added ``string.h`` containing ``fmt::to_string()`` as alternative to
+  ``std::to_string()`` as well as other string writer functionality
+  (`#326 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/326>`_ and
+  `#441 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/441>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    #include "fmt/string.h"
+  
+    std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
+
+  Thanks to `@glebov-andrey (Andrey Glebov)
+  <https://github.com/glebov-andrey>`_.
+
+* Moved ``fmt::printf()`` to new ``printf.h`` header and allowed ``%s`` as
+  generic specifier (`#453 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/453>`_),
+  made ``%.f`` more conformant to regular ``printf()``
+  (`#490 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/490>`_), added custom writer
+  support (`#476 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/476>`_) and implemented
+  missing custom argument formatting
+  (`#339 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/339>`_ and
+  `#340 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/340>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    #include "fmt/printf.h"
+ 
+    // %s format specifier can be used with any argument type.
+    fmt::printf("%s", 42);
+
+  Thanks `@mojoBrendan <https://github.com/mojoBrendan>`_,
+  `@manylegged (Arthur Danskin) <https://github.com/manylegged>`_ and
+  `@spacemoose (Glen Stark) <https://github.com/spacemoose>`_.
+  See also `#360 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/360>`_,
+  `#335 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/335>`_ and
+  `#331 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/331>`_.
+
+* Added ``container.h`` containing a ``BasicContainerWriter``
+  to write to containers like ``std::vector``
+  (`#450 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/450>`_).
+  Thanks `@polyvertex (Jean-Charles Lefebvre) <https://github.com/polyvertex>`_.
+
+* Added ``fmt::join()`` function that takes a range and formats
+  its elements separated by a given string
+  (`#466 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/466>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    #include "fmt/format.h"
+ 
+    std::vector<double> v = {1.2, 3.4, 5.6};
+    // Prints "(+01.20, +03.40, +05.60)".
+    fmt::print("({:+06.2f})", fmt::join(v.begin(), v.end(), ", "));
+
+  Thanks `@olivier80 <https://github.com/olivier80>`_.
+
+* Added support for custom formatting specifications to simplify customization
+  of built-in formatting (`#444 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/444>`_).
+  Thanks `@polyvertex (Jean-Charles Lefebvre) <https://github.com/polyvertex>`_.
+  See also `#439 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/439>`_.
+
+* Added ``fmt::format_system_error()`` for error code formatting
+  (`#323 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/323>`_ and
+  `#526 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/526>`_).
+  Thanks `@maddinat0r (Alex Martin) <https://github.com/maddinat0r>`_.
+
+* Added thread-safe ``fmt::localtime()`` and ``fmt::gmtime()``
+  as replacement   for the standard version to ``time.h``
+  (`#396 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/396>`_).
+  Thanks `@codicodi <https://github.com/codicodi>`_.
+
+* Internal improvements to ``NamedArg`` and ``ArgLists``
+  (`#389 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/389>`_ and
+  `#390 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/390>`_).
+  Thanks `@chronoxor <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_.
+
+* Fixed crash due to bug in ``FormatBuf``
+  (`#493 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/493>`_).
+  Thanks `@effzeh <https://github.com/effzeh>`_. See also
+  `#480 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/480>`_ and
+  `#491 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/491>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of wide strings in ``fmt::StringWriter``.
+
+* Improved compiler error messages
+  (`#357 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/357>`_).
+
+* Fixed various warnings and issues with various compilers
+  (`#494 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/494>`_,
+  `#499 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/499>`_,
+  `#483 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/483>`_,
+  `#485 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/485>`_,
+  `#482 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/482>`_,
+  `#475 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/475>`_,
+  `#473 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/473>`_ and
+  `#414 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/414>`_).
+  Thanks `@chronoxor <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@zhaohuaxishi <https://github.com/zhaohuaxishi>`_,
+  `@pkestene (Pierre Kestener) <https://github.com/pkestene>`_,
+  `@dschmidt (Dominik Schmidt) <https://github.com/dschmidt>`_ and
+  `@0x414c (Alexey Gorishny) <https://github.com/0x414c>`_ .
+
+* Improved CMake: targets are now namespaced
+  (`#511 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/511>`_ and
+  `#513 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/513>`_), supported header-only
+  ``printf.h`` (`#354 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/354>`_), fixed issue
+  with minimal supported library subset
+  (`#418 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/418>`_,
+  `#419 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/419>`_ and
+  `#420 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/420>`_).
+  Thanks `@bjoernthiel (Bjoern Thiel) <https://github.com/bjoernthiel>`_,
+  `@niosHD (Mario Werner) <https://github.com/niosHD>`_,
+  `@LogicalKnight (Sean LK) <https://github.com/LogicalKnight>`_ and
+  `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation. Thanks to
+  `@pwm1234 (Phil) <https://github.com/pwm1234>`_ for
+  `#393 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/393>`_.
+
+3.0.2 - 2017-06-14
+------------------
+
+* Added ``FMT_VERSION`` macro
+  (`#411 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/411>`_).
+
+* Used ``FMT_NULL`` instead of literal ``0``
+  (`#409 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/409>`_).
+  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
+
+* Added extern templates for ``format_float``
+  (`#413 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/413>`_).
+
+* Fixed implicit conversion issue
+  (`#507 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/507>`_).
+
+* Fixed signbit detection (`#423 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/423>`_).
+
+* Fixed naming collision (`#425 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/425>`_).
+
+* Fixed missing intrinsic for C++/CLI
+  (`#457 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/457>`_).
+  Thanks `@calumr (Calum Robinson) <https://github.com/calumr>`_
+
+* Fixed Android detection (`#458 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/458>`_).
+  Thanks `@Gachapen (Magnus Bjerke Vik) <https://github.com/Gachapen>`_.
+
+* Use lean ``windows.h`` if not in header-only mode
+  (`#503 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/503>`_).
+  Thanks `@Quentin01 (Quentin Buathier) <https://github.com/Quentin01>`_.
+
+* Fixed issue with CMake exporting C++11 flag
+  (`#445 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/455>`_).
+  Thanks `@EricWF (Eric) <https://github.com/EricWF>`_.
+
+* Fixed issue with nvcc and MSVC compiler bug and MinGW
+  (`#505 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/505>`_).
+
+* Fixed DLL issues (`#469 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/469>`_ and
+  `#502 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/502>`_).
+  Thanks `@richardeakin (Richard Eakin) <https://github.com/richardeakin>`_ and
+  `@AndreasSchoenle (Andreas Schönle) <https://github.com/AndreasSchoenle>`_.
+
+* Fixed test compilation under FreeBSD
+  (`#433 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/433>`_).
+
+* Fixed various warnings (`#403 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/403>`_,
+  `#410 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/410>`_ and
+  `#510 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/510>`_).
+  Thanks `@Lecetem <https://github.com/Lectem>`_,
+  `@chenhayat (Chen Hayat) <https://github.com/chenhayat>`_ and
+  `@trozen <https://github.com/trozen>`_.
+
+* Worked around a broken ``__builtin_clz`` in clang with MS codegen
+  (`#519 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519>`_).
+
+* Removed redundant include
+  (`#479 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/479>`_).
+
+* Fixed documentation issues.
+
+3.0.1 - 2016-11-01
+------------------
+* Fixed handling of thousands separator
+  (`#353 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/353>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of ``unsigned char`` strings
+  (`#373 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/373>`_).
+
+* Corrected buffer growth when formatting time
+  (`#367 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/367>`_).
+
+* Removed warnings under MSVC and clang
+  (`#318 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/318>`_,
+  `#250 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/250>`_, also merged
+  `#385 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/385>`_ and
+  `#361 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/361>`_).
+  Thanks `@jcelerier (Jean-Michaël Celerier) <https://github.com/jcelerier>`_
+  and `@nmoehrle (Nils Moehrle) <https://github.com/nmoehrle>`_.
+
+* Fixed compilation issues under Android
+  (`#327 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/327>`_,
+  `#345 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/345>`_ and
+  `#381 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/381>`_),
+  FreeBSD (`#358 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/358>`_),
+  Cygwin (`#388 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/388>`_),
+  MinGW (`#355 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/355>`_) as well as other
+  issues (`#350 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/350>`_,
+  `#366 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/355>`_,
+  `#348 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/348>`_,
+  `#402 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/402>`_,
+  `#405 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/405>`_).
+  Thanks to `@dpantele (Dmitry) <https://github.com/dpantele>`_,
+  `@hghwng (Hugh Wang) <https://github.com/hghwng>`_,
+  `@arvedarved (Tilman Keskinöz) <https://github.com/arvedarved>`_,
+  `@LogicalKnight (Sean) <https://github.com/LogicalKnight>`_ and
+  `@JanHellwig (Jan Hellwig) <https://github.com/janhellwig>`_.
+
+* Fixed some documentation issues and extended specification
+  (`#320 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/320>`_,
+  `#333 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/333>`_,
+  `#347 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/347>`_,
+  `#362 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/362>`_).
+  Thanks to `@smellman (Taro Matsuzawa aka. btm)
+  <https://github.com/smellman>`_.
+
+3.0.0 - 2016-05-07
+------------------
+
+* The project has been renamed from C++ Format (cppformat) to fmt for
+  consistency with the used namespace and macro prefix
+  (`#307 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/307>`_).
+  Library headers are now located in the ``fmt`` directory:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    #include "fmt/format.h"
+
+  Including ``format.h`` from the ``cppformat`` directory is deprecated
+  but works via a proxy header which will be removed in the next major version.
+  
+  The documentation is now available at https://fmt.dev.
+
+* Added support for `strftime <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/strftime>`_-like
+  `date and time formatting <https://fmt.dev/3.0.0/api.html#date-and-time-formatting>`_
+  (`#283 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/283>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    #include "fmt/time.h"
+
+    std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
+    // Prints "The date is 2016-04-29." (with the current date)
+    fmt::print("The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", *std::localtime(&t));
+
+* ``std::ostream`` support including formatting of user-defined types that provide
+  overloaded ``operator<<`` has been moved to ``fmt/ostream.h``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    #include "fmt/ostream.h"
+
+    class Date {
+      int year_, month_, day_;
+    public:
+      Date(int year, int month, int day) : year_(year), month_(month), day_(day) {}
+
+      friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Date &d) {
+        return os << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
+      }
+    };
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", Date(2012, 12, 9));
+    // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
+
+* Added support for `custom argument formatters
+  <https://fmt.dev/3.0.0/api.html#argument-formatters>`_
+  (`#235 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/235>`_).
+
+* Added support for locale-specific integer formatting with the ``n`` specifier
+  (`#305 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/305>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.utf8");
+    fmt::print("cppformat: {:n}\n", 1234567); // prints 1,234,567
+
+* Sign is now preserved when formatting an integer with an incorrect ``printf``
+  format specifier (`#265 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/265>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::printf("%lld", -42); // prints -42
+
+  Note that it would be an undefined behavior in ``std::printf``.
+
+* Length modifiers such as ``ll`` are now optional in printf formatting
+  functions and the correct type is determined automatically
+  (`#255 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/255>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::printf("%d", std::numeric_limits<long long>::max());
+
+  Note that it would be an undefined behavior in ``std::printf``.
+
+* Added initial support for custom formatters
+  (`#231 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/231>`_).
+
+* Fixed detection of user-defined literal support on Intel C++ compiler
+  (`#311 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/311>`_,
+  `#312 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/312>`_).
+  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_ and
+  `@speth (Ray Speth) <https://github.com/speth>`_.
+
+* Reduced compile time
+  (`#243 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/243>`_,
+  `#249 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/249>`_,
+  `#317 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/317>`_):
+
+  .. image:: https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/4831417/11614060/
+             b9e826d2-9c36-11e5-8666-d4131bf503ef.png
+
+  .. image:: https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/4831417/11614080/
+             6ac903cc-9c37-11e5-8165-26df6efae364.png
+
+  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
+
+* Compile test fixes (`#313 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/313>`_).
+  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
+
+* Documentation fixes (`#239 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/239>`_,
+  `#248 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/248>`_,
+  `#252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/252>`_,
+  `#258 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/258>`_,
+  `#260 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/260>`_,
+  `#301 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/301>`_,
+  `#309 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/309>`_).
+  Thanks to `@ReadmeCritic <https://github.com/ReadmeCritic>`_
+  `@Gachapen (Magnus Bjerke Vik) <https://github.com/Gachapen>`_ and
+  `@jwilk (Jakub Wilk) <https://github.com/jwilk>`_.
+
+* Fixed compiler and sanitizer warnings
+  (`#244 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/244>`_,
+  `#256 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/256>`_,
+  `#259 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/259>`_,
+  `#263 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/263>`_,
+  `#274 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/274>`_,
+  `#277 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/277>`_,
+  `#286 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/286>`_,
+  `#291 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/291>`_,
+  `#296 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/296>`_,
+  `#308 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/308>`_)
+  Thanks to `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
+  `@pweiskircher (Patrik Weiskircher) <https://github.com/pweiskircher>`_,
+  `@Naios <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
+
+* Improved compatibility with Windows Store apps
+  (`#280 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/280>`_,
+  `#285 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/285>`_)
+  Thanks to `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
+
+* Added tests of compatibility with older C++ standards
+  (`#273 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/273>`_).
+  Thanks to `@niosHD <https://github.com/niosHD>`_.
+
+* Fixed Android build (`#271 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/271>`_).
+  Thanks to `@newnon <https://github.com/newnon>`_.
+
+* Changed ``ArgMap`` to be backed by a vector instead of a map.
+  (`#261 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/261>`_,
+  `#262 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/262>`_).
+  Thanks to `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_.
+
+* Added ``fprintf`` overload that writes to a ``std::ostream``
+  (`#251 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/251>`_).
+  Thanks to `nickhutchinson (Nicholas Hutchinson) <https://github.com/nickhutchinson>`_.
+
+* Export symbols when building a Windows DLL
+  (`#245 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/245>`_).
+  Thanks to `macdems (Maciek Dems) <https://github.com/macdems>`_.
+
+* Fixed compilation on Cygwin (`#304 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/304>`_).
+
+* Implemented a workaround for a bug in Apple LLVM version 4.2 of clang
+  (`#276 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/276>`_).
+
+* Implemented a workaround for Google Test bug
+  `#705 <https://github.com/google/googletest/issues/705>`_ on gcc 6
+  (`#268 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/268>`_).
+  Thanks to `octoploid <https://github.com/octoploid>`_.
+
+* Removed Biicode support because the latter has been discontinued.
+
+2.1.1 - 2016-04-11
+------------------
+
+* The install location for generated CMake files is now configurable via
+  the ``FMT_CMAKE_DIR`` CMake variable
+  (`#299 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/299>`_).
+  Thanks to `@niosHD <https://github.com/niosHD>`_.
+
+* Documentation fixes (`#252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/252>`_).
+
+2.1.0 - 2016-03-21
+------------------
+
+* Project layout and build system improvements
+  (`#267 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/267>`_):
+
+  * The code have been moved to the ``cppformat`` directory.
+    Including ``format.h`` from the top-level directory is deprecated
+    but works via a proxy header which will be removed in the next
+    major version.
+
+  * C++ Format CMake targets now have proper interface definitions.
+
+  * Installed version of the library now supports the header-only
+    configuration.
+
+  * Targets ``doc``, ``install``, and ``test`` are now disabled if C++ Format
+    is included as a CMake subproject. They can be enabled by setting
+    ``FMT_DOC``, ``FMT_INSTALL``, and ``FMT_TEST`` in the parent project.
+
+  Thanks to `@niosHD <https://github.com/niosHD>`_.
+
+2.0.1 - 2016-03-13
+------------------
+
+* Improved CMake find and package support
+  (`#264 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/264>`_).
+  Thanks to `@niosHD <https://github.com/niosHD>`_.
+
+* Fix compile error with Android NDK and mingw32
+  (`#241 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/241>`_).
+  Thanks to `@Gachapen (Magnus Bjerke Vik) <https://github.com/Gachapen>`_.
+
+* Documentation fixes
+  (`#248 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/248>`_,
+  `#260 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/260>`_).
+
+2.0.0 - 2015-12-01
+------------------
+
+General
+~~~~~~~
+
+* [Breaking] Named arguments
+  (`#169 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/169>`_,
+  `#173 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/173>`_,
+  `#174 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/174>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::print("The answer is {answer}.", fmt::arg("answer", 42));
+
+  Thanks to `@jamboree <https://github.com/jamboree>`_.
+
+* [Experimental] User-defined literals for format and named arguments
+  (`#204 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/204>`_,
+  `#206 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/206>`_,
+  `#207 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/207>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    fmt::print("The answer is {answer}.", "answer"_a=42);
+
+  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] Formatting of more than 16 arguments is now supported when using
+  variadic templates
+  (`#141 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/141>`_).
+  Thanks to `@Shauren <https://github.com/Shauren>`_.
+
+* Runtime width specification
+  (`#168 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/168>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::format("{0:{1}}", 42, 5); // gives "   42"
+
+  Thanks to `@jamboree <https://github.com/jamboree>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] Enums are now formatted with an overloaded ``std::ostream`` insertion
+  operator (``operator<<``) if available
+  (`#232 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/232>`_).
+
+* [Breaking] Changed default ``bool`` format to textual, "true" or "false"
+  (`#170 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/170>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+  
+    fmt::print("{}", true); // prints "true"
+
+  To print ``bool`` as a number use numeric format specifier such as ``d``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::print("{:d}", true); // prints "1"
+
+* ``fmt::printf`` and ``fmt::sprintf`` now support formatting of ``bool`` with the
+  ``%s`` specifier giving textual output, "true" or "false"
+  (`#223 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/223>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::printf("%s", true); // prints "true"
+
+  Thanks to `@LarsGullik <https://github.com/LarsGullik>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] ``signed char`` and ``unsigned char`` are now formatted as integers by default
+  (`#217 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/217>`_).
+
+* [Breaking] Pointers to C strings can now be formatted with the ``p`` specifier
+  (`#223 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/223>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::print("{:p}", "test"); // prints pointer value
+
+  Thanks to `@LarsGullik <https://github.com/LarsGullik>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] ``fmt::printf`` and ``fmt::sprintf`` now print null pointers as ``(nil)``
+  and null strings as ``(null)`` for consistency with glibc
+  (`#226 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/226>`_).
+  Thanks to `@LarsGullik <https://github.com/LarsGullik>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] ``fmt::(s)printf`` now supports formatting of objects of user-defined types
+  that provide an overloaded ``std::ostream`` insertion operator (``operator<<``)
+  (`#201 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/201>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::printf("The date is %s", Date(2012, 12, 9));
+
+* [Breaking] The ``Buffer`` template is now part of the public API and can be used
+  to implement custom memory buffers
+  (`#140 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/140>`_).
+  Thanks to `@polyvertex (Jean-Charles Lefebvre) <https://github.com/polyvertex>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] Improved compatibility between ``BasicStringRef`` and
+  `std::experimental::basic_string_view
+  <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/experimental/basic_string_view>`_
+  (`#100 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/100>`_,
+  `#159 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/159>`_,
+  `#183 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/183>`_):
+
+  - Comparison operators now compare string content, not pointers
+  - ``BasicStringRef::c_str`` replaced by ``BasicStringRef::data``
+  - ``BasicStringRef`` is no longer assumed to be null-terminated
+
+  References to null-terminated strings are now represented by a new class,
+  ``BasicCStringRef``.
+
+* Dependency on pthreads introduced by Google Test is now optional
+  (`#185 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/185>`_).
+
+* New CMake options ``FMT_DOC``, ``FMT_INSTALL`` and ``FMT_TEST`` to control
+  generation of ``doc``, ``install`` and ``test`` targets respectively, on by default
+  (`#197 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/197>`_,
+  `#198 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/198>`_,
+  `#200 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/200>`_).
+  Thanks to `@maddinat0r (Alex Martin) <https://github.com/maddinat0r>`_.
+
+* ``noexcept`` is now used when compiling with MSVC2015
+  (`#215 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/215>`_).
+  Thanks to `@dmkrepo (Dmitriy) <https://github.com/dmkrepo>`_.
+
+* Added an option to disable use of ``windows.h`` when ``FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H``
+  is defined as 0 before including ``format.h``
+  (`#171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171>`_).
+  Thanks to `@alfps (Alf P. Steinbach) <https://github.com/alfps>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] ``windows.h`` is now included with ``NOMINMAX`` unless
+  ``FMT_WIN_MINMAX`` is defined. This is done to prevent breaking code using
+  ``std::min`` and ``std::max`` and only affects the header-only configuration
+  (`#152 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/152>`_,
+  `#153 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/153>`_,
+  `#154 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/154>`_).
+  Thanks to `@DevO2012 <https://github.com/DevO2012>`_.
+
+* Improved support for custom character types
+  (`#171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171>`_).
+  Thanks to `@alfps (Alf P. Steinbach) <https://github.com/alfps>`_.
+
+* Added an option to disable use of IOStreams when ``FMT_USE_IOSTREAMS``
+  is defined as 0 before including ``format.h``
+  (`#205 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/205>`_,
+  `#208 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/208>`_).
+  Thanks to `@JodiTheTigger <https://github.com/JodiTheTigger>`_.
+
+* Improved detection of ``isnan``, ``isinf`` and ``signbit``.
+
+Optimization
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+* Made formatting of user-defined types more efficient with a custom stream buffer
+  (`#92 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/92>`_,
+  `#230 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/230>`_).
+  Thanks to `@NotImplemented <https://github.com/NotImplemented>`_.
+
+* Further improved performance of ``fmt::Writer`` on integer formatting
+  and fixed a minor regression. Now it is ~7% faster than ``karma::generate``
+  on Karma's benchmark
+  (`#186 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/186>`_).
+
+* [Breaking] Reduced `compiled code size
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat>`_
+  (`#143 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/143>`_,
+  `#149 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/149>`_).
+
+Distribution
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+* [Breaking] Headers are now installed in
+  ``${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/include/cppformat``
+  (`#178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/178>`_).
+  Thanks to `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] Changed the library name from ``format`` to ``cppformat``
+  for consistency with the project name and to avoid potential conflicts
+  (`#178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/178>`_).
+  Thanks to `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
+
+* C++ Format is now available in `Debian <https://www.debian.org/>`_ GNU/Linux
+  (`stretch <https://packages.debian.org/source/stretch/cppformat>`_,
+  `sid <https://packages.debian.org/source/sid/cppformat>`_) and 
+  derived distributions such as
+  `Ubuntu <https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/cppformat>`_ 15.10 and later
+  (`#155 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/155>`_)::
+
+    $ sudo apt-get install libcppformat1-dev
+
+  Thanks to `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
+
+* `Packages for Fedora and RHEL <https://admin.fedoraproject.org/pkgdb/package/cppformat/>`_
+  are now available. Thanks to Dave Johansen.
+  
+* C++ Format can now be installed via `Homebrew <http://brew.sh/>`_ on OS X
+  (`#157 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/157>`_)::
+
+    $ brew install cppformat
+
+  Thanks to `@ortho <https://github.com/ortho>`_, Anatoliy Bulukin.
+
+Documentation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+* Migrated from ReadTheDocs to GitHub Pages for better responsiveness
+  and reliability
+  (`#128 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/128>`_).
+  New documentation address is http://cppformat.github.io/.
+
+
+* Added `Building the documentation
+  <https://fmt.dev/2.0.0/usage.html#building-the-documentation>`_
+  section to the documentation.
+
+* Documentation build script is now compatible with Python 3 and newer pip versions.
+  (`#189 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/189>`_,
+  `#209 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/209>`_).
+  Thanks to `@JodiTheTigger <https://github.com/JodiTheTigger>`_ and
+  `@xentec <https://github.com/xentec>`_.
+  
+* Documentation fixes and improvements
+  (`#36 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/36>`_,
+  `#75 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/75>`_,
+  `#125 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/125>`_,
+  `#160 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/160>`_,
+  `#161 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/161>`_,
+  `#162 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/162>`_,
+  `#165 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/165>`_,
+  `#210 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/210>`_).
+  Thanks to `@syohex (Syohei YOSHIDA) <https://github.com/syohex>`_ and
+  bug reporters.
+
+* Fixed out-of-tree documentation build
+  (`#177 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/177>`_).
+  Thanks to `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
+
+Fixes
+~~~~~
+
+* Fixed ``initializer_list`` detection
+  (`#136 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/136>`_).
+  Thanks to `@Gachapen (Magnus Bjerke Vik) <https://github.com/Gachapen>`_.
+
+* [Breaking] Fixed formatting of enums with numeric format specifiers in
+  ``fmt::(s)printf`` 
+  (`#131 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/131>`_,
+  `#139 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/139>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    enum { ANSWER = 42 };
+    fmt::printf("%d", ANSWER);
+
+  Thanks to `@Naios <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
+
+* Improved compatibility with old versions of MinGW
+  (`#129 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/129>`_,
+  `#130 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/130>`_,
+  `#132 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/132>`_).
+  Thanks to `@cstamford (Christopher Stamford) <https://github.com/cstamford>`_.
+
+* Fixed a compile error on MSVC with disabled exceptions
+  (`#144 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/144>`_).
+
+* Added a workaround for broken implementation of variadic templates in MSVC2012
+  (`#148 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/148>`_).
+
+* Placed the anonymous namespace within ``fmt`` namespace for the header-only
+  configuration
+  (`#171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/171>`_).
+  Thanks to `@alfps (Alf P. Steinbach) <https://github.com/alfps>`_.
+
+* Fixed issues reported by Coverity Scan
+  (`#187 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/187>`_,
+  `#192 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/192>`_).
+
+* Implemented a workaround for a name lookup bug in MSVC2010
+  (`#188 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/188>`_).
+
+* Fixed compiler warnings
+  (`#95 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/95>`_,
+  `#96 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/96>`_,
+  `#114 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/114>`_,
+  `#135 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/135>`_,
+  `#142 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/142>`_,
+  `#145 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/145>`_,
+  `#146 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/146>`_,
+  `#158 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/158>`_,
+  `#163 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/163>`_,
+  `#175 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/175>`_,
+  `#190 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/190>`_,
+  `#191 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/191>`_,
+  `#194 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/194>`_,
+  `#196 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/196>`_,
+  `#216 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/216>`_,
+  `#218 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/218>`_,
+  `#220 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/220>`_,
+  `#229 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/229>`_,
+  `#233 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/233>`_,
+  `#234 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/234>`_,
+  `#236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/236>`_,
+  `#281 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/281>`_,
+  `#289 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/289>`_).
+  Thanks to `@seanmiddleditch (Sean Middleditch) <https://github.com/seanmiddleditch>`_,
+  `@dixlorenz (Dix Lorenz) <https://github.com/dixlorenz>`_,
+  `@CarterLi (李通洲) <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_,
+  `@Naios <https://github.com/Naios>`_,
+  `@fmatthew5876 (Matthew Fioravante) <https://github.com/fmatthew5876>`_,
+  `@LevskiWeng (Levski Weng) <https://github.com/LevskiWeng>`_,
+  `@rpopescu <https://github.com/rpopescu>`_,
+  `@gabime (Gabi Melman) <https://github.com/gabime>`_,
+  `@cubicool (Jeremy Moles) <https://github.com/cubicool>`_,
+  `@jkflying (Julian Kent) <https://github.com/jkflying>`_,
+  `@LogicalKnight (Sean L) <https://github.com/LogicalKnight>`_,
+  `@inguin (Ingo van Lil) <https://github.com/inguin>`_ and
+  `@Jopie64 (Johan) <https://github.com/Jopie64>`_.
+
+* Fixed portability issues (mostly causing test failures) on ARM, ppc64, ppc64le,
+  s390x and SunOS 5.11 i386
+  (`#138 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/138>`_,
+  `#179 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/179>`_,
+  `#180 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/180>`_,
+  `#202 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/202>`_,
+  `#225 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/225>`_,
+  `Red Hat Bugzilla Bug 1260297 <https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1260297>`_).
+  Thanks to `@Naios <https://github.com/Naios>`_,
+  `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_ and Dave Johansen.
+
+* Fixed a name conflict with macro ``free`` defined in
+  ``crtdbg.h`` when ``_CRTDBG_MAP_ALLOC`` is set
+  (`#211 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/211>`_).
+
+* Fixed shared library build on OS X
+  (`#212 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/212>`_).
+  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
+
+* Fixed an overload conflict on MSVC when ``/Zc:wchar_t-`` option is specified
+  (`#214 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/214>`_).
+  Thanks to `@slavanap (Vyacheslav Napadovsky) <https://github.com/slavanap>`_.
+
+* Improved compatibility with MSVC 2008
+  (`#236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/236>`_).
+  Thanks to `@Jopie64 (Johan) <https://github.com/Jopie64>`_.
+
+* Improved compatibility with bcc32
+  (`#227 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/227>`_).
+
+* Fixed ``static_assert`` detection on Clang
+  (`#228 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/228>`_).
+  Thanks to `@dean0x7d (Dean Moldovan) <https://github.com/dean0x7d>`_.
+
+1.1.0 - 2015-03-06
+------------------
+
+* Added ``BasicArrayWriter``, a class template that provides operations for
+  formatting and writing data into a fixed-size array
+  (`#105 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/105>`_ and
+  `#122 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/122>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+  
+    char buffer[100];
+    fmt::ArrayWriter w(buffer);
+    w.write("The answer is {}", 42);
+
+* Added `0 A.D. <http://play0ad.com/>`_ and `PenUltima Online (POL)
+  <http://www.polserver.com/>`_ to the list of notable projects using C++ Format.
+
+* C++ Format now uses MSVC intrinsics for better formatting performance
+  (`#115 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/115>`_,
+  `#116 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/116>`_,
+  `#118 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/118>`_ and
+  `#121 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/121>`_).
+  Previously these optimizations where only used on GCC and Clang.
+  Thanks to `@CarterLi <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_ and
+  `@objectx <https://github.com/objectx>`_.
+
+* CMake install target (`#119 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/119>`_).
+  Thanks to `@TrentHouliston <https://github.com/TrentHouliston>`_.
+
+  You can now install C++ Format with ``make install`` command.
+
+* Improved `Biicode <http://www.biicode.com/>`_ support
+  (`#98 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/98>`_ and
+  `#104 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/104>`_). Thanks to
+  `@MariadeAnton <https://github.com/MariadeAnton>`_ and
+  `@franramirez688 <https://github.com/franramirez688>`_.
+
+* Improved support for building with `Android NDK
+  <https://developer.android.com/tools/sdk/ndk/index.html>`_
+  (`#107 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/107>`_).
+  Thanks to `@newnon <https://github.com/newnon>`_.
+  
+  The `android-ndk-example <https://github.com/fmtlib/android-ndk-example>`_
+  repository provides and example of using C++ Format with Android NDK:
+
+  .. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fmtlib/android-ndk-example/
+            master/screenshot.png
+
+* Improved documentation of ``SystemError`` and ``WindowsError``
+  (`#54 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/54>`_).
+
+* Various code improvements
+  (`#110 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/110>`_,
+  `#111 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/111>`_
+  `#112 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/112>`_).
+  Thanks to `@CarterLi <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_.
+
+* Improved compile-time errors when formatting wide into narrow strings
+  (`#117 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/117>`_).
+
+* Fixed ``BasicWriter::write`` without formatting arguments when C++11 support
+  is disabled (`#109 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/109>`_).
+
+* Fixed header-only build on OS X with GCC 4.9
+  (`#124 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/124>`_).
+
+* Fixed packaging issues (`#94 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/94>`_).
+
+* Added `changelog <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/ChangeLog.rst>`_
+  (`#103 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/103>`_).
+
+1.0.0 - 2015-02-05
+------------------
+
+* Add support for a header-only configuration when ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` is
+  defined before including ``format.h``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    #define FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+    #include "format.h"
+
+* Compute string length in the constructor of ``BasicStringRef``
+  instead of the ``size`` method
+  (`#79 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/79>`_).
+  This eliminates size computation for string literals on reasonable optimizing
+  compilers.
+
+* Fix formatting of types with overloaded ``operator <<`` for ``std::wostream``
+  (`#86 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/86>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::format(L"The date is {0}", Date(2012, 12, 9));
+
+* Fix linkage of tests on Arch Linux
+  (`#89 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/89>`_).
+
+* Allow precision specifier for non-float arguments
+  (`#90 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/90>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::print("{:.3}\n", "Carpet"); // prints "Car"
+
+* Fix build on Android NDK
+  (`#93 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/93>`_)
+
+* Improvements to documentation build procedure.
+
+* Remove ``FMT_SHARED`` CMake variable in favor of standard `BUILD_SHARED_LIBS
+  <http://www.cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.0/variable/BUILD_SHARED_LIBS.html>`_.
+
+* Fix error handling in ``fmt::fprintf``.
+
+* Fix a number of warnings.
+
+0.12.0 - 2014-10-25
+-------------------
+
+* [Breaking] Improved separation between formatting and buffer management.
+  ``Writer`` is now a base class that cannot be instantiated directly.
+  The new ``MemoryWriter`` class implements the default buffer management
+  with small allocations done on stack. So ``fmt::Writer`` should be replaced
+  with ``fmt::MemoryWriter`` in variable declarations.
+
+  Old code:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::Writer w;
+
+  New code: 
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::MemoryWriter w;
+
+  If you pass ``fmt::Writer`` by reference, you can continue to do so:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+      void f(fmt::Writer &w);
+
+  This doesn't affect the formatting API.
+
+* Support for custom memory allocators
+  (`#69 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/69>`_)
+
+* Formatting functions now accept `signed char` and `unsigned char` strings as
+  arguments (`#73 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/73>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    auto s = format("GLSL version: {}", glGetString(GL_VERSION));
+
+* Reduced code bloat. According to the new `benchmark results
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat>`_,
+  cppformat is close to ``printf`` and by the order of magnitude better than
+  Boost Format in terms of compiled code size.
+
+* Improved appearance of the documentation on mobile by using the `Sphinx
+  Bootstrap theme <http://ryan-roemer.github.io/sphinx-bootstrap-theme/>`_:
+
+  .. |old| image:: https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/576385/4792130/
+                   cd256436-5de3-11e4-9a62-c077d0c2b003.png
+
+  .. |new| image:: https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/576385/4792131/
+                   cd29896c-5de3-11e4-8f59-cac952942bf0.png
+  
+  +-------+-------+
+  |  Old  |  New  |
+  +-------+-------+
+  | |old| | |new| |
+  +-------+-------+
+
+0.11.0 - 2014-08-21
+-------------------
+
+* Safe printf implementation with a POSIX extension for positional arguments:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
+    fmt::printf("%1$s, %3$d %2$s", weekday, month, day);
+
+* Arguments of ``char`` type can now be formatted as integers
+  (Issue `#55 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/55>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::format("0x{0:02X}", 'a');
+
+* Deprecated parts of the API removed.
+
+* The library is now built and tested on MinGW with Appveyor in addition to
+  existing test platforms Linux/GCC, OS X/Clang, Windows/MSVC.
+
+0.10.0 - 2014-07-01
+-------------------
+
+**Improved API**
+
+* All formatting methods are now implemented as variadic functions instead
+  of using ``operator<<`` for feeding arbitrary arguments into a temporary
+  formatter object. This works both with C++11 where variadic templates are
+  used and with older standards where variadic functions are emulated by
+  providing lightweight wrapper functions defined with the ``FMT_VARIADIC``
+  macro. You can use this macro for defining your own portable variadic
+  functions:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    void report_error(const char *format, const fmt::ArgList &args) {
+      fmt::print("Error: {}");
+      fmt::print(format, args);
+    }
+    FMT_VARIADIC(void, report_error, const char *)
+
+    report_error("file not found: {}", path);
+
+  Apart from a more natural syntax, this also improves performance as there
+  is no need to construct temporary formatter objects and control arguments'
+  lifetimes. Because the wrapper functions are very lightweight, this doesn't
+  cause code bloat even in pre-C++11 mode.
+
+* Simplified common case of formatting an ``std::string``. Now it requires a
+  single function call:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+
+  Previously it required 2 function calls:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = str(Format("The answer is {}.") << 42);
+
+  Instead of unsafe ``c_str`` function, ``fmt::Writer`` should be used directly
+  to bypass creation of ``std::string``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::Writer w;
+    w.write("The answer is {}.", 42);
+    w.c_str();  // returns a C string
+
+  This doesn't do dynamic memory allocation for small strings and is less error
+  prone as the lifetime of the string is the same as for ``std::string::c_str``
+  which is well understood (hopefully).
+
+* Improved consistency in naming functions that are a part of the public API.
+  Now all public functions are lowercase following the standard library
+  conventions. Previously it was a combination of lowercase and
+  CapitalizedWords.
+  Issue `#50 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/50>`_.
+
+* Old functions are marked as deprecated and will be removed in the next
+  release.
+
+**Other Changes**
+
+* Experimental support for printf format specifications (work in progress):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    fmt::printf("The answer is %d.", 42);
+    std::string s = fmt::sprintf("Look, a %s!", "string");
+
+* Support for hexadecimal floating point format specifiers ``a`` and ``A``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    print("{:a}", -42.0); // Prints -0x1.5p+5
+    print("{:A}", -42.0); // Prints -0X1.5P+5
+
+* CMake option ``FMT_SHARED`` that specifies whether to build format as a
+  shared library (off by default).
+
+0.9.0 - 2014-05-13
+------------------
+
+* More efficient implementation of variadic formatting functions.
+
+* ``Writer::Format`` now has a variadic overload:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    Writer out;
+    out.Format("Look, I'm {}!", "variadic");
+
+* For efficiency and consistency with other overloads, variadic overload of
+  the ``Format`` function now returns ``Writer`` instead of ``std::string``.
+  Use the ``str`` function to convert it to ``std::string``:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = str(Format("Look, I'm {}!", "variadic"));
+
+* Replaced formatter actions with output sinks: ``NoAction`` -> ``NullSink``,
+  ``Write`` -> ``FileSink``, ``ColorWriter`` -> ``ANSITerminalSink``.
+  This improves naming consistency and shouldn't affect client code unless
+  these classes are used directly which should be rarely needed.
+
+* Added ``ThrowSystemError`` function that formats a message and throws
+  ``SystemError`` containing the formatted message and system-specific error
+  description. For example, the following code
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+    FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");
+    if (!f)
+      ThrowSystemError(errno, "Failed to open file '{}'") << filename;
+
+  will throw ``SystemError`` exception with description
+  "Failed to open file '<filename>': No such file or directory" if file
+  doesn't exist.
+
+* Support for AppVeyor continuous integration platform.
+
+* ``Format`` now throws ``SystemError`` in case of I/O errors.
+
+* Improve test infrastructure. Print functions are now tested by redirecting
+  the output to a pipe.
+
+0.8.0 - 2014-04-14
+------------------
+
+* Initial release
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/LICENSE.rst b/thirdparty/fmt/LICENSE.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0ec3db4d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/LICENSE.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+--- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+without including the above copyright and permission notices.
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/README.rst b/thirdparty/fmt/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a3addf08f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/
+           576385/156254208-f5b743a9-88cf-439d-b0c0-923d53e8d551.png
+   :width: 25%
+   :alt: {fmt}
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/linux/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Alinux
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/macos/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Amacos
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/workflows/windows/badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/actions?query=workflow%3Awindows
+
+.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ehjkiefde6gucy1v?svg=true
+   :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/vitaut/fmt
+
+.. image:: https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fmt.svg
+   :alt: fmt is continuously fuzzed at oss-fuzz
+   :target: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?\
+            colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20\
+            Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg
+   :alt: Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt
+   :target: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt
+
+**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
+alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.
+
+If you like this project, please consider donating to one of the funds that
+help victims of the war in Ukraine: https://www.stopputin.net/.
+
+`Documentation <https://fmt.dev>`__
+
+`Cheat Sheets <https://hackingcpp.com/cpp/libs/fmt.html>`__
+
+Q&A: ask questions on `StackOverflow with the tag fmt
+<https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt>`_.
+
+Try {fmt} in `Compiler Explorer <https://godbolt.org/z/Eq5763>`_.
+
+Features
+--------
+
+* Simple `format API <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html>`_ with positional arguments
+  for localization
+* Implementation of `C++20 std::format
+  <https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format>`__
+* `Format string syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_ similar to Python's
+  `format <https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
+* Fast IEEE 754 floating-point formatter with correct rounding, shortness and
+  round-trip guarantees
+* Safe `printf implementation
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including the POSIX
+  extension for positional arguments
+* Extensibility: `support for user-defined types
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_
+* High performance: faster than common standard library implementations of
+  ``(s)printf``, iostreams, ``to_string`` and ``to_chars``, see `Speed tests`_
+  and `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
+  <http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_
+* Small code size both in terms of source code with the minimum configuration
+  consisting of just three files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and ``format-inl.h``,
+  and compiled code; see `Compile time and code bloat`_
+* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `tests
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test>`_ and is `continuously fuzzed
+  <https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?colspec=ID%20Type%20
+  Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1>`_
+* Safety: the library is fully type safe, errors in format strings can be
+  reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents buffer overflow
+  errors
+* Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
+  permissive MIT `license
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_
+* `Portability <https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
+  consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers
+* Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels such as
+  ``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``
+* Locale-independence by default
+* Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro
+
+See the `documentation <https://fmt.dev>`_ for more details.
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+**Print to stdout** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Tevcjh>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+    
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print("Hello, world!\n");
+    }
+
+**Format a string** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/oK8h33>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+    // s == "The answer is 42."
+
+**Format a string using positional arguments** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Yn7Txe>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
+    // s == "I'd rather be happy than right."
+
+**Print chrono durations** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/K8s4Mc>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <fmt/chrono.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
+      fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
+      fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
+    }
+
+Output::
+
+    Default format: 42s 100ms
+    strftime-like format: 03:15:30
+
+**Print a container** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/MxM1YqjE7>`_)
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <vector>
+    #include <fmt/ranges.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+      fmt::print("{}\n", v);
+    }
+
+Output::
+
+    [1, 2, 3]
+
+**Check a format string at compile time**
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    std::string s = fmt::format("{:d}", "I am not a number");
+
+This gives a compile-time error in C++20 because ``d`` is an invalid format
+specifier for a string.
+
+**Write a file from a single thread**
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <fmt/os.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
+      out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
+    }
+
+This can be `5 to 9 times faster than fprintf
+<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html>`_.
+
+**Print with colors and text styles**
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+    int main() {
+      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
+                 "Hello, {}!\n", "world");
+      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
+                 fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир");
+      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
+                 "Hello, {}!\n", "世界");
+    }
+
+Output on a modern terminal:
+
+.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/
+           576385/88485597-d312f600-cf2b-11ea-9cbe-61f535a86e28.png
+
+Benchmarks
+----------
+
+Speed tests
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+================= ============= ===========
+Library           Method        Run Time, s
+================= ============= ===========
+libc              printf          1.04
+libc++            std::ostream    3.05
+{fmt} 6.1.1       fmt::print      0.75
+Boost Format 1.67 boost::format   7.24
+Folly Format      folly::format   2.23
+================= ============= ===========
+
+{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, ~35% faster than ``printf``.
+
+The above results were generated by building ``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on macOS
+10.14.6 with ``clang++ -O3 -DNDEBUG -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the
+best of three runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"``
+or equivalent is filled 2,000,000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
+further details refer to the `source
+<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/src/tinyformat-test.cc>`_.
+
+{fmt} is up to 20-30x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` and ``sprintf`` on
+floating-point formatting (`dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_)
+and faster than `double-conversion <https://github.com/google/double-conversion>`_ and
+`ryu <https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu>`_:
+
+.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+           95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png
+   :target: https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang12.0.html
+
+Compile time and code bloat
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The script `bloat-test.py
+<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py>`_
+from `format-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_
+tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects.
+It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative
+five times in each to simulate a medium sized project.  The resulting
+executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42),
+macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.
+
+**Optimized build (-O3)**
+
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+printf                    2.6                   29                 26
+printf+string            16.4                   29                 26
+iostreams                31.1                   59                 55
+{fmt}                    19.0                   37                 34
+Boost Format             91.9                  226                203
+Folly Format            115.7                  101                 88
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+
+As you can see, {fmt} has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code
+size compared to iostreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format
+and Folly Format have the largest overheads.
+
+``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with extra ``<string>``
+include to measure the overhead of the latter.
+
+**Non-optimized build**
+
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+printf                    2.2                   33                 30
+printf+string            16.0                   33                 30
+iostreams                28.3                   56                 52
+{fmt}                    18.2                   59                 50
+Boost Format             54.1                  365                303
+Folly Format             79.9                  445                430
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+
+``libc``, ``lib(std)c++`` and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared libraries to
+compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format is a
+header-only library so it doesn't provide any linkage options.
+
+Running the tests
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Please refer to `Building the library`__ for the instructions on how to build
+the library and run the unit tests.
+
+__ https://fmt.dev/latest/usage.html#building-the-library
+
+Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
+`format-benchmarks <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_,
+so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and
+generate Makefiles with CMake::
+
+    $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
+    $ cd format-benchmark
+    $ cmake .
+
+Then you can run the speed test::
+
+    $ make speed-test
+
+or the bloat test::
+
+    $ make bloat-test
+    
+Migrating code
+--------------
+
+`clang-tidy-fmt <https://github.com/mikecrowe/clang-tidy-fmt>`_ provides clang
+tidy checks for converting occurrences of ``printf`` and ``fprintf`` to
+``fmt::print``.
+
+Projects using this library
+---------------------------
+
+* `0 A.D. <https://play0ad.com/>`_: a free, open-source, cross-platform
+  real-time strategy game
+
+* `2GIS <https://2gis.ru/>`_: free business listings with a city map
+
+* `AMPL/MP <https://github.com/ampl/mp>`_:
+  an open-source library for mathematical programming
+
+* `Aseprite <https://github.com/aseprite/aseprite>`_:
+  animated sprite editor & pixel art tool 
+
+* `AvioBook <https://www.aviobook.aero/en>`_: a comprehensive aircraft
+  operations suite
+  
+* `Blizzard Battle.net <https://battle.net/>`_: an online gaming platform
+  
+* `Celestia <https://celestia.space/>`_: real-time 3D visualization of space
+
+* `Ceph <https://ceph.com/>`_: a scalable distributed storage system
+
+* `ccache <https://ccache.dev/>`_: a compiler cache
+
+* `ClickHouse <https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse>`_: analytical database
+  management system
+
+* `CUAUV <https://cuauv.org/>`_: Cornell University's autonomous underwater
+  vehicle
+
+* `Drake <https://drake.mit.edu/>`_: a planning, control, and analysis toolbox
+  for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)
+
+* `Envoy <https://lyft.github.io/envoy/>`_: C++ L7 proxy and communication bus
+  (Lyft)
+
+* `FiveM <https://fivem.net/>`_: a modification framework for GTA V
+
+* `fmtlog <https://github.com/MengRao/fmtlog>`_: a performant fmtlib-style
+  logging library with latency in nanoseconds
+
+* `Folly <https://github.com/facebook/folly>`_: Facebook open-source library
+
+* `GemRB <https://gemrb.org/>`_: a portable open-source implementation of
+  Bioware’s Infinity Engine
+
+* `Grand Mountain Adventure
+  <https://store.steampowered.com/app/1247360/Grand_Mountain_Adventure/>`_:
+  a beautiful open-world ski & snowboarding game
+
+* `HarpyWar/pvpgn <https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server>`_:
+  Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks
+
+* `KBEngine <https://github.com/kbengine/kbengine>`_: an open-source MMOG server
+  engine
+
+* `Keypirinha <https://keypirinha.com/>`_: a semantic launcher for Windows
+
+* `Kodi <https://kodi.tv/>`_ (formerly xbmc): home theater software
+
+* `Knuth <https://kth.cash/>`_: high-performance Bitcoin full-node
+
+* `Microsoft Verona <https://github.com/microsoft/verona>`_:
+  research programming language for concurrent ownership
+
+* `MongoDB <https://mongodb.com/>`_: distributed document database
+
+* `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: a small tool to
+  generate randomized datasets
+
+* `OpenSpace <https://openspaceproject.com/>`_: an open-source
+  astrovisualization framework
+
+* `PenUltima Online (POL) <https://www.polserver.com/>`_:
+  an MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients
+
+* `PyTorch <https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch>`_: an open-source machine
+  learning library
+
+* `quasardb <https://www.quasardb.net/>`_: a distributed, high-performance,
+  associative database
+  
+* `Quill <https://github.com/odygrd/quill>`_: asynchronous low-latency logging library
+
+* `QKW <https://github.com/ravijanjam/qkw>`_: generalizing aliasing to simplify
+  navigation, and executing complex multi-line terminal command sequences
+
+* `redis-cerberus <https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus>`_: a Redis cluster
+  proxy
+
+* `redpanda <https://vectorized.io/redpanda>`_: a 10x faster Kafka® replacement
+  for mission critical systems written in C++
+
+* `rpclib <http://rpclib.net/>`_: a modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client
+  library
+
+* `Salesforce Analytics Cloud
+  <https://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/>`_:
+  business intelligence software
+
+* `Scylla <https://www.scylladb.com/>`_: a Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store
+  that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a single server
+
+* `Seastar <http://www.seastar-project.org/>`_: an advanced, open-source C++
+  framework for high-performance server applications on modern hardware
+
+* `spdlog <https://github.com/gabime/spdlog>`_: super fast C++ logging library
+
+* `Stellar <https://www.stellar.org/>`_: financial platform
+
+* `Touch Surgery <https://www.touchsurgery.com/>`_: surgery simulator
+
+* `TrinityCore <https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore>`_: open-source
+  MMORPG framework
+
+* `Windows Terminal <https://github.com/microsoft/terminal>`_: the new Windows
+  terminal
+
+`More... <https://github.com/search?q=fmtlib&type=Code>`_
+
+If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me know
+by `email <mailto:victor.zverovich@gmail.com>`_ or by submitting an
+`issue <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues>`_.
+
+Motivation
+----------
+
+So why yet another formatting library?
+
+There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
+the printf family of function and iostreams to Boost Format and FastFormat
+libraries. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
+solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide
+all the features I needed.
+
+printf
+~~~~~~
+
+The good thing about ``printf`` is that it is pretty fast and readily available
+being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
+doesn't support user-defined types. ``printf`` also has safety issues although
+they are somewhat mitigated with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
+<https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
+There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
+`i18n <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`_
+to ``printf`` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
+platforms.
+
+iostreams
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The main issue with iostreams is best illustrated with an example:
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";
+
+which is a lot of typing compared to printf:
+
+.. code:: c++
+
+    printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);
+
+Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, called this "chevron hell". iostreams
+don't support positional arguments by design.
+
+The good part is that iostreams support user-defined types and are safe although
+error handling is awkward.
+
+Boost Format
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is a very powerful library which supports both ``printf``-like format
+strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance. According to
+various benchmarks, it is much slower than other methods considered here. Boost
+Format also has excessive build times and severe code bloat issues (see
+`Benchmarks`_).
+
+FastFormat
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional arguments.
+However, it has significant limitations, citing its author:
+
+    Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
+    current design are:
+
+    * Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
+    * Octal/hexadecimal encoding
+    * Runtime width/alignment specification
+
+It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be too
+restrictive for using it in some projects.
+
+Boost Spirit.Karma
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here for
+completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing verbatim text
+with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on integer formatting
+than ``fmt::format_to`` with format string compilation on Karma's own benchmark,
+see `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
+<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_.
+
+License
+-------
+
+{fmt} is distributed under the MIT `license
+<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_.
+
+Documentation License
+---------------------
+
+The `Format String Syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_
+section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
+documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_.
+For this reason the documentation is distributed under the Python Software
+Foundation license available in `doc/python-license.txt
+<https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt>`_.
+It only applies if you distribute the documentation of {fmt}.
+
+Maintainers
+-----------
+
+The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
+<https://github.com/vitaut>`_) and Jonathan Müller (`foonathan
+<https://github.com/foonathan>`_) with contributions from many other people.
+See `Contributors <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors>`_ and
+`Releases <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`_ for some of the names.
+Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned incorrectly and
+we'll make it right.
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/args.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/args.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3966d1407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/args.h
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - dynamic format arguments
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_ARGS_H_
+#define FMT_ARGS_H_
+
+#include <functional>  // std::reference_wrapper
+#include <memory>      // std::unique_ptr
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "core.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T> struct is_reference_wrapper : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_reference_wrapper<std::reference_wrapper<T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T> const T& unwrap(const T& v) { return v; }
+template <typename T> const T& unwrap(const std::reference_wrapper<T>& v) {
+  return static_cast<const T&>(v);
+}
+
+class dynamic_arg_list {
+  // Workaround for clang's -Wweak-vtables. Unlike for regular classes, for
+  // templates it doesn't complain about inability to deduce single translation
+  // unit for placing vtable. So storage_node_base is made a fake template.
+  template <typename = void> struct node {
+    virtual ~node() = default;
+    std::unique_ptr<node<>> next;
+  };
+
+  template <typename T> struct typed_node : node<> {
+    T value;
+
+    template <typename Arg>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR typed_node(const Arg& arg) : value(arg) {}
+
+    template <typename Char>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR typed_node(const basic_string_view<Char>& arg)
+        : value(arg.data(), arg.size()) {}
+  };
+
+  std::unique_ptr<node<>> head_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename T, typename Arg> const T& push(const Arg& arg) {
+    auto new_node = std::unique_ptr<typed_node<T>>(new typed_node<T>(arg));
+    auto& value = new_node->value;
+    new_node->next = std::move(head_);
+    head_ = std::move(new_node);
+    return value;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamic version of `fmt::format_arg_store`.
+  It's equipped with a storage to potentially temporary objects which lifetimes
+  could be shorter than the format arguments object.
+
+  It can be implicitly converted into `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing
+  into type-erased formatting functions such as `~fmt::vformat`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context>
+class dynamic_format_arg_store
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
+    : public basic_format_args<Context>
+#endif
+{
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T> struct need_copy {
+    static constexpr detail::type mapped_type =
+        detail::mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+
+    enum {
+      value = !(detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value ||
+                std::is_same<T, basic_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                std::is_same<T, detail::std_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                (mapped_type != detail::type::cstring_type &&
+                 mapped_type != detail::type::string_type &&
+                 mapped_type != detail::type::custom_type))
+    };
+  };
+
+  template <typename T>
+  using stored_type = conditional_t<
+      std::is_convertible<T, std::basic_string<char_type>>::value &&
+          !detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value,
+      std::basic_string<char_type>, T>;
+
+  // Storage of basic_format_arg must be contiguous.
+  std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>> data_;
+  std::vector<detail::named_arg_info<char_type>> named_info_;
+
+  // Storage of arguments not fitting into basic_format_arg must grow
+  // without relocation because items in data_ refer to it.
+  detail::dynamic_arg_list dynamic_args_;
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+  unsigned long long get_types() const {
+    return detail::is_unpacked_bit | data_.size() |
+           (named_info_.empty()
+                ? 0ULL
+                : static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit));
+  }
+
+  const basic_format_arg<Context>* data() const {
+    return named_info_.empty() ? data_.data() : data_.data() + 1;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T> void emplace_arg(const T& arg) {
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(arg));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void emplace_arg(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
+    if (named_info_.empty()) {
+      constexpr const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* zero_ptr{nullptr};
+      data_.insert(data_.begin(), {zero_ptr, 0});
+    }
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(detail::unwrap(arg.value)));
+    auto pop_one = [](std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>* data) {
+      data->pop_back();
+    };
+    std::unique_ptr<std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>, decltype(pop_one)>
+        guard{&data_, pop_one};
+    named_info_.push_back({arg.name, static_cast<int>(data_.size() - 2u)});
+    data_[0].value_.named_args = {named_info_.data(), named_info_.size()};
+    guard.release();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  constexpr dynamic_format_arg_store() = default;
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Adds an argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
+    function.
+
+    Note that custom types and string types (but not string views) are copied
+    into the store dynamically allocating memory if necessary.
+
+    **Example**::
+
+      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+      store.push_back(42);
+      store.push_back("abc");
+      store.push_back(1.5f);
+      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{} and {} and {}", store);
+    \endrst
+  */
+  template <typename T> void push_back(const T& arg) {
+    if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value))
+      emplace_arg(dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg));
+    else
+      emplace_arg(detail::unwrap(arg));
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Adds a reference to the argument into the dynamic store for later passing to
+    a formatting function.
+
+    **Example**::
+
+      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+      char band[] = "Rolling Stones";
+      store.push_back(std::cref(band));
+      band[9] = 'c'; // Changing str affects the output.
+      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{}", store);
+      // result == "Rolling Scones"
+    \endrst
+  */
+  template <typename T> void push_back(std::reference_wrapper<T> arg) {
+    static_assert(
+        need_copy<T>::value,
+        "objects of built-in types and string views are always copied");
+    emplace_arg(arg.get());
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Adds named argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
+    function. ``std::reference_wrapper`` is supported to avoid copying of the
+    argument. The name is always copied into the store.
+  */
+  template <typename T>
+  void push_back(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
+    const char_type* arg_name =
+        dynamic_args_.push<std::basic_string<char_type>>(arg.name).c_str();
+    if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value)) {
+      emplace_arg(
+          fmt::arg(arg_name, dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg.value)));
+    } else {
+      emplace_arg(fmt::arg(arg_name, arg.value));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Erase all elements from the store */
+  void clear() {
+    data_.clear();
+    named_info_.clear();
+    dynamic_args_ = detail::dynamic_arg_list();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Reserves space to store at least *new_cap* arguments including
+    *new_cap_named* named arguments.
+    \endrst
+  */
+  void reserve(size_t new_cap, size_t new_cap_named) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(new_cap >= new_cap_named,
+               "Set of arguments includes set of named arguments");
+    data_.reserve(new_cap);
+    named_info_.reserve(new_cap_named);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_ARGS_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c3c52bf592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/chrono.h
@@ -0,0 +1,2080 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - chrono support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_CHRONO_H_
+#define FMT_CHRONO_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cmath>    // std::isfinite
+#include <cstring>  // std::memcpy
+#include <ctime>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <locale>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+// Enable tzset.
+#ifndef FMT_USE_TZSET
+// UWP doesn't provide _tzset.
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("winapifamily.h")
+#    include <winapifamily.h>
+#  endif
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || \
+                          (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
+#    define FMT_USE_TZSET 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_TZSET 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Enable safe chrono durations, unless explicitly disabled.
+#ifndef FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+#  define FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST 1
+#endif
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+
+// For conversion between std::chrono::durations without undefined
+// behaviour or erroneous results.
+// This is a stripped down version of duration_cast, for inclusion in fmt.
+// See https://github.com/pauldreik/safe_duration_cast
+//
+// Copyright Paul Dreik 2019
+namespace safe_duration_cast {
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value &&
+                        std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed ==
+                            std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(F::is_integer, "From must be integral");
+  static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");
+
+  // A and B are both signed, or both unsigned.
+  if (detail::const_check(F::digits <= T::digits)) {
+    // From fits in To without any problem.
+  } else {
+    // From does not always fit in To, resort to a dynamic check.
+    if (from < (T::min)() || from > (T::max)()) {
+      // outside range.
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+  }
+  return static_cast<To>(from);
+}
+
+/**
+ * converts From to To, without loss. If the dynamic value of from
+ * can't be converted to To without loss, ec is set.
+ */
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value &&
+                        std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed !=
+                            std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(F::is_integer, "From must be integral");
+  static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");
+
+  if (detail::const_check(F::is_signed && !T::is_signed)) {
+    // From may be negative, not allowed!
+    if (fmt::detail::is_negative(from)) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    // From is positive. Can it always fit in To?
+    if (detail::const_check(F::digits > T::digits) &&
+        from > static_cast<From>(detail::max_value<To>())) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (detail::const_check(!F::is_signed && T::is_signed &&
+                          F::digits >= T::digits) &&
+      from > static_cast<From>(detail::max_value<To>())) {
+    ec = 1;
+    return {};
+  }
+  return static_cast<To>(from);  // Lossless conversion.
+}
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  return from;
+}  // function
+
+// clang-format off
+/**
+ * converts From to To if possible, otherwise ec is set.
+ *
+ * input                            |    output
+ * ---------------------------------|---------------
+ * NaN                              | NaN
+ * Inf                              | Inf
+ * normal, fits in output           | converted (possibly lossy)
+ * normal, does not fit in output   | ec is set
+ * subnormal                        | best effort
+ * -Inf                             | -Inf
+ */
+// clang-format on
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<To>::value, "To must be floating");
+
+  // catch the only happy case
+  if (std::isfinite(from)) {
+    if (from >= T::lowest() && from <= (T::max)()) {
+      return static_cast<To>(from);
+    }
+    // not within range.
+    ec = 1;
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // nan and inf will be preserved
+  return static_cast<To>(from);
+}  // function
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
+  return from;
+}
+
+/**
+ * safe duration cast between integral durations
+ */
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<FromRep>::value),
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<typename To::rep>::value)>
+To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
+                      int& ec) {
+  using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
+  ec = 0;
+  // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
+  // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
+  struct Factor
+      : std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period> {};
+
+  static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
+  static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");
+
+  // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
+  // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
+  // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
+  // both To, From and Factor::num
+  using IntermediateRep =
+      typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep,
+                                decltype(Factor::num)>::type;
+
+  // safe conversion to IntermediateRep
+  IntermediateRep count =
+      lossless_integral_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
+  if (ec) return {};
+  // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::num != 1)) {
+    const auto max1 = detail::max_value<IntermediateRep>() / Factor::num;
+    if (count > max1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    const auto min1 =
+        (std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::min)() / Factor::num;
+    if (count < min1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    count *= Factor::num;
+  }
+
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::den != 1)) count /= Factor::den;
+  auto tocount = lossless_integral_conversion<typename To::rep>(count, ec);
+  return ec ? To() : To(tocount);
+}
+
+/**
+ * safe duration_cast between floating point durations
+ */
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<FromRep>::value),
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<typename To::rep>::value)>
+To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
+                      int& ec) {
+  using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
+  ec = 0;
+  if (std::isnan(from.count())) {
+    // nan in, gives nan out. easy.
+    return To{std::numeric_limits<typename To::rep>::quiet_NaN()};
+  }
+  // maybe we should also check if from is denormal, and decide what to do about
+  // it.
+
+  // +-inf should be preserved.
+  if (std::isinf(from.count())) {
+    return To{from.count()};
+  }
+
+  // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
+  // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
+  struct Factor
+      : std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period> {};
+
+  static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
+  static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");
+
+  // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
+  // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
+  // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
+  // both To, From and Factor::num
+  using IntermediateRep =
+      typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep,
+                                decltype(Factor::num)>::type;
+
+  // force conversion of From::rep -> IntermediateRep to be safe,
+  // even if it will never happen be narrowing in this context.
+  IntermediateRep count =
+      safe_float_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::num != 1)) {
+    constexpr auto max1 = detail::max_value<IntermediateRep>() /
+                          static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+    if (count > max1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    constexpr auto min1 = std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::lowest() /
+                          static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+    if (count < min1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    count *= static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+  }
+
+  // this can't go wrong, right? den>0 is checked earlier.
+  if (detail::const_check(Factor::den != 1)) {
+    using common_t = typename std::common_type<IntermediateRep, intmax_t>::type;
+    count /= static_cast<common_t>(Factor::den);
+  }
+
+  // convert to the to type, safely
+  using ToRep = typename To::rep;
+
+  const ToRep tocount = safe_float_conversion<ToRep>(count, ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    return {};
+  }
+  return To{tocount};
+}
+}  // namespace safe_duration_cast
+#endif
+
+// Prevents expansion of a preceding token as a function-style macro.
+// Usage: f FMT_NOMACRO()
+#define FMT_NOMACRO
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T = void> struct null {};
+inline null<> localtime_r FMT_NOMACRO(...) { return null<>(); }
+inline null<> localtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
+inline null<> gmtime_r(...) { return null<>(); }
+inline null<> gmtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
+
+inline const std::locale& get_classic_locale() {
+  static const auto& locale = std::locale::classic();
+  return locale;
+}
+
+template <typename CodeUnit> struct codecvt_result {
+  static constexpr const size_t max_size = 32;
+  CodeUnit buf[max_size];
+  CodeUnit* end;
+};
+template <typename CodeUnit>
+constexpr const size_t codecvt_result<CodeUnit>::max_size;
+
+template <typename CodeUnit>
+void write_codecvt(codecvt_result<CodeUnit>& out, string_view in_buf,
+                   const std::locale& loc) {
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  pragma clang diagnostic push
+#  pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated"
+  auto& f = std::use_facet<std::codecvt<CodeUnit, char, std::mbstate_t>>(loc);
+#  pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#else
+  auto& f = std::use_facet<std::codecvt<CodeUnit, char, std::mbstate_t>>(loc);
+#endif
+  auto mb = std::mbstate_t();
+  const char* from_next = nullptr;
+  auto result = f.in(mb, in_buf.begin(), in_buf.end(), from_next,
+                     std::begin(out.buf), std::end(out.buf), out.end);
+  if (result != std::codecvt_base::ok)
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+auto write_encoded_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view in, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (detail::is_utf8() && loc != get_classic_locale()) {
+    // char16_t and char32_t codecvts are broken in MSVC (linkage errors) and
+    // gcc-4.
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION != 0 || \
+    (defined(__GLIBCXX__) && !defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI))
+    // The _GLIBCXX_USE_DUAL_ABI macro is always defined in libstdc++ from gcc-5
+    // and newer.
+    using code_unit = wchar_t;
+#else
+    using code_unit = char32_t;
+#endif
+
+    using unit_t = codecvt_result<code_unit>;
+    unit_t unit;
+    write_codecvt(unit, in, loc);
+    // In UTF-8 is used one to four one-byte code units.
+    auto&& buf = basic_memory_buffer<char, unit_t::max_size * 4>();
+    for (code_unit* p = unit.buf; p != unit.end; ++p) {
+      uint32_t c = static_cast<uint32_t>(*p);
+      if (sizeof(code_unit) == 2 && c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdfff) {
+        // surrogate pair
+        ++p;
+        if (p == unit.end || (c & 0xfc00) != 0xd800 ||
+            (*p & 0xfc00) != 0xdc00) {
+          FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+        }
+        c = (c << 10) + static_cast<uint32_t>(*p) - 0x35fdc00;
+      }
+      if (c < 0x80) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
+      } else if (c < 0x800) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xc0 | (c >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else if ((c >= 0x800 && c <= 0xd7ff) || (c >= 0xe000 && c <= 0xffff)) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xe0 | (c >> 12)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else if (c >= 0x10000 && c <= 0x10ffff) {
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0xf0 | (c >> 18)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0x3ffff) >> 12)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((c & 0xfff) >> 6)));
+        buf.push_back(static_cast<char>(0x80 | (c & 0x3f)));
+      } else {
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+      }
+    }
+    return copy_str<char>(buf.data(), buf.data() + buf.size(), out);
+  }
+  return copy_str<char>(in.data(), in.data() + in.size(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view sv, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  codecvt_result<Char> unit;
+  write_codecvt(unit, sv, loc);
+  return copy_str<Char>(unit.buf, unit.end, out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write_tm_str(OutputIt out, string_view sv, const std::locale& loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return write_encoded_tm_str(out, sv, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void do_write(buffer<Char>& buf, const std::tm& time,
+                     const std::locale& loc, char format, char modifier) {
+  auto&& format_buf = formatbuf<std::basic_streambuf<Char>>(buf);
+  auto&& os = std::basic_ostream<Char>(&format_buf);
+  os.imbue(loc);
+  using iterator = std::ostreambuf_iterator<Char>;
+  const auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<Char, iterator>>(loc);
+  auto end = facet.put(os, os, Char(' '), &time, format, modifier);
+  if (end.failed()) FMT_THROW(format_error("failed to format time"));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write(OutputIt out, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc,
+           char format, char modifier = 0) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  do_write<Char>(buf, time, loc, format, modifier);
+  return buf.out();
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto write(OutputIt out, const std::tm& time, const std::locale& loc,
+           char format, char modifier = 0) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  do_write<char>(buf, time, loc, format, modifier);
+  return write_encoded_tm_str(out, string_view(buf.data(), buf.size()), loc);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+/**
+  Converts given time since epoch as ``std::time_t`` value into calendar time,
+  expressed in local time. Unlike ``std::localtime``, this function is
+  thread-safe on most platforms.
+ */
+inline std::tm localtime(std::time_t time) {
+  struct dispatcher {
+    std::time_t time_;
+    std::tm tm_;
+
+    dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
+
+    bool run() {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      return handle(localtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
+    }
+
+    bool handle(std::tm* tm) { return tm != nullptr; }
+
+    bool handle(detail::null<>) {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      return fallback(localtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
+    }
+
+    bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+    bool fallback(detail::null<>) {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      std::tm* tm = std::localtime(&time_);
+      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
+      return tm != nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
+  };
+  dispatcher lt(time);
+  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
+  if (!lt.run()) FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
+  return lt.tm_;
+}
+
+inline std::tm localtime(
+    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> time_point) {
+  return localtime(std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(time_point));
+}
+
+/**
+  Converts given time since epoch as ``std::time_t`` value into calendar time,
+  expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Unlike ``std::gmtime``, this
+  function is thread-safe on most platforms.
+ */
+inline std::tm gmtime(std::time_t time) {
+  struct dispatcher {
+    std::time_t time_;
+    std::tm tm_;
+
+    dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
+
+    bool run() {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      return handle(gmtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
+    }
+
+    bool handle(std::tm* tm) { return tm != nullptr; }
+
+    bool handle(detail::null<>) {
+      using namespace fmt::detail;
+      return fallback(gmtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
+    }
+
+    bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+    bool fallback(detail::null<>) {
+      std::tm* tm = std::gmtime(&time_);
+      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
+      return tm != nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
+  };
+  dispatcher gt(time);
+  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
+  if (!gt.run()) FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
+  return gt.tm_;
+}
+
+inline std::tm gmtime(
+    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> time_point) {
+  return gmtime(std::chrono::system_clock::to_time_t(time_point));
+}
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// Writes two-digit numbers a, b and c separated by sep to buf.
+// The method by Pavel Novikov based on
+// https://johnnylee-sde.github.io/Fast-unsigned-integer-to-time-string/.
+inline void write_digit2_separated(char* buf, unsigned a, unsigned b,
+                                   unsigned c, char sep) {
+  unsigned long long digits =
+      a | (b << 24) | (static_cast<unsigned long long>(c) << 48);
+  // Convert each value to BCD.
+  // We have x = a * 10 + b and we want to convert it to BCD y = a * 16 + b.
+  // The difference is
+  //   y - x = a * 6
+  // a can be found from x:
+  //   a = floor(x / 10)
+  // then
+  //   y = x + a * 6 = x + floor(x / 10) * 6
+  // floor(x / 10) is (x * 205) >> 11 (needs 16 bits).
+  digits += (((digits * 205) >> 11) & 0x000f00000f00000f) * 6;
+  // Put low nibbles to high bytes and high nibbles to low bytes.
+  digits = ((digits & 0x00f00000f00000f0) >> 4) |
+           ((digits & 0x000f00000f00000f) << 8);
+  auto usep = static_cast<unsigned long long>(sep);
+  // Add ASCII '0' to each digit byte and insert separators.
+  digits |= 0x3030003030003030 | (usep << 16) | (usep << 40);
+
+  constexpr const size_t len = 8;
+  if (const_check(is_big_endian())) {
+    char tmp[len];
+    std::memcpy(tmp, &digits, len);
+    std::reverse_copy(tmp, tmp + len, buf);
+  } else {
+    std::memcpy(buf, &digits, len);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Period> FMT_CONSTEXPR inline const char* get_units() {
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::atto>::value) return "as";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::femto>::value) return "fs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::pico>::value) return "ps";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::nano>::value) return "ns";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::micro>::value) return "µs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::milli>::value) return "ms";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::centi>::value) return "cs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::deci>::value) return "ds";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<1>>::value) return "s";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::deca>::value) return "das";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::hecto>::value) return "hs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::kilo>::value) return "ks";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::mega>::value) return "Ms";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::giga>::value) return "Gs";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::tera>::value) return "Ts";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::peta>::value) return "Ps";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::exa>::value) return "Es";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<60>>::value) return "m";
+  if (std::is_same<Period, std::ratio<3600>>::value) return "h";
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+enum class numeric_system {
+  standard,
+  // Alternative numeric system, e.g. 十二 instead of 12 in ja_JP locale.
+  alternative
+};
+
+// Parses a put_time-like format string and invokes handler actions.
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin,
+                                              const Char* end,
+                                              Handler&& handler) {
+  auto ptr = begin;
+  while (ptr != end) {
+    auto c = *ptr;
+    if (c == '}') break;
+    if (c != '%') {
+      ++ptr;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (begin != ptr) handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
+    ++ptr;  // consume '%'
+    if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+    c = *ptr++;
+    switch (c) {
+    case '%':
+      handler.on_text(ptr - 1, ptr);
+      break;
+    case 'n': {
+      const Char newline[] = {'\n'};
+      handler.on_text(newline, newline + 1);
+      break;
+    }
+    case 't': {
+      const Char tab[] = {'\t'};
+      handler.on_text(tab, tab + 1);
+      break;
+    }
+    // Year:
+    case 'Y':
+      handler.on_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'y':
+      handler.on_short_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'C':
+      handler.on_century(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'G':
+      handler.on_iso_week_based_year();
+      break;
+    case 'g':
+      handler.on_iso_week_based_short_year();
+      break;
+    // Day of the week:
+    case 'a':
+      handler.on_abbr_weekday();
+      break;
+    case 'A':
+      handler.on_full_weekday();
+      break;
+    case 'w':
+      handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'u':
+      handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    // Month:
+    case 'b':
+    case 'h':
+      handler.on_abbr_month();
+      break;
+    case 'B':
+      handler.on_full_month();
+      break;
+    case 'm':
+      handler.on_dec_month(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    // Day of the year/month:
+    case 'U':
+      handler.on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'W':
+      handler.on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'V':
+      handler.on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'j':
+      handler.on_day_of_year();
+      break;
+    case 'd':
+      handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'e':
+      handler.on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    // Hour, minute, second:
+    case 'H':
+      handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'I':
+      handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'M':
+      handler.on_minute(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'S':
+      handler.on_second(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    // Other:
+    case 'c':
+      handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'x':
+      handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'X':
+      handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::standard);
+      break;
+    case 'D':
+      handler.on_us_date();
+      break;
+    case 'F':
+      handler.on_iso_date();
+      break;
+    case 'r':
+      handler.on_12_hour_time();
+      break;
+    case 'R':
+      handler.on_24_hour_time();
+      break;
+    case 'T':
+      handler.on_iso_time();
+      break;
+    case 'p':
+      handler.on_am_pm();
+      break;
+    case 'Q':
+      handler.on_duration_value();
+      break;
+    case 'q':
+      handler.on_duration_unit();
+      break;
+    case 'z':
+      handler.on_utc_offset();
+      break;
+    case 'Z':
+      handler.on_tz_name();
+      break;
+    // Alternative representation:
+    case 'E': {
+      if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      c = *ptr++;
+      switch (c) {
+      case 'Y':
+        handler.on_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'y':
+        handler.on_offset_year();
+        break;
+      case 'C':
+        handler.on_century(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        handler.on_datetime(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'x':
+        handler.on_loc_date(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'X':
+        handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      default:
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case 'O':
+      if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      c = *ptr++;
+      switch (c) {
+      case 'y':
+        handler.on_short_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'm':
+        handler.on_dec_month(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'U':
+        handler.on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'W':
+        handler.on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'V':
+        handler.on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'd':
+        handler.on_day_of_month(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'e':
+        handler.on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'w':
+        handler.on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'u':
+        handler.on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'H':
+        handler.on_24_hour(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'I':
+        handler.on_12_hour(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'M':
+        handler.on_minute(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      case 'S':
+        handler.on_second(numeric_system::alternative);
+        break;
+      default:
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
+    }
+    begin = ptr;
+  }
+  if (begin != ptr) handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+template <typename Derived> struct null_chrono_spec_handler {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void unsupported() {
+    static_cast<Derived*>(this)->unsupported();
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_short_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_offset_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_century(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_short_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_weekday() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_weekday() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_month() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_month() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec_month(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_datetime(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_date(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_time(numeric_system) { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_us_date() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_date() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_unit() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset() { unsupported(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_tz_name() { unsupported(); }
+};
+
+struct tm_format_checker : null_chrono_spec_handler<tm_format_checker> {
+  FMT_NORETURN void unsupported() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no format")); }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_short_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_offset_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_century(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_weekday() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_weekday() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_abbr_month() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_full_month() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec_month(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_year() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_datetime(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_date(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_loc_time(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_us_date() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_date() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_utc_offset() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_tz_name() {}
+};
+
+inline const char* tm_wday_full_name(int wday) {
+  static constexpr const char* full_name_list[] = {
+      "Sunday",   "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
+      "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"};
+  return wday >= 0 && wday <= 6 ? full_name_list[wday] : "?";
+}
+inline const char* tm_wday_short_name(int wday) {
+  static constexpr const char* short_name_list[] = {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed",
+                                                    "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
+  return wday >= 0 && wday <= 6 ? short_name_list[wday] : "???";
+}
+
+inline const char* tm_mon_full_name(int mon) {
+  static constexpr const char* full_name_list[] = {
+      "January", "February", "March",     "April",   "May",      "June",
+      "July",    "August",   "September", "October", "November", "December"};
+  return mon >= 0 && mon <= 11 ? full_name_list[mon] : "?";
+}
+inline const char* tm_mon_short_name(int mon) {
+  static constexpr const char* short_name_list[] = {
+      "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+      "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec",
+  };
+  return mon >= 0 && mon <= 11 ? short_name_list[mon] : "???";
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct has_member_data_tm_gmtoff : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T, void_t<decltype(T::tm_gmtoff)>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct has_member_data_tm_zone : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct has_member_data_tm_zone<T, void_t<decltype(T::tm_zone)>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+#if FMT_USE_TZSET
+inline void tzset_once() {
+  static bool init = []() -> bool {
+    _tzset();
+    return true;
+  }();
+  ignore_unused(init);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class tm_writer {
+ private:
+  static constexpr int days_per_week = 7;
+
+  const std::locale& loc_;
+  const bool is_classic_;
+  OutputIt out_;
+  const std::tm& tm_;
+
+  auto tm_sec() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_sec >= 0 && tm_.tm_sec <= 61, "");
+    return tm_.tm_sec;
+  }
+  auto tm_min() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_min >= 0 && tm_.tm_min <= 59, "");
+    return tm_.tm_min;
+  }
+  auto tm_hour() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_hour >= 0 && tm_.tm_hour <= 23, "");
+    return tm_.tm_hour;
+  }
+  auto tm_mday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_mday >= 1 && tm_.tm_mday <= 31, "");
+    return tm_.tm_mday;
+  }
+  auto tm_mon() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_mon >= 0 && tm_.tm_mon <= 11, "");
+    return tm_.tm_mon;
+  }
+  auto tm_year() const noexcept -> long long { return 1900ll + tm_.tm_year; }
+  auto tm_wday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_wday >= 0 && tm_.tm_wday <= 6, "");
+    return tm_.tm_wday;
+  }
+  auto tm_yday() const noexcept -> int {
+    FMT_ASSERT(tm_.tm_yday >= 0 && tm_.tm_yday <= 365, "");
+    return tm_.tm_yday;
+  }
+
+  auto tm_hour12() const noexcept -> int {
+    const auto h = tm_hour();
+    const auto z = h < 12 ? h : h - 12;
+    return z == 0 ? 12 : z;
+  }
+
+  // POSIX and the C Standard are unclear or inconsistent about what %C and %y
+  // do if the year is negative or exceeds 9999. Use the convention that %C
+  // concatenated with %y yields the same output as %Y, and that %Y contains at
+  // least 4 characters, with more only if necessary.
+  auto split_year_lower(long long year) const noexcept -> int {
+    auto l = year % 100;
+    if (l < 0) l = -l;  // l in [0, 99]
+    return static_cast<int>(l);
+  }
+
+  // Algorithm:
+  // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_week_date#Calculating_the_week_number_from_a_month_and_day_of_the_month_or_ordinal_date
+  auto iso_year_weeks(long long curr_year) const noexcept -> int {
+    const auto prev_year = curr_year - 1;
+    const auto curr_p =
+        (curr_year + curr_year / 4 - curr_year / 100 + curr_year / 400) %
+        days_per_week;
+    const auto prev_p =
+        (prev_year + prev_year / 4 - prev_year / 100 + prev_year / 400) %
+        days_per_week;
+    return 52 + ((curr_p == 4 || prev_p == 3) ? 1 : 0);
+  }
+  auto iso_week_num(int tm_yday, int tm_wday) const noexcept -> int {
+    return (tm_yday + 11 - (tm_wday == 0 ? days_per_week : tm_wday)) /
+           days_per_week;
+  }
+  auto tm_iso_week_year() const noexcept -> long long {
+    const auto year = tm_year();
+    const auto w = iso_week_num(tm_yday(), tm_wday());
+    if (w < 1) return year - 1;
+    if (w > iso_year_weeks(year)) return year + 1;
+    return year;
+  }
+  auto tm_iso_week_of_year() const noexcept -> int {
+    const auto year = tm_year();
+    const auto w = iso_week_num(tm_yday(), tm_wday());
+    if (w < 1) return iso_year_weeks(year - 1);
+    if (w > iso_year_weeks(year)) return 1;
+    return w;
+  }
+
+  void write1(int value) {
+    *out_++ = static_cast<char>('0' + to_unsigned(value) % 10);
+  }
+  void write2(int value) {
+    const char* d = digits2(to_unsigned(value) % 100);
+    *out_++ = *d++;
+    *out_++ = *d;
+  }
+
+  void write_year_extended(long long year) {
+    // At least 4 characters.
+    int width = 4;
+    if (year < 0) {
+      *out_++ = '-';
+      year = 0 - year;
+      --width;
+    }
+    uint32_or_64_or_128_t<long long> n = to_unsigned(year);
+    const int num_digits = count_digits(n);
+    if (width > num_digits) out_ = std::fill_n(out_, width - num_digits, '0');
+    out_ = format_decimal<Char>(out_, n, num_digits).end;
+  }
+  void write_year(long long year) {
+    if (year >= 0 && year < 10000) {
+      write2(static_cast<int>(year / 100));
+      write2(static_cast<int>(year % 100));
+    } else {
+      write_year_extended(year);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write_utc_offset(long offset) {
+    if (offset < 0) {
+      *out_++ = '-';
+      offset = -offset;
+    } else {
+      *out_++ = '+';
+    }
+    offset /= 60;
+    write2(static_cast<int>(offset / 60));
+    write2(static_cast<int>(offset % 60));
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T>::value)>
+  void format_utc_offset_impl(const T& tm) {
+    write_utc_offset(tm.tm_gmtoff);
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_member_data_tm_gmtoff<T>::value)>
+  void format_utc_offset_impl(const T& tm) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(_UCRT)
+#  if FMT_USE_TZSET
+    tzset_once();
+#  endif
+    long offset = 0;
+    _get_timezone(&offset);
+    if (tm.tm_isdst) {
+      long dstbias = 0;
+      _get_dstbias(&dstbias);
+      offset += dstbias;
+    }
+    write_utc_offset(-offset);
+#else
+    ignore_unused(tm);
+    format_localized('z');
+#endif
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_member_data_tm_zone<T>::value)>
+  void format_tz_name_impl(const T& tm) {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write_tm_str<Char>(out_, tm.tm_zone, loc_);
+    else
+      format_localized('Z');
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_member_data_tm_zone<T>::value)>
+  void format_tz_name_impl(const T&) {
+    format_localized('Z');
+  }
+
+  void format_localized(char format, char modifier = 0) {
+    out_ = write<Char>(out_, tm_, loc_, format, modifier);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  tm_writer(const std::locale& loc, OutputIt out, const std::tm& tm)
+      : loc_(loc),
+        is_classic_(loc_ == get_classic_locale()),
+        out_(out),
+        tm_(tm) {}
+
+  OutputIt out() const { return out_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    out_ = copy_str<Char>(begin, end, out_);
+  }
+
+  void on_abbr_weekday() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_wday_short_name(tm_wday()));
+    else
+      format_localized('a');
+  }
+  void on_full_weekday() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_wday_full_name(tm_wday()));
+    else
+      format_localized('A');
+  }
+  void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) return write1(tm_wday());
+    format_localized('w', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto wday = tm_wday();
+      write1(wday == 0 ? days_per_week : wday);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('u', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_abbr_month() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_mon_short_name(tm_mon()));
+    else
+      format_localized('b');
+  }
+  void on_full_month() {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      out_ = write(out_, tm_mon_full_name(tm_mon()));
+    else
+      format_localized('B');
+  }
+
+  void on_datetime(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      on_abbr_weekday();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_abbr_month();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system::standard);
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_iso_time();
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_year(numeric_system::standard);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('c', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_loc_date(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      on_us_date();
+    else
+      format_localized('x', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+  }
+  void on_loc_time(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_)
+      on_iso_time();
+    else
+      format_localized('X', ns == numeric_system::standard ? '\0' : 'E');
+  }
+  void on_us_date() {
+    char buf[8];
+    write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_mon() + 1),
+                           to_unsigned(tm_mday()),
+                           to_unsigned(split_year_lower(tm_year())), '/');
+    out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
+  }
+  void on_iso_date() {
+    auto year = tm_year();
+    char buf[10];
+    size_t offset = 0;
+    if (year >= 0 && year < 10000) {
+      copy2(buf, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(year / 100)));
+    } else {
+      offset = 4;
+      write_year_extended(year);
+      year = 0;
+    }
+    write_digit2_separated(buf + 2, static_cast<unsigned>(year % 100),
+                           to_unsigned(tm_mon() + 1), to_unsigned(tm_mday()),
+                           '-');
+    out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf) + offset, std::end(buf), out_);
+  }
+
+  void on_utc_offset() { format_utc_offset_impl(tm_); }
+  void on_tz_name() { format_tz_name_impl(tm_); }
+
+  void on_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write_year(tm_year());
+    format_localized('Y', 'E');
+  }
+  void on_short_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(split_year_lower(tm_year()));
+    format_localized('y', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_offset_year() {
+    if (is_classic_) return write2(split_year_lower(tm_year()));
+    format_localized('y', 'E');
+  }
+
+  void on_century(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto year = tm_year();
+      auto upper = year / 100;
+      if (year >= -99 && year < 0) {
+        // Zero upper on negative year.
+        *out_++ = '-';
+        *out_++ = '0';
+      } else if (upper >= 0 && upper < 100) {
+        write2(static_cast<int>(upper));
+      } else {
+        out_ = write<Char>(out_, upper);
+      }
+    } else {
+      format_localized('C', 'E');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_dec_month(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_mon() + 1);
+    format_localized('m', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2((tm_yday() + days_per_week - tm_wday()) / days_per_week);
+    format_localized('U', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto wday = tm_wday();
+      write2((tm_yday() + days_per_week -
+              (wday == 0 ? (days_per_week - 1) : (wday - 1))) /
+             days_per_week);
+    } else {
+      format_localized('W', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_iso_week_of_year());
+    format_localized('V', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_iso_week_based_year() { write_year(tm_iso_week_year()); }
+  void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {
+    write2(split_year_lower(tm_iso_week_year()));
+  }
+
+  void on_day_of_year() {
+    auto yday = tm_yday() + 1;
+    write1(yday / 100);
+    write2(yday % 100);
+  }
+  void on_day_of_month(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) return write2(tm_mday());
+    format_localized('d', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      auto mday = to_unsigned(tm_mday()) % 100;
+      const char* d2 = digits2(mday);
+      *out_++ = mday < 10 ? ' ' : d2[0];
+      *out_++ = d2[1];
+    } else {
+      format_localized('e', 'O');
+    }
+  }
+
+  void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) return write2(tm_hour());
+    format_localized('H', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard)
+      return write2(tm_hour12());
+    format_localized('I', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_minute(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) return write2(tm_min());
+    format_localized('M', 'O');
+  }
+  void on_second(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (is_classic_ || ns == numeric_system::standard) return write2(tm_sec());
+    format_localized('S', 'O');
+  }
+
+  void on_12_hour_time() {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      char buf[8];
+      write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_hour12()),
+                             to_unsigned(tm_min()), to_unsigned(tm_sec()), ':');
+      out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
+      *out_++ = ' ';
+      on_am_pm();
+    } else {
+      format_localized('r');
+    }
+  }
+  void on_24_hour_time() {
+    write2(tm_hour());
+    *out_++ = ':';
+    write2(tm_min());
+  }
+  void on_iso_time() {
+    char buf[8];
+    write_digit2_separated(buf, to_unsigned(tm_hour()), to_unsigned(tm_min()),
+                           to_unsigned(tm_sec()), ':');
+    out_ = copy_str<Char>(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), out_);
+  }
+
+  void on_am_pm() {
+    if (is_classic_) {
+      *out_++ = tm_hour() < 12 ? 'A' : 'P';
+      *out_++ = 'M';
+    } else {
+      format_localized('p');
+    }
+  }
+
+  // These apply to chrono durations but not tm.
+  void on_duration_value() {}
+  void on_duration_unit() {}
+};
+
+struct chrono_format_checker : null_chrono_spec_handler<chrono_format_checker> {
+  FMT_NORETURN void unsupported() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no date")); }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minute(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_second(numeric_system) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_12_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_24_hour_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_iso_time() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_am_pm() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_value() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_duration_unit() {}
+};
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline bool isfinite(T) {
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Converts value to Int and checks that it's in the range [0, upper).
+template <typename T, typename Int, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline Int to_nonnegative_int(T value, Int upper) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0 && to_unsigned(value) <= to_unsigned(upper),
+             "invalid value");
+  (void)upper;
+  return static_cast<Int>(value);
+}
+template <typename T, typename Int, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline Int to_nonnegative_int(T value, Int upper) {
+  if (value < 0 || value > static_cast<T>(upper))
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid value"));
+  return static_cast<Int>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline T mod(T x, int y) {
+  return x % static_cast<T>(y);
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+inline T mod(T x, int y) {
+  return std::fmod(x, static_cast<T>(y));
+}
+
+// If T is an integral type, maps T to its unsigned counterpart, otherwise
+// leaves it unchanged (unlike std::make_unsigned).
+template <typename T, bool INTEGRAL = std::is_integral<T>::value>
+struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged {
+  using type = T;
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged<T, true> {
+  using type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
+};
+
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+// throwing version of safe_duration_cast
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod>
+To fmt_safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from) {
+  int ec;
+  To to = safe_duration_cast::safe_duration_cast<To>(from, ec);
+  if (ec) FMT_THROW(format_error("cannot format duration"));
+  return to;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename Rep, typename Period,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
+inline std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli> get_milliseconds(
+    std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d) {
+  // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
+  // target type.
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+  using CommonSecondsType =
+      typename std::common_type<decltype(d), std::chrono::seconds>::type;
+  const auto d_as_common = fmt_safe_duration_cast<CommonSecondsType>(d);
+  const auto d_as_whole_seconds =
+      fmt_safe_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d_as_common);
+  // this conversion should be nonproblematic
+  const auto diff = d_as_common - d_as_whole_seconds;
+  const auto ms =
+      fmt_safe_duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli>>(diff);
+  return ms;
+#else
+  auto s = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
+  return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d - s);
+#endif
+}
+
+// Counts the number of fractional digits in the range [0, 18] according to the
+// C++20 spec. If more than 18 fractional digits are required then returns 6 for
+// microseconds precision.
+template <long long Num, long long Den, int N = 0,
+          bool Enabled = (N < 19) && (Num <= max_value<long long>() / 10)>
+struct count_fractional_digits {
+  static constexpr int value =
+      Num % Den == 0 ? N : count_fractional_digits<Num * 10, Den, N + 1>::value;
+};
+
+// Base case that doesn't instantiate any more templates
+// in order to avoid overflow.
+template <long long Num, long long Den, int N>
+struct count_fractional_digits<Num, Den, N, false> {
+  static constexpr int value = (Num % Den == 0) ? N : 6;
+};
+
+constexpr long long pow10(std::uint32_t n) {
+  return n == 0 ? 1 : 10 * pow10(n - 1);
+}
+
+template <class Rep, class Period,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::numeric_limits<Rep>::is_signed)>
+constexpr std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> abs(
+    std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d) {
+  // We need to compare the duration using the count() method directly
+  // due to a compiler bug in clang-11 regarding the spaceship operator,
+  // when -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant is enabled.
+  // In clang-12 the bug has been fixed. See
+  // https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=46235 and the reproducible example:
+  // https://www.godbolt.org/z/Knbb5joYx.
+  return d.count() >= d.zero().count() ? d : -d;
+}
+
+template <class Rep, class Period,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::numeric_limits<Rep>::is_signed)>
+constexpr std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> abs(
+    std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d) {
+  return d;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
+OutputIt format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int) {
+  return write<Char>(out, val);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Rep, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)>
+OutputIt format_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int precision) {
+  auto specs = basic_format_specs<Char>();
+  specs.precision = precision;
+  specs.type = precision >= 0 ? presentation_type::fixed_lower
+                              : presentation_type::general_lower;
+  return write<Char>(out, val, specs);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+OutputIt copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, Char) {
+  return std::copy(unit.begin(), unit.end(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+OutputIt copy_unit(string_view unit, OutputIt out, wchar_t) {
+  // This works when wchar_t is UTF-32 because units only contain characters
+  // that have the same representation in UTF-16 and UTF-32.
+  utf8_to_utf16 u(unit);
+  return std::copy(u.c_str(), u.c_str() + u.size(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Period, typename OutputIt>
+OutputIt format_duration_unit(OutputIt out) {
+  if (const char* unit = get_units<Period>())
+    return copy_unit(string_view(unit), out, Char());
+  *out++ = '[';
+  out = write<Char>(out, Period::num);
+  if (const_check(Period::den != 1)) {
+    *out++ = '/';
+    out = write<Char>(out, Period::den);
+  }
+  *out++ = ']';
+  *out++ = 's';
+  return out;
+}
+
+class get_locale {
+ private:
+  union {
+    std::locale locale_;
+  };
+  bool has_locale_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  get_locale(bool localized, locale_ref loc) : has_locale_(localized) {
+    if (localized)
+      ::new (&locale_) std::locale(loc.template get<std::locale>());
+  }
+  ~get_locale() {
+    if (has_locale_) locale_.~locale();
+  }
+  operator const std::locale&() const {
+    return has_locale_ ? locale_ : get_classic_locale();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename FormatContext, typename OutputIt, typename Rep,
+          typename Period>
+struct chrono_formatter {
+  FormatContext& context;
+  OutputIt out;
+  int precision;
+  bool localized = false;
+  // rep is unsigned to avoid overflow.
+  using rep =
+      conditional_t<std::is_integral<Rep>::value && sizeof(Rep) < sizeof(int),
+                    unsigned, typename make_unsigned_or_unchanged<Rep>::type>;
+  rep val;
+  using seconds = std::chrono::duration<rep>;
+  seconds s;
+  using milliseconds = std::chrono::duration<rep, std::milli>;
+  bool negative;
+
+  using char_type = typename FormatContext::char_type;
+  using tm_writer_type = tm_writer<OutputIt, char_type>;
+
+  chrono_formatter(FormatContext& ctx, OutputIt o,
+                   std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
+      : context(ctx),
+        out(o),
+        val(static_cast<rep>(d.count())),
+        negative(false) {
+    if (d.count() < 0) {
+      val = 0 - val;
+      negative = true;
+    }
+
+    // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
+    // target type.
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+    // might need checked conversion (rep!=Rep)
+    auto tmpval = std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val);
+    s = fmt_safe_duration_cast<seconds>(tmpval);
+#else
+    s = std::chrono::duration_cast<seconds>(
+        std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val));
+#endif
+  }
+
+  // returns true if nan or inf, writes to out.
+  bool handle_nan_inf() {
+    if (isfinite(val)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (isnan(val)) {
+      write_nan();
+      return true;
+    }
+    // must be +-inf
+    if (val > 0) {
+      write_pinf();
+    } else {
+      write_ninf();
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  Rep hour() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 24)); }
+
+  Rep hour12() const {
+    Rep hour = static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 12));
+    return hour <= 0 ? 12 : hour;
+  }
+
+  Rep minute() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 60), 60)); }
+  Rep second() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod(s.count(), 60)); }
+
+  std::tm time() const {
+    auto time = std::tm();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
+    time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
+    time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
+    return time;
+  }
+
+  void write_sign() {
+    if (negative) {
+      *out++ = '-';
+      negative = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write(Rep value, int width) {
+    write_sign();
+    if (isnan(value)) return write_nan();
+    uint32_or_64_or_128_t<int> n =
+        to_unsigned(to_nonnegative_int(value, max_value<int>()));
+    int num_digits = detail::count_digits(n);
+    if (width > num_digits) out = std::fill_n(out, width - num_digits, '0');
+    out = format_decimal<char_type>(out, n, num_digits).end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Duration> void write_fractional_seconds(Duration d) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(!std::is_floating_point<typename Duration::rep>::value, "");
+    constexpr auto num_fractional_digits =
+        count_fractional_digits<Duration::period::num,
+                                Duration::period::den>::value;
+
+    using subsecond_precision = std::chrono::duration<
+        typename std::common_type<typename Duration::rep,
+                                  std::chrono::seconds::rep>::type,
+        std::ratio<1, detail::pow10(num_fractional_digits)>>;
+    if (std::ratio_less<typename subsecond_precision::period,
+                        std::chrono::seconds::period>::value) {
+      *out++ = '.';
+      auto fractional =
+          detail::abs(d) - std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
+      auto subseconds =
+          std::chrono::treat_as_floating_point<
+              typename subsecond_precision::rep>::value
+              ? fractional.count()
+              : std::chrono::duration_cast<subsecond_precision>(fractional)
+                    .count();
+      uint32_or_64_or_128_t<long long> n =
+          to_unsigned(to_nonnegative_int(subseconds, max_value<long long>()));
+      int num_digits = detail::count_digits(n);
+      if (num_fractional_digits > num_digits)
+        out = std::fill_n(out, num_fractional_digits - num_digits, '0');
+      out = format_decimal<char_type>(out, n, num_digits).end;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write_nan() { std::copy_n("nan", 3, out); }
+  void write_pinf() { std::copy_n("inf", 3, out); }
+  void write_ninf() { std::copy_n("-inf", 4, out); }
+
+  template <typename Callback, typename... Args>
+  void format_tm(const tm& time, Callback cb, Args... args) {
+    if (isnan(val)) return write_nan();
+    get_locale loc(localized, context.locale());
+    auto w = tm_writer_type(loc, out, time);
+    (w.*cb)(args...);
+    out = w.out();
+  }
+
+  void on_text(const char_type* begin, const char_type* end) {
+    std::copy(begin, end, out);
+  }
+
+  // These are not implemented because durations don't have date information.
+  void on_abbr_weekday() {}
+  void on_full_weekday() {}
+  void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_abbr_month() {}
+  void on_full_month() {}
+  void on_datetime(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_loc_date(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_loc_time(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_us_date() {}
+  void on_iso_date() {}
+  void on_utc_offset() {}
+  void on_tz_name() {}
+  void on_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_short_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_offset_year() {}
+  void on_century(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_iso_week_based_year() {}
+  void on_iso_week_based_short_year() {}
+  void on_dec_month(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_dec0_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_dec1_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_iso_week_of_year(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_day_of_year() {}
+  void on_day_of_month(numeric_system) {}
+  void on_day_of_month_space(numeric_system) {}
+
+  void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour(), 2);
+    auto time = tm();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_24_hour, ns);
+  }
+
+  void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour12(), 2);
+    auto time = tm();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour12(), 12);
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_12_hour, ns);
+  }
+
+  void on_minute(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(minute(), 2);
+    auto time = tm();
+    time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_minute, ns);
+  }
+
+  void on_second(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) {
+      if (std::is_floating_point<rep>::value) {
+        constexpr auto num_fractional_digits =
+            count_fractional_digits<Period::num, Period::den>::value;
+        auto buf = memory_buffer();
+        format_to(std::back_inserter(buf), runtime("{:.{}f}"),
+                  std::fmod(val * static_cast<rep>(Period::num) /
+                                static_cast<rep>(Period::den),
+                            60),
+                  num_fractional_digits);
+        if (negative) *out++ = '-';
+        if (buf.size() < 2 || buf[1] == '.') *out++ = '0';
+        out = std::copy(buf.begin(), buf.end(), out);
+      } else {
+        write(second(), 2);
+        write_fractional_seconds(std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val));
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    auto time = tm();
+    time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
+    format_tm(time, &tm_writer_type::on_second, ns);
+  }
+
+  void on_12_hour_time() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    format_tm(time(), &tm_writer_type::on_12_hour_time);
+  }
+
+  void on_24_hour_time() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) {
+      *out++ = ':';
+      handle_nan_inf();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    write(hour(), 2);
+    *out++ = ':';
+    write(minute(), 2);
+  }
+
+  void on_iso_time() {
+    on_24_hour_time();
+    *out++ = ':';
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    on_second(numeric_system::standard);
+  }
+
+  void on_am_pm() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    format_tm(time(), &tm_writer_type::on_am_pm);
+  }
+
+  void on_duration_value() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    write_sign();
+    out = format_duration_value<char_type>(out, val, precision);
+  }
+
+  void on_duration_unit() {
+    out = format_duration_unit<char_type, Period>(out);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_chrono) && __cpp_lib_chrono >= 201907
+using weekday = std::chrono::weekday;
+#else
+// A fallback version of weekday.
+class weekday {
+ private:
+  unsigned char value;
+
+ public:
+  weekday() = default;
+  explicit constexpr weekday(unsigned wd) noexcept
+      : value(static_cast<unsigned char>(wd != 7 ? wd : 0)) {}
+  constexpr unsigned c_encoding() const noexcept { return value; }
+};
+
+class year_month_day {};
+#endif
+
+// A rudimentary weekday formatter.
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<weekday, Char> {
+ private:
+  bool localized = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (begin != end && *begin == 'L') {
+      ++begin;
+      localized = true;
+    }
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(weekday wd, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto time = std::tm();
+    time.tm_wday = static_cast<int>(wd.c_encoding());
+    detail::get_locale loc(localized, ctx.locale());
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), time);
+    w.on_abbr_weekday();
+    return w.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Rep, typename Period, typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, Char> {
+ private:
+  basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
+  int precision = -1;
+  using arg_ref_type = detail::arg_ref<Char>;
+  arg_ref_type width_ref;
+  arg_ref_type precision_ref;
+  bool localized = false;
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
+  using duration = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>;
+
+  struct spec_handler {
+    formatter& f;
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char>& context;
+    basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
+
+    template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(Id arg_id) {
+      context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+      return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
+    }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> arg_id) {
+      context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+      return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
+    }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(detail::auto_id) {
+      return arg_ref_type(context.next_arg_id());
+    }
+
+    void on_error(const char* msg) { FMT_THROW(format_error(msg)); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(basic_string_view<Char> fill) {
+      f.specs.fill = fill;
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) { f.specs.align = align; }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_width(int width) { f.specs.width = width; }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_precision(int _precision) {
+      f.precision = _precision;
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {}
+
+    template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
+      f.width_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
+      f.precision_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
+    }
+  };
+
+  using iterator = typename basic_format_parse_context<Char>::iterator;
+  struct parse_range {
+    iterator begin;
+    iterator end;
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR parse_range do_parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx) {
+    auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (begin == end || *begin == '}') return {begin, begin};
+    spec_handler handler{*this, ctx, format_str};
+    begin = detail::parse_align(begin, end, handler);
+    if (begin == end) return {begin, begin};
+    begin = detail::parse_width(begin, end, handler);
+    if (begin == end) return {begin, begin};
+    if (*begin == '.') {
+      if (std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)
+        begin = detail::parse_precision(begin, end, handler);
+      else
+        handler.on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
+    }
+    if (begin != end && *begin == 'L') {
+      ++begin;
+      localized = true;
+    }
+    end = detail::parse_chrono_format(begin, end,
+                                      detail::chrono_format_checker());
+    return {begin, end};
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto range = do_parse(ctx);
+    format_str = basic_string_view<Char>(
+        &*range.begin, detail::to_unsigned(range.end - range.begin));
+    return range.end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const duration& d, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto specs_copy = specs;
+    auto precision_copy = precision;
+    auto begin = format_str.begin(), end = format_str.end();
+    // As a possible future optimization, we could avoid extra copying if width
+    // is not specified.
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
+    auto out = std::back_inserter(buf);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_copy.width,
+                                                       width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(precision_copy,
+                                                           precision_ref, ctx);
+    if (begin == end || *begin == '}') {
+      out = detail::format_duration_value<Char>(out, d.count(), precision_copy);
+      detail::format_duration_unit<Char, Period>(out);
+    } else {
+      detail::chrono_formatter<FormatContext, decltype(out), Rep, Period> f(
+          ctx, out, d);
+      f.precision = precision_copy;
+      f.localized = localized;
+      detail::parse_chrono_format(begin, end, f);
+    }
+    return detail::write(
+        ctx.out(), basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs_copy);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Duration>
+struct formatter<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>,
+                 Char> : formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {
+    this->do_parse(default_specs,
+                   default_specs + sizeof(default_specs) / sizeof(Char));
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return this->do_parse(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), true);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> val,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<std::tm, Char>::format(localtime(val), ctx);
+  }
+
+  static constexpr const Char default_specs[] = {'%', 'F', ' ', '%', 'T'};
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Duration>
+constexpr const Char
+    formatter<std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock, Duration>,
+              Char>::default_specs[];
+
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+ private:
+  enum class spec {
+    unknown,
+    year_month_day,
+    hh_mm_ss,
+  };
+  spec spec_ = spec::unknown;
+  basic_string_view<Char> specs;
+
+ protected:
+  template <typename It>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(It begin, It end, bool with_default = false)
+      -> It {
+    if (begin != end && *begin == ':') ++begin;
+    end = detail::parse_chrono_format(begin, end, detail::tm_format_checker());
+    if (!with_default || end != begin)
+      specs = {begin, detail::to_unsigned(end - begin)};
+    // basic_string_view<>::compare isn't constexpr before C++17.
+    if (specs.size() == 2 && specs[0] == Char('%')) {
+      if (specs[1] == Char('F'))
+        spec_ = spec::year_month_day;
+      else if (specs[1] == Char('T'))
+        spec_ = spec::hh_mm_ss;
+    }
+    return end;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return this->do_parse(ctx.begin(), ctx.end());
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::tm& tm, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    const auto loc_ref = ctx.locale();
+    detail::get_locale loc(static_cast<bool>(loc_ref), loc_ref);
+    auto w = detail::tm_writer<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>(loc, ctx.out(), tm);
+    if (spec_ == spec::year_month_day)
+      w.on_iso_date();
+    else if (spec_ == spec::hh_mm_ss)
+      w.on_iso_time();
+    else
+      detail::parse_chrono_format(specs.begin(), specs.end(), w);
+    return w.out();
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_CHRONO_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/color.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/color.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6212d249e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/color.h
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - color support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2018 - present, Victor Zverovich and fmt contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_COLOR_H_
+#define FMT_COLOR_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+enum class color : uint32_t {
+  alice_blue = 0xF0F8FF,               // rgb(240,248,255)
+  antique_white = 0xFAEBD7,            // rgb(250,235,215)
+  aqua = 0x00FFFF,                     // rgb(0,255,255)
+  aquamarine = 0x7FFFD4,               // rgb(127,255,212)
+  azure = 0xF0FFFF,                    // rgb(240,255,255)
+  beige = 0xF5F5DC,                    // rgb(245,245,220)
+  bisque = 0xFFE4C4,                   // rgb(255,228,196)
+  black = 0x000000,                    // rgb(0,0,0)
+  blanched_almond = 0xFFEBCD,          // rgb(255,235,205)
+  blue = 0x0000FF,                     // rgb(0,0,255)
+  blue_violet = 0x8A2BE2,              // rgb(138,43,226)
+  brown = 0xA52A2A,                    // rgb(165,42,42)
+  burly_wood = 0xDEB887,               // rgb(222,184,135)
+  cadet_blue = 0x5F9EA0,               // rgb(95,158,160)
+  chartreuse = 0x7FFF00,               // rgb(127,255,0)
+  chocolate = 0xD2691E,                // rgb(210,105,30)
+  coral = 0xFF7F50,                    // rgb(255,127,80)
+  cornflower_blue = 0x6495ED,          // rgb(100,149,237)
+  cornsilk = 0xFFF8DC,                 // rgb(255,248,220)
+  crimson = 0xDC143C,                  // rgb(220,20,60)
+  cyan = 0x00FFFF,                     // rgb(0,255,255)
+  dark_blue = 0x00008B,                // rgb(0,0,139)
+  dark_cyan = 0x008B8B,                // rgb(0,139,139)
+  dark_golden_rod = 0xB8860B,          // rgb(184,134,11)
+  dark_gray = 0xA9A9A9,                // rgb(169,169,169)
+  dark_green = 0x006400,               // rgb(0,100,0)
+  dark_khaki = 0xBDB76B,               // rgb(189,183,107)
+  dark_magenta = 0x8B008B,             // rgb(139,0,139)
+  dark_olive_green = 0x556B2F,         // rgb(85,107,47)
+  dark_orange = 0xFF8C00,              // rgb(255,140,0)
+  dark_orchid = 0x9932CC,              // rgb(153,50,204)
+  dark_red = 0x8B0000,                 // rgb(139,0,0)
+  dark_salmon = 0xE9967A,              // rgb(233,150,122)
+  dark_sea_green = 0x8FBC8F,           // rgb(143,188,143)
+  dark_slate_blue = 0x483D8B,          // rgb(72,61,139)
+  dark_slate_gray = 0x2F4F4F,          // rgb(47,79,79)
+  dark_turquoise = 0x00CED1,           // rgb(0,206,209)
+  dark_violet = 0x9400D3,              // rgb(148,0,211)
+  deep_pink = 0xFF1493,                // rgb(255,20,147)
+  deep_sky_blue = 0x00BFFF,            // rgb(0,191,255)
+  dim_gray = 0x696969,                 // rgb(105,105,105)
+  dodger_blue = 0x1E90FF,              // rgb(30,144,255)
+  fire_brick = 0xB22222,               // rgb(178,34,34)
+  floral_white = 0xFFFAF0,             // rgb(255,250,240)
+  forest_green = 0x228B22,             // rgb(34,139,34)
+  fuchsia = 0xFF00FF,                  // rgb(255,0,255)
+  gainsboro = 0xDCDCDC,                // rgb(220,220,220)
+  ghost_white = 0xF8F8FF,              // rgb(248,248,255)
+  gold = 0xFFD700,                     // rgb(255,215,0)
+  golden_rod = 0xDAA520,               // rgb(218,165,32)
+  gray = 0x808080,                     // rgb(128,128,128)
+  green = 0x008000,                    // rgb(0,128,0)
+  green_yellow = 0xADFF2F,             // rgb(173,255,47)
+  honey_dew = 0xF0FFF0,                // rgb(240,255,240)
+  hot_pink = 0xFF69B4,                 // rgb(255,105,180)
+  indian_red = 0xCD5C5C,               // rgb(205,92,92)
+  indigo = 0x4B0082,                   // rgb(75,0,130)
+  ivory = 0xFFFFF0,                    // rgb(255,255,240)
+  khaki = 0xF0E68C,                    // rgb(240,230,140)
+  lavender = 0xE6E6FA,                 // rgb(230,230,250)
+  lavender_blush = 0xFFF0F5,           // rgb(255,240,245)
+  lawn_green = 0x7CFC00,               // rgb(124,252,0)
+  lemon_chiffon = 0xFFFACD,            // rgb(255,250,205)
+  light_blue = 0xADD8E6,               // rgb(173,216,230)
+  light_coral = 0xF08080,              // rgb(240,128,128)
+  light_cyan = 0xE0FFFF,               // rgb(224,255,255)
+  light_golden_rod_yellow = 0xFAFAD2,  // rgb(250,250,210)
+  light_gray = 0xD3D3D3,               // rgb(211,211,211)
+  light_green = 0x90EE90,              // rgb(144,238,144)
+  light_pink = 0xFFB6C1,               // rgb(255,182,193)
+  light_salmon = 0xFFA07A,             // rgb(255,160,122)
+  light_sea_green = 0x20B2AA,          // rgb(32,178,170)
+  light_sky_blue = 0x87CEFA,           // rgb(135,206,250)
+  light_slate_gray = 0x778899,         // rgb(119,136,153)
+  light_steel_blue = 0xB0C4DE,         // rgb(176,196,222)
+  light_yellow = 0xFFFFE0,             // rgb(255,255,224)
+  lime = 0x00FF00,                     // rgb(0,255,0)
+  lime_green = 0x32CD32,               // rgb(50,205,50)
+  linen = 0xFAF0E6,                    // rgb(250,240,230)
+  magenta = 0xFF00FF,                  // rgb(255,0,255)
+  maroon = 0x800000,                   // rgb(128,0,0)
+  medium_aquamarine = 0x66CDAA,        // rgb(102,205,170)
+  medium_blue = 0x0000CD,              // rgb(0,0,205)
+  medium_orchid = 0xBA55D3,            // rgb(186,85,211)
+  medium_purple = 0x9370DB,            // rgb(147,112,219)
+  medium_sea_green = 0x3CB371,         // rgb(60,179,113)
+  medium_slate_blue = 0x7B68EE,        // rgb(123,104,238)
+  medium_spring_green = 0x00FA9A,      // rgb(0,250,154)
+  medium_turquoise = 0x48D1CC,         // rgb(72,209,204)
+  medium_violet_red = 0xC71585,        // rgb(199,21,133)
+  midnight_blue = 0x191970,            // rgb(25,25,112)
+  mint_cream = 0xF5FFFA,               // rgb(245,255,250)
+  misty_rose = 0xFFE4E1,               // rgb(255,228,225)
+  moccasin = 0xFFE4B5,                 // rgb(255,228,181)
+  navajo_white = 0xFFDEAD,             // rgb(255,222,173)
+  navy = 0x000080,                     // rgb(0,0,128)
+  old_lace = 0xFDF5E6,                 // rgb(253,245,230)
+  olive = 0x808000,                    // rgb(128,128,0)
+  olive_drab = 0x6B8E23,               // rgb(107,142,35)
+  orange = 0xFFA500,                   // rgb(255,165,0)
+  orange_red = 0xFF4500,               // rgb(255,69,0)
+  orchid = 0xDA70D6,                   // rgb(218,112,214)
+  pale_golden_rod = 0xEEE8AA,          // rgb(238,232,170)
+  pale_green = 0x98FB98,               // rgb(152,251,152)
+  pale_turquoise = 0xAFEEEE,           // rgb(175,238,238)
+  pale_violet_red = 0xDB7093,          // rgb(219,112,147)
+  papaya_whip = 0xFFEFD5,              // rgb(255,239,213)
+  peach_puff = 0xFFDAB9,               // rgb(255,218,185)
+  peru = 0xCD853F,                     // rgb(205,133,63)
+  pink = 0xFFC0CB,                     // rgb(255,192,203)
+  plum = 0xDDA0DD,                     // rgb(221,160,221)
+  powder_blue = 0xB0E0E6,              // rgb(176,224,230)
+  purple = 0x800080,                   // rgb(128,0,128)
+  rebecca_purple = 0x663399,           // rgb(102,51,153)
+  red = 0xFF0000,                      // rgb(255,0,0)
+  rosy_brown = 0xBC8F8F,               // rgb(188,143,143)
+  royal_blue = 0x4169E1,               // rgb(65,105,225)
+  saddle_brown = 0x8B4513,             // rgb(139,69,19)
+  salmon = 0xFA8072,                   // rgb(250,128,114)
+  sandy_brown = 0xF4A460,              // rgb(244,164,96)
+  sea_green = 0x2E8B57,                // rgb(46,139,87)
+  sea_shell = 0xFFF5EE,                // rgb(255,245,238)
+  sienna = 0xA0522D,                   // rgb(160,82,45)
+  silver = 0xC0C0C0,                   // rgb(192,192,192)
+  sky_blue = 0x87CEEB,                 // rgb(135,206,235)
+  slate_blue = 0x6A5ACD,               // rgb(106,90,205)
+  slate_gray = 0x708090,               // rgb(112,128,144)
+  snow = 0xFFFAFA,                     // rgb(255,250,250)
+  spring_green = 0x00FF7F,             // rgb(0,255,127)
+  steel_blue = 0x4682B4,               // rgb(70,130,180)
+  tan = 0xD2B48C,                      // rgb(210,180,140)
+  teal = 0x008080,                     // rgb(0,128,128)
+  thistle = 0xD8BFD8,                  // rgb(216,191,216)
+  tomato = 0xFF6347,                   // rgb(255,99,71)
+  turquoise = 0x40E0D0,                // rgb(64,224,208)
+  violet = 0xEE82EE,                   // rgb(238,130,238)
+  wheat = 0xF5DEB3,                    // rgb(245,222,179)
+  white = 0xFFFFFF,                    // rgb(255,255,255)
+  white_smoke = 0xF5F5F5,              // rgb(245,245,245)
+  yellow = 0xFFFF00,                   // rgb(255,255,0)
+  yellow_green = 0x9ACD32              // rgb(154,205,50)
+};                                     // enum class color
+
+enum class terminal_color : uint8_t {
+  black = 30,
+  red,
+  green,
+  yellow,
+  blue,
+  magenta,
+  cyan,
+  white,
+  bright_black = 90,
+  bright_red,
+  bright_green,
+  bright_yellow,
+  bright_blue,
+  bright_magenta,
+  bright_cyan,
+  bright_white
+};
+
+enum class emphasis : uint8_t {
+  bold = 1,
+  faint = 1 << 1,
+  italic = 1 << 2,
+  underline = 1 << 3,
+  blink = 1 << 4,
+  reverse = 1 << 5,
+  conceal = 1 << 6,
+  strikethrough = 1 << 7,
+};
+
+// rgb is a struct for red, green and blue colors.
+// Using the name "rgb" makes some editors show the color in a tooltip.
+struct rgb {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_) : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint32_t hex)
+      : r((hex >> 16) & 0xFF), g((hex >> 8) & 0xFF), b(hex & 0xFF) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(color hex)
+      : r((uint32_t(hex) >> 16) & 0xFF),
+        g((uint32_t(hex) >> 8) & 0xFF),
+        b(uint32_t(hex) & 0xFF) {}
+  uint8_t r;
+  uint8_t g;
+  uint8_t b;
+};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// color is a struct of either a rgb color or a terminal color.
+struct color_type {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type() noexcept : is_rgb(), value{} {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(color rgb_color) noexcept : is_rgb(true), value{} {
+    value.rgb_color = static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(rgb rgb_color) noexcept : is_rgb(true), value{} {
+    value.rgb_color = (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.r) << 16) |
+                      (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.g) << 8) | rgb_color.b;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(terminal_color term_color) noexcept
+      : is_rgb(), value{} {
+    value.term_color = static_cast<uint8_t>(term_color);
+  }
+  bool is_rgb;
+  union color_union {
+    uint8_t term_color;
+    uint32_t rgb_color;
+  } value;
+};
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+/** A text style consisting of foreground and background colors and emphasis. */
+class text_style {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(emphasis em = emphasis()) noexcept
+      : set_foreground_color(), set_background_color(), ems(em) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& operator|=(const text_style& rhs) {
+    if (!set_foreground_color) {
+      set_foreground_color = rhs.set_foreground_color;
+      foreground_color = rhs.foreground_color;
+    } else if (rhs.set_foreground_color) {
+      if (!foreground_color.is_rgb || !rhs.foreground_color.is_rgb)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
+      foreground_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.foreground_color.value.rgb_color;
+    }
+
+    if (!set_background_color) {
+      set_background_color = rhs.set_background_color;
+      background_color = rhs.background_color;
+    } else if (rhs.set_background_color) {
+      if (!background_color.is_rgb || !rhs.background_color.is_rgb)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
+      background_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.background_color.value.rgb_color;
+    }
+
+    ems = static_cast<emphasis>(static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) |
+                                static_cast<uint8_t>(rhs.ems));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style operator|(text_style lhs,
+                                            const text_style& rhs) {
+    return lhs |= rhs;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_foreground() const noexcept {
+    return set_foreground_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_background() const noexcept {
+    return set_background_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_emphasis() const noexcept {
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(ems) != 0;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR detail::color_type get_foreground() const noexcept {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_foreground(), "no foreground specified for this style");
+    return foreground_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR detail::color_type get_background() const noexcept {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_background(), "no background specified for this style");
+    return background_color;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR emphasis get_emphasis() const noexcept {
+    FMT_ASSERT(has_emphasis(), "no emphasis specified for this style");
+    return ems;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(bool is_foreground,
+                           detail::color_type text_color) noexcept
+      : set_foreground_color(), set_background_color(), ems() {
+    if (is_foreground) {
+      foreground_color = text_color;
+      set_foreground_color = true;
+    } else {
+      background_color = text_color;
+      set_background_color = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style fg(detail::color_type foreground) noexcept;
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style bg(detail::color_type background) noexcept;
+
+  detail::color_type foreground_color;
+  detail::color_type background_color;
+  bool set_foreground_color;
+  bool set_background_color;
+  emphasis ems;
+};
+
+/** Creates a text style from the foreground (text) color. */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style fg(detail::color_type foreground) noexcept {
+  return text_style(true, foreground);
+}
+
+/** Creates a text style from the background color. */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style bg(detail::color_type background) noexcept {
+  return text_style(false, background);
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline text_style operator|(emphasis lhs, emphasis rhs) noexcept {
+  return text_style(lhs) | rhs;
+}
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char> struct ansi_color_escape {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(detail::color_type text_color,
+                                  const char* esc) noexcept {
+    // If we have a terminal color, we need to output another escape code
+    // sequence.
+    if (!text_color.is_rgb) {
+      bool is_background = esc == string_view("\x1b[48;2;");
+      uint32_t value = text_color.value.term_color;
+      // Background ASCII codes are the same as the foreground ones but with
+      // 10 more.
+      if (is_background) value += 10u;
+
+      size_t index = 0;
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
+
+      if (value >= 100u) {
+        buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('1');
+        value %= 100u;
+      }
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value / 10u);
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + value % 10u);
+
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\0');
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
+      buffer[i] = static_cast<Char>(esc[i]);
+    }
+    rgb color(text_color.value.rgb_color);
+    to_esc(color.r, buffer + 7, ';');
+    to_esc(color.g, buffer + 11, ';');
+    to_esc(color.b, buffer + 15, 'm');
+    buffer[19] = static_cast<Char>(0);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(emphasis em) noexcept {
+    uint8_t em_codes[num_emphases] = {};
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::bold)) em_codes[0] = 1;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::faint)) em_codes[1] = 2;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::italic)) em_codes[2] = 3;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::underline)) em_codes[3] = 4;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::blink)) em_codes[4] = 5;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::reverse)) em_codes[5] = 7;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::conceal)) em_codes[6] = 8;
+    if (has_emphasis(em, emphasis::strikethrough)) em_codes[7] = 9;
+
+    size_t index = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_emphases; ++i) {
+      if (!em_codes[i]) continue;
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + em_codes[i]);
+      buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('m');
+    }
+    buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>(0);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator const Char*() const noexcept { return buffer; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* begin() const noexcept { return buffer; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS const Char* end() const noexcept {
+    return buffer + std::char_traits<Char>::length(buffer);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static constexpr size_t num_emphases = 8;
+  Char buffer[7u + 3u * num_emphases + 1u];
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void to_esc(uint8_t c, Char* out,
+                                   char delimiter) noexcept {
+    out[0] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 100);
+    out[1] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 10 % 10);
+    out[2] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c % 10);
+    out[3] = static_cast<Char>(delimiter);
+  }
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_emphasis(emphasis em, emphasis mask) noexcept {
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(em) & static_cast<uint8_t>(mask);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_foreground_color(
+    detail::color_type foreground) noexcept {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(foreground, "\x1b[38;2;");
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_background_color(
+    detail::color_type background) noexcept {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(background, "\x1b[48;2;");
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_emphasis(emphasis em) noexcept {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(em);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> inline void fputs(const Char* chars, FILE* stream) {
+  int result = std::fputs(chars, stream);
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
+}
+
+template <> inline void fputs<wchar_t>(const wchar_t* chars, FILE* stream) {
+  int result = std::fputws(chars, stream);
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
+}
+
+template <typename Char> inline void reset_color(FILE* stream) {
+  fputs("\x1b[0m", stream);
+}
+
+template <> inline void reset_color<wchar_t>(FILE* stream) {
+  fputs(L"\x1b[0m", stream);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> inline void reset_color(buffer<Char>& buffer) {
+  auto reset_color = string_view("\x1b[0m");
+  buffer.append(reset_color.begin(), reset_color.end());
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct styled_arg {
+  const T& value;
+  text_style style;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, const text_style& ts,
+                basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  bool has_style = false;
+  if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto emphasis = detail::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
+    buf.append(emphasis.begin(), emphasis.end());
+  }
+  if (ts.has_foreground()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto foreground = detail::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
+    buf.append(foreground.begin(), foreground.end());
+  }
+  if (ts.has_background()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    auto background = detail::make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
+    buf.append(background.begin(), background.end());
+  }
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args, {});
+  if (has_style) detail::reset_color<Char>(buf);
+}
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+void vprint(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format,
+            basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, detail::to_string_view(format), args);
+  if (detail::is_utf8()) {
+    detail::print(f, basic_string_view<Char>(buf.begin(), buf.size()));
+  } else {
+    buf.push_back(Char(0));
+    detail::fputs(buf.data(), f);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats a string and prints it to the specified file stream using ANSI
+  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+               "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+void print(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+           const Args&... args) {
+  vprint(f, ts, format_str,
+         fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<char_t<S>>>(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats a string and prints it to stdout using ANSI escape sequences to
+  specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+               "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+void print(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  return print(stdout, ts, format_str, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
+    const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, detail::to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  return fmt::to_string(buf);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string using ANSI
+  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+    std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                                      "The answer is {}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+                                      const Args&... args) {
+  return fmt::vformat(ts, detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                      fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  Formats a string with the given text_style and writes the output to ``out``.
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value)>
+OutputIt vformat_to(
+    OutputIt out, const text_style& ts, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, ts, format_str, args);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments with the given text_style, writes the result to the output
+  iterator ``out`` and returns the iterator past the end of the output range.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::vector<char> out;
+    fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out),
+                   fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red), "{}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char_t<S>>::value&&
+              detail::is_string<S>::value>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+                      Args&&... args) ->
+    typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
+  return vformat_to(out, ts, detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                    fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<char_t<S>>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<detail::styled_arg<T>, Char> : formatter<T, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const detail::styled_arg<T>& arg, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    const auto& ts = arg.style;
+    const auto& value = arg.value;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+
+    bool has_style = false;
+    if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto emphasis = detail::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
+      out = std::copy(emphasis.begin(), emphasis.end(), out);
+    }
+    if (ts.has_foreground()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto foreground =
+          detail::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
+      out = std::copy(foreground.begin(), foreground.end(), out);
+    }
+    if (ts.has_background()) {
+      has_style = true;
+      auto background =
+          detail::make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
+      out = std::copy(background.begin(), background.end(), out);
+    }
+    out = formatter<T, Char>::format(value, ctx);
+    if (has_style) {
+      auto reset_color = string_view("\x1b[0m");
+      out = std::copy(reset_color.begin(), reset_color.end(), out);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an argument that will be formatted using ANSI escape sequences,
+  to be used in a formatting function.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds",
+               fmt::styled(1.23, fmt::fg(fmt::color::green) |
+                                 fmt::bg(fmt::color::blue)));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto styled(const T& value, text_style ts)
+    -> detail::styled_arg<remove_cvref_t<T>> {
+  return detail::styled_arg<remove_cvref_t<T>>{value, ts};
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_COLOR_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c09dd6f2a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/compile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - experimental format string compilation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and fmt contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_COMPILE_H_
+#define FMT_COMPILE_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
+inline counting_iterator copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+                                  counting_iterator it) {
+  return it + (end - begin);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> class truncating_iterator_base {
+ protected:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  size_t limit_;
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+
+  truncating_iterator_base() : out_(), limit_(0) {}
+
+  truncating_iterator_base(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
+      : out_(out), limit_(limit) {}
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(truncating_iterator_base);
+
+  OutputIt base() const { return out_; }
+  size_t count() const { return count_; }
+};
+
+// An output iterator that truncates the output and counts the number of objects
+// written to it.
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          typename Enable = typename std::is_void<
+              typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type>::type>
+class truncating_iterator;
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::false_type>
+    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
+  mutable typename truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>::value_type blackhole_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = typename truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>::value_type;
+
+  truncating_iterator() = default;
+
+  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
+      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator++() {
+    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) ++this->out_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  truncating_iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  value_type& operator*() const {
+    return this->count_ < this->limit_ ? *this->out_ : blackhole_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::true_type>
+    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
+ public:
+  truncating_iterator() = default;
+
+  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, size_t limit)
+      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
+
+  template <typename T> truncating_iterator& operator=(T val) {
+    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) *this->out_++ = val;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  truncating_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
+  truncating_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+};
+
+// A compile-time string which is compiled into fast formatting code.
+class compiled_string {};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct is_compiled_string : std::is_base_of<compiled_string, S> {};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts a string literal *s* into a format string that will be parsed at
+  compile time and converted into efficient formatting code. Requires C++17
+  ``constexpr if`` compiler support.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // Converts 42 into std::string using the most efficient method and no
+    // runtime format string processing.
+    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_COMPILE("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+#  define FMT_COMPILE(s) \
+    FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::detail::compiled_string, explicit)
+#else
+#  define FMT_COMPILE(s) FMT_STRING(s)
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct udl_compiled_string : compiled_string {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  explicit constexpr operator basic_string_view<char_type>() const {
+    return {Str.data, N - 1};
+  }
+};
+#endif
+
+template <typename T, typename... Tail>
+const T& first(const T& value, const Tail&...) {
+  return value;
+}
+
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+template <typename... Args> struct type_list {};
+
+// Returns a reference to the argument at index N from [first, rest...].
+template <int N, typename T, typename... Args>
+constexpr const auto& get([[maybe_unused]] const T& first,
+                          [[maybe_unused]] const Args&... rest) {
+  static_assert(N < 1 + sizeof...(Args), "index is out of bounds");
+  if constexpr (N == 0)
+    return first;
+  else
+    return detail::get<N - 1>(rest...);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename... Args>
+constexpr int get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name,
+                                    type_list<Args...>) {
+  return get_arg_index_by_name<Args...>(name);
+}
+
+template <int N, typename> struct get_type_impl;
+
+template <int N, typename... Args> struct get_type_impl<N, type_list<Args...>> {
+  using type =
+      remove_cvref_t<decltype(detail::get<N>(std::declval<Args>()...))>;
+};
+
+template <int N, typename T>
+using get_type = typename get_type_impl<N, T>::type;
+
+template <typename T> struct is_compiled_format : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename Char> struct text {
+  basic_string_view<Char> data;
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&...) const {
+    return write<Char>(out, data);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<text<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr text<Char> make_text(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t pos,
+                               size_t size) {
+  return {{&s[pos], size}};
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct code_unit {
+  Char value;
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&...) const {
+    return write<Char>(out, value);
+  }
+};
+
+// This ensures that the argument type is convertible to `const T&`.
+template <typename T, int N, typename... Args>
+constexpr const T& get_arg_checked(const Args&... args) {
+  const auto& arg = detail::get<N>(args...);
+  if constexpr (detail::is_named_arg<remove_cvref_t<decltype(arg)>>()) {
+    return arg.value;
+  } else {
+    return arg;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<code_unit<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument N.
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N> struct field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    return write<Char>(out, get_arg_checked<T, N>(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N>
+struct is_compiled_format<field<Char, T, N>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument with name.
+template <typename Char> struct runtime_named_field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  basic_string_view<Char> name;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename T>
+  constexpr static bool try_format_argument(
+      OutputIt& out,
+      // [[maybe_unused]] due to unused-but-set-parameter warning in GCC 7,8,9
+      [[maybe_unused]] basic_string_view<Char> arg_name, const T& arg) {
+    if constexpr (is_named_arg<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::value) {
+      if (arg_name == arg.name) {
+        out = write<Char>(out, arg.value);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    bool found = (try_format_argument(out, name, args) || ...);
+    if (!found) {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("argument with specified name is not found"));
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_compiled_format<runtime_named_field<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A replacement field that refers to argument N and has format specifiers.
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N> struct spec_field {
+  using char_type = Char;
+  formatter<T, Char> fmt;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE OutputIt format(OutputIt out,
+                                       const Args&... args) const {
+    const auto& vargs =
+        fmt::make_format_args<basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>(args...);
+    basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char> ctx(out, vargs);
+    return fmt.format(get_arg_checked<T, N>(args...), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, int N>
+struct is_compiled_format<spec_field<Char, T, N>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename L, typename R> struct concat {
+  L lhs;
+  R rhs;
+  using char_type = typename L::char_type;
+
+  template <typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
+  constexpr OutputIt format(OutputIt out, const Args&... args) const {
+    out = lhs.format(out, args...);
+    return rhs.format(out, args...);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename L, typename R>
+struct is_compiled_format<concat<L, R>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename L, typename R>
+constexpr concat<L, R> make_concat(L lhs, R rhs) {
+  return {lhs, rhs};
+}
+
+struct unknown_format {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr size_t parse_text(basic_string_view<Char> str, size_t pos) {
+  for (size_t size = str.size(); pos != size; ++pos) {
+    if (str[pos] == '{' || str[pos] == '}') break;
+  }
+  return pos;
+}
+
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename S>
+constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str);
+
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename T, typename S>
+constexpr auto parse_tail(T head, S format_str) {
+  if constexpr (POS !=
+                basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str).size()) {
+    constexpr auto tail = compile_format_string<Args, POS, ID>(format_str);
+    if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(tail)>,
+                               unknown_format>())
+      return tail;
+    else
+      return make_concat(head, tail);
+  } else {
+    return head;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct parse_specs_result {
+  formatter<T, Char> fmt;
+  size_t end;
+  int next_arg_id;
+};
+
+constexpr int manual_indexing_id = -1;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+constexpr parse_specs_result<T, Char> parse_specs(basic_string_view<Char> str,
+                                                  size_t pos, int next_arg_id) {
+  str.remove_prefix(pos);
+  auto ctx = compile_parse_context<Char>(str, max_value<int>(), nullptr, {},
+                                         next_arg_id);
+  auto f = formatter<T, Char>();
+  auto end = f.parse(ctx);
+  return {f, pos + fmt::detail::to_unsigned(end - str.data()) + 1,
+          next_arg_id == 0 ? manual_indexing_id : ctx.next_arg_id()};
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct arg_id_handler {
+  arg_ref<Char> arg_id;
+
+  constexpr int operator()() {
+    FMT_ASSERT(false, "handler cannot be used with automatic indexing");
+    return 0;
+  }
+  constexpr int operator()(int id) {
+    arg_id = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  constexpr int operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    arg_id = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  constexpr void on_error(const char* message) {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error(message));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct parse_arg_id_result {
+  arg_ref<Char> arg_id;
+  const Char* arg_id_end;
+};
+
+template <int ID, typename Char>
+constexpr auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+  auto handler = arg_id_handler<Char>{arg_ref<Char>{}};
+  auto arg_id_end = parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
+  return parse_arg_id_result<Char>{handler.arg_id, arg_id_end};
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct field_type {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<T>;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct field_type<T, enable_if_t<detail::is_named_arg<T>::value>> {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(T::value)>;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Args, size_t END_POS, int ARG_INDEX, int NEXT_ID,
+          typename S>
+constexpr auto parse_replacement_field_then_tail(S format_str) {
+  using char_type = typename S::char_type;
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(format_str);
+  constexpr char_type c = END_POS != str.size() ? str[END_POS] : char_type();
+  if constexpr (c == '}') {
+    return parse_tail<Args, END_POS + 1, NEXT_ID>(
+        field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>(),
+        format_str);
+  } else if constexpr (c == ':') {
+    constexpr auto result = parse_specs<typename field_type<T>::type>(
+        str, END_POS + 1, NEXT_ID == manual_indexing_id ? 0 : NEXT_ID);
+    return parse_tail<Args, result.end, result.next_arg_id>(
+        spec_field<char_type, typename field_type<T>::type, ARG_INDEX>{
+            result.fmt},
+        format_str);
+  }
+}
+
+// Compiles a non-empty format string and returns the compiled representation
+// or unknown_format() on unrecognized input.
+template <typename Args, size_t POS, int ID, typename S>
+constexpr auto compile_format_string(S format_str) {
+  using char_type = typename S::char_type;
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<char_type>(format_str);
+  if constexpr (str[POS] == '{') {
+    if constexpr (POS + 1 == str.size())
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("unmatched '{' in format string"));
+    if constexpr (str[POS + 1] == '{') {
+      return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), format_str);
+    } else if constexpr (str[POS + 1] == '}' || str[POS + 1] == ':') {
+      static_assert(ID != manual_indexing_id,
+                    "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+      constexpr auto next_id =
+          ID != manual_indexing_id ? ID + 1 : manual_indexing_id;
+      return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<get_type<ID, Args>, Args,
+                                               POS + 1, ID, next_id>(
+          format_str);
+    } else {
+      constexpr auto arg_id_result =
+          parse_arg_id<ID>(str.data() + POS + 1, str.data() + str.size());
+      constexpr auto arg_id_end_pos = arg_id_result.arg_id_end - str.data();
+      constexpr char_type c =
+          arg_id_end_pos != str.size() ? str[arg_id_end_pos] : char_type();
+      static_assert(c == '}' || c == ':', "missing '}' in format string");
+      if constexpr (arg_id_result.arg_id.kind == arg_id_kind::index) {
+        static_assert(
+            ID == manual_indexing_id || ID == 0,
+            "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+        constexpr auto arg_index = arg_id_result.arg_id.val.index;
+        return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<get_type<arg_index, Args>,
+                                                 Args, arg_id_end_pos,
+                                                 arg_index, manual_indexing_id>(
+            format_str);
+      } else if constexpr (arg_id_result.arg_id.kind == arg_id_kind::name) {
+        constexpr auto arg_index =
+            get_arg_index_by_name(arg_id_result.arg_id.val.name, Args{});
+        if constexpr (arg_index != invalid_arg_index) {
+          constexpr auto next_id =
+              ID != manual_indexing_id ? ID + 1 : manual_indexing_id;
+          return parse_replacement_field_then_tail<
+              decltype(get_type<arg_index, Args>::value), Args, arg_id_end_pos,
+              arg_index, next_id>(format_str);
+        } else {
+          if constexpr (c == '}') {
+            return parse_tail<Args, arg_id_end_pos + 1, ID>(
+                runtime_named_field<char_type>{arg_id_result.arg_id.val.name},
+                format_str);
+          } else if constexpr (c == ':') {
+            return unknown_format();  // no type info for specs parsing
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else if constexpr (str[POS] == '}') {
+    if constexpr (POS + 1 == str.size())
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("unmatched '}' in format string"));
+    return parse_tail<Args, POS + 2, ID>(make_text(str, POS, 1), format_str);
+  } else {
+    constexpr auto end = parse_text(str, POS + 1);
+    if constexpr (end - POS > 1) {
+      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(make_text(str, POS, end - POS),
+                                       format_str);
+    } else {
+      return parse_tail<Args, end, ID>(code_unit<char_type>{str[POS]},
+                                       format_str);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr auto compile(S format_str) {
+  constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str);
+  if constexpr (str.size() == 0) {
+    return detail::make_text(str, 0, 0);
+  } else {
+    constexpr auto result =
+        detail::compile_format_string<detail::type_list<Args...>, 0, 0>(
+            format_str);
+    return result;
+  }
+}
+#endif  // defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr) && defined(__cpp_return_type_deduction)
+
+template <typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = typename CompiledFormat::char_type,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_format<CompiledFormat>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<Char> format(const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                          const Args&... args) {
+  auto s = std::basic_string<Char>();
+  cf.format(std::back_inserter(s), args...);
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_format<CompiledFormat>::value)>
+constexpr FMT_INLINE OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                        const Args&... args) {
+  return cf.format(out, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<typename S::char_type> format(const S&,
+                                                           Args&&... args) {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<typename S::char_type, char>::value) {
+    constexpr auto str = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(S());
+    if constexpr (str.size() == 2 && str[0] == '{' && str[1] == '}') {
+      const auto& first = detail::first(args...);
+      if constexpr (detail::is_named_arg<
+                        remove_cvref_t<decltype(first)>>::value) {
+        return fmt::to_string(first.value);
+      } else {
+        return fmt::to_string(first);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<Args...>(S());
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(compiled)>,
+                             detail::unknown_format>()) {
+    return fmt::format(
+        static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
+        std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  } else {
+    return fmt::format(compiled, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const S&, Args&&... args) {
+  constexpr auto compiled = detail::compile<Args...>(S());
+  if constexpr (std::is_same<remove_cvref_t<decltype(compiled)>,
+                             detail::unknown_format>()) {
+    return fmt::format_to(
+        out, static_cast<basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>>(S()),
+        std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  } else {
+    return fmt::format_to(out, compiled, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+format_to_n_result<OutputIt> format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n,
+                                         const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  auto it = fmt::format_to(detail::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>(out, n),
+                           format_str, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  return {it.base(), it.count()};
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+size_t formatted_size(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  return fmt::format_to(detail::counting_iterator(), format_str, args...)
+      .count();
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+void print(std::FILE* f, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(buffer), format_str, args...);
+  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_compiled_string<S>::value)>
+void print(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  print(stdout, format_str, args...);
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+inline namespace literals {
+template <detail_exported::fixed_string Str> constexpr auto operator""_cf() {
+  using char_t = remove_cvref_t<decltype(Str.data[0])>;
+  return detail::udl_compiled_string<char_t, sizeof(Str.data) / sizeof(char_t),
+                                     Str>();
+}
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_COMPILE_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/core.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/core.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e7843b85f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/core.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3280 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - the core API for char/UTF-8
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_CORE_H_
+#define FMT_CORE_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>  // std::byte
+#include <cstdio>   // std::FILE
+#include <cstring>  // std::strlen
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+// The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
+#define FMT_VERSION 90000
+
+#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && \
+    !defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_GCC_PRAGMA
+// Workaround _Pragma bug https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59884.
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 504
+#    define FMT_GCC_PRAGMA(arg) _Pragma(arg)
+#  else
+#    define FMT_GCC_PRAGMA(arg)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __ICL
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
+#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
+#else
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_MSC_VERSION _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...) __pragma(warning(__VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#  define FMT_MSC_VERSION 0
+#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSVC_LANG
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS _MSVC_LANG
+#else
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS __cplusplus
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if (defined(__has_include) || FMT_ICC_VERSION >= 1600 || \
+     FMT_MSC_VERSION > 1900) &&                           \
+    !defined(__INTELLISENSE__)
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+// Check if relaxed C++14 constexpr is supported.
+// GCC doesn't allow throw in constexpr until version 6 (bug 67371).
+#ifndef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1912 || \
+       (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L)) &&             \
+      !FMT_ICC_VERSION && !defined(__NVCC__)
+#    define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+
+#if ((FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L) &&                            \
+     (!defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) || _GLIBCXX_RELEASE > 9)) || \
+    (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201709L && FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1002)
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20 constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20
+#endif
+
+// Check if constexpr std::char_traits<>::{compare,length} are supported.
+#if defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) && \
+      _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 7  // GCC 7+ libstdc++ has _GLIBCXX_RELEASE.
+#    define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#  endif
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && \
+    _LIBCPP_VERSION >= 4000
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#elif FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1914 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+#endif
+
+// Check if exceptions are disabled.
+#ifndef FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) || \
+      (FMT_MSC_VERSION && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS)
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#  else
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 1
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_DEPRECATED
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900
+#    define FMT_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
+#  else
+#    if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__LCC__)) || defined(__clang__)
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
+#    elif FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __declspec(deprecated)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED /* deprecated */
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// [[noreturn]] is disabled on MSVC and NVCC because of bogus unreachable code
+// warnings.
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) && !FMT_MSC_VERSION && \
+    !defined(__NVCC__)
+#  define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_NORETURN
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
+#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 700 && \
+    (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= 520)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_NODISCARD
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
+#    define FMT_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
+#  else
+#    define FMT_NODISCARD
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT
+#  define FMT_USE_FLOAT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_USE_DOUBLE
+#  define FMT_USE_DOUBLE 1
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE
+#  define FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_INLINE
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#    define FMT_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#  else
+#    define FMT_INLINE inline
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(It) \
+    using _Unchecked_type = It  // Mark iterator as checked.
+#else
+#  define FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(It) using unchecked_type = It
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE \
+    namespace fmt {           \
+    inline namespace v9 {
+#  define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
+    }                       \
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+#  define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE namespace detail {
+#  define FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE }
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && defined(_WIN32)
+#  define FMT_CLASS_API FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 4275)
+#  ifdef FMT_EXPORT
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#  elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#  endif
+#else
+#  define FMT_CLASS_API
+#  if defined(FMT_EXPORT) || defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#    if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+#      define FMT_API __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_API
+#  define FMT_API
+#endif
+
+// libc++ supports string_view in pre-c++17.
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) && \
+    (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))
+#  include <string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW
+#elif FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("experimental/string_view") && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L
+#  include <experimental/string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_UNICODE
+#  define FMT_UNICODE !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_CONSTEVAL
+#  if ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1000 || FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1101) &&         \
+       FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L && !defined(__apple_build_version__)) || \
+      (defined(__cpp_consteval) &&                                       \
+       (!FMT_MSC_VERSION || _MSC_FULL_VER >= 193030704))
+// consteval is broken in MSVC before VS2022 and Apple clang 13.
+#    define FMT_CONSTEVAL consteval
+#    define FMT_HAS_CONSTEVAL
+#  else
+#    define FMT_CONSTEVAL
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+#  if defined(__cpp_nontype_template_args) &&                  \
+      ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 903 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201709L) || \
+       __cpp_nontype_template_args >= 201911L)
+#    define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Enable minimal optimizations for more compact code in debug mode.
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC push_options")
+#if !defined(__OPTIMIZE__) && !defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC optimize(\"Og\")")
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+// Implementations of enable_if_t and other metafunctions for older systems.
+template <bool B, typename T = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+template <bool B, typename T, typename F>
+using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
+template <bool B> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_const_t = typename std::remove_const<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_cvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<remove_reference_t<T>>::type;
+template <typename T> struct type_identity { using type = T; };
+template <typename T> using type_identity_t = typename type_identity<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using underlying_t = typename std::underlying_type<T>::type;
+
+template <typename...> struct disjunction : std::false_type {};
+template <typename P> struct disjunction<P> : P {};
+template <typename P1, typename... Pn>
+struct disjunction<P1, Pn...>
+    : conditional_t<bool(P1::value), P1, disjunction<Pn...>> {};
+
+template <typename...> struct conjunction : std::true_type {};
+template <typename P> struct conjunction<P> : P {};
+template <typename P1, typename... Pn>
+struct conjunction<P1, Pn...>
+    : conditional_t<bool(P1::value), conjunction<Pn...>, P1> {};
+
+struct monostate {
+  constexpr monostate() {}
+};
+
+// An enable_if helper to be used in template parameters which results in much
+// shorter symbols: https://godbolt.org/z/sWw4vP. Extra parentheses are needed
+// to workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (see #1140 and #1186).
+#ifdef FMT_DOC
+#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...)
+#else
+#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...) enable_if_t<(__VA_ARGS__), int> = 0
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// Suppresses "unused variable" warnings with the method described in
+// https://herbsutter.com/2009/10/18/mailbag-shutting-up-compiler-warnings/.
+// (void)var does not work on many Intel compilers.
+template <typename... T> FMT_CONSTEXPR void ignore_unused(const T&...) {}
+
+constexpr FMT_INLINE auto is_constant_evaluated(
+    bool default_value = false) noexcept -> bool {
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated
+  ignore_unused(default_value);
+  return std::is_constant_evaluated();
+#else
+  return default_value;
+#endif
+}
+
+// Suppresses "conditional expression is constant" warnings.
+template <typename T> constexpr FMT_INLINE auto const_check(T value) -> T {
+  return value;
+}
+
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
+                                      const char* message);
+
+#ifndef FMT_ASSERT
+#  ifdef NDEBUG
+// FMT_ASSERT is not empty to avoid -Wempty-body.
+#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) \
+      ::fmt::detail::ignore_unused((condition), (message))
+#  else
+#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message)                                    \
+      ((condition) /* void() fails with -Winvalid-constexpr on clang 4.0.1 */ \
+           ? (void)0                                                          \
+           : ::fmt::detail::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (message)))
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char> using std_string_view = std::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#elif defined(FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char>
+using std_string_view = std::experimental::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#else
+template <typename T> struct std_string_view {};
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_USE_INT128
+// Do nothing.
+#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && !defined(__NVCC__) && \
+    !(FMT_CLANG_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION)
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 1
+using int128_opt = __int128_t;  // An optional native 128-bit integer.
+using uint128_opt = __uint128_t;
+template <typename T> inline auto convert_for_visit(T value) -> T {
+  return value;
+}
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 0
+#endif
+#if !FMT_USE_INT128
+enum class int128_opt {};
+enum class uint128_opt {};
+// Reduce template instantiations.
+template <typename T> auto convert_for_visit(T) -> monostate { return {}; }
+#endif
+
+// Casts a nonnegative integer to unsigned.
+template <typename Int>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto to_unsigned(Int value) ->
+    typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type {
+  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "negative value");
+  return static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type>(value);
+}
+
+FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 4566) constexpr unsigned char micro[] = "\u00B5";
+
+constexpr auto is_utf8() -> bool {
+  // Avoid buggy sign extensions in MSVC's constant evaluation mode (#2297).
+  using uchar = unsigned char;
+  return FMT_UNICODE || (sizeof(micro) == 3 && uchar(micro[0]) == 0xC2 &&
+                         uchar(micro[1]) == 0xB5);
+}
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+/**
+  An implementation of ``std::basic_string_view`` for pre-C++17. It provides a
+  subset of the API. ``fmt::basic_string_view`` is used for format strings even
+  if ``std::string_view`` is available to prevent issues when a library is
+  compiled with a different ``-std`` option than the client code (which is not
+  recommended).
+ */
+template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
+ private:
+  const Char* data_;
+  size_t size_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
+
+  constexpr basic_string_view() noexcept : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
+
+  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size. */
+  constexpr basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) noexcept
+      : data_(s), size_(count) {}
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a string reference object from a C string computing
+    the size with ``std::char_traits<Char>::length``.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+  FMT_INLINE
+  basic_string_view(const Char* s)
+      : data_(s),
+        size_(detail::const_check(std::is_same<Char, char>::value &&
+                                  !detail::is_constant_evaluated(true))
+                  ? std::strlen(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s))
+                  : std::char_traits<Char>::length(s)) {}
+
+  /** Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string`` object. */
+  template <typename Traits, typename Alloc>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(
+      const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s) noexcept
+      : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<
+                                      S, detail::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(S s) noexcept
+      : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the string data. */
+  constexpr auto data() const noexcept -> const Char* { return data_; }
+
+  /** Returns the string size. */
+  constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return size_; }
+
+  constexpr auto begin() const noexcept -> iterator { return data_; }
+  constexpr auto end() const noexcept -> iterator { return data_ + size_; }
+
+  constexpr auto operator[](size_t pos) const noexcept -> const Char& {
+    return data_[pos];
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void remove_prefix(size_t n) noexcept {
+    data_ += n;
+    size_ -= n;
+  }
+
+  // Lexicographically compare this string reference to other.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto compare(basic_string_view other) const -> int {
+    size_t str_size = size_ < other.size_ ? size_ : other.size_;
+    int result = std::char_traits<Char>::compare(data_, other.data_, str_size);
+    if (result == 0)
+      result = size_ == other.size_ ? 0 : (size_ < other.size_ ? -1 : 1);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS friend auto operator==(basic_string_view lhs,
+                                                   basic_string_view rhs)
+      -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator!=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) != 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator<(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator<=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator>(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) > 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator>=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0;
+  }
+};
+
+using string_view = basic_string_view<char>;
+
+/** Specifies if ``T`` is a character type. Can be specialized by users. */
+template <typename T> struct is_char : std::false_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char> : std::true_type {};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// A base class for compile-time strings.
+struct compile_string {};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct is_compile_string : std::is_base_of<compile_string, S> {};
+
+// Returns a string view of `s`.
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<Char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto to_string_view(const Char* s) -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Alloc>
+inline auto to_string_view(const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_empty<std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+inline auto to_string_view(std_string_view<Char> s) -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(const S& s)
+    -> basic_string_view<typename S::char_type> {
+  return basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(s);
+}
+void to_string_view(...);
+
+// Specifies whether S is a string type convertible to fmt::basic_string_view.
+// It should be a constexpr function but MSVC 2017 fails to compile it in
+// enable_if and MSVC 2015 fails to compile it as an alias template.
+// ADL invocation of to_string_view is DEPRECATED!
+template <typename S>
+struct is_string : std::is_class<decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()))> {
+};
+
+template <typename S, typename = void> struct char_t_impl {};
+template <typename S> struct char_t_impl<S, enable_if_t<is_string<S>::value>> {
+  using result = decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()));
+  using type = typename result::value_type;
+};
+
+enum class type {
+  none_type,
+  // Integer types should go first,
+  int_type,
+  uint_type,
+  long_long_type,
+  ulong_long_type,
+  int128_type,
+  uint128_type,
+  bool_type,
+  char_type,
+  last_integer_type = char_type,
+  // followed by floating-point types.
+  float_type,
+  double_type,
+  long_double_type,
+  last_numeric_type = long_double_type,
+  cstring_type,
+  string_type,
+  pointer_type,
+  custom_type
+};
+
+// Maps core type T to the corresponding type enum constant.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct type_constant : std::integral_constant<type, type::custom_type> {};
+
+#define FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Type, constant) \
+  template <typename Char>                \
+  struct type_constant<Type, Char>        \
+      : std::integral_constant<type, type::constant> {}
+
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int, int_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned, uint_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long long, long_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned long long, ulong_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int128_opt, int128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(uint128_opt, uint128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(bool, bool_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Char, char_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(float, float_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(double, double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long double, long_double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const Char*, cstring_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(basic_string_view<Char>, string_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const void*, pointer_type);
+
+constexpr bool is_integral_type(type t) {
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_integer_type;
+}
+
+constexpr bool is_arithmetic_type(type t) {
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_numeric_type;
+}
+
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void throw_format_error(const char* message);
+
+struct error_handler {
+  constexpr error_handler() = default;
+  constexpr error_handler(const error_handler&) = default;
+
+  // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_error(const char* message) {
+    throw_format_error(message);
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+/** String's character type. */
+template <typename S> using char_t = typename detail::char_t_impl<S>::type;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Parsing context consisting of a format string range being parsed and an
+  argument counter for automatic indexing.
+  You can use the ``format_parse_context`` type alias for ``char`` instead.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = detail::error_handler>
+class basic_format_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
+  int next_arg_id_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void do_check_arg_id(int id);
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = typename basic_string_view<Char>::iterator;
+
+  explicit constexpr basic_format_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh = {},
+      int next_arg_id = 0)
+      : ErrorHandler(eh), format_str_(format_str), next_arg_id_(next_arg_id) {}
+
+  /**
+    Returns an iterator to the beginning of the format string range being
+    parsed.
+   */
+  constexpr auto begin() const noexcept -> iterator {
+    return format_str_.begin();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns an iterator past the end of the format string range being parsed.
+   */
+  constexpr auto end() const noexcept -> iterator { return format_str_.end(); }
+
+  /** Advances the begin iterator to ``it``. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    format_str_.remove_prefix(detail::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Reports an error if using the manual argument indexing; otherwise returns
+    the next argument index and switches to the automatic indexing.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
+    if (next_arg_id_ < 0) {
+      on_error("cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    int id = next_arg_id_++;
+    do_check_arg_id(id);
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Reports an error if using the automatic argument indexing; otherwise
+    switches to the manual indexing.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
+    if (next_arg_id_ > 0) {
+      on_error("cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+      return;
+    }
+    next_arg_id_ = -1;
+    do_check_arg_id(id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto error_handler() const -> ErrorHandler { return *this; }
+};
+
+using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+// A parse context with extra data used only in compile-time checks.
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = detail::error_handler>
+class compile_parse_context
+    : public basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler> {
+ private:
+  int num_args_;
+  const type* types_;
+  using base = basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR compile_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, int num_args, const type* types,
+      ErrorHandler eh = {}, int next_arg_id = 0)
+      : base(format_str, eh, next_arg_id), num_args_(num_args), types_(types) {}
+
+  constexpr int num_args() const { return num_args_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
+    int id = base::next_arg_id();
+    if (id >= num_args_) this->on_error("argument not found");
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
+    base::check_arg_id(id);
+    if (id >= num_args_) this->on_error("argument not found");
+  }
+  using base::check_arg_id;
+};
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void
+basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>::do_check_arg_id(int id) {
+  // Argument id is only checked at compile-time during parsing because
+  // formatting has its own validation.
+  if (detail::is_constant_evaluated() && FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1200) {
+    using context = detail::compile_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
+    if (id >= static_cast<context*>(this)->num_args())
+      on_error("argument not found");
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg;
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args;
+template <typename Context> class dynamic_format_arg_store;
+
+// A formatter for objects of type T.
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct formatter {
+  // A deleted default constructor indicates a disabled formatter.
+  formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+// Specifies if T has an enabled formatter specialization. A type can be
+// formattable even if it doesn't have a formatter e.g. via a conversion.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using has_formatter =
+    std::is_constructible<typename Context::template formatter_type<T>>;
+
+// Checks whether T is a container with contiguous storage.
+template <typename T> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+class appender;
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter_impl(T*)
+    -> decltype(typename Context::template formatter_type<T>().format(
+                    std::declval<const T&>(), std::declval<Context&>()),
+                true) {
+  return true;
+}
+template <typename Context>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter_impl(...) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter() -> bool {
+  return has_const_formatter_impl<Context>(static_cast<T*>(nullptr));
+}
+
+// Extracts a reference to the container from back_insert_iterator.
+template <typename Container>
+inline auto get_container(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it)
+    -> Container& {
+  using base = std::back_insert_iterator<Container>;
+  struct accessor : base {
+    accessor(base b) : base(b) {}
+    using base::container;
+  };
+  return *accessor(it).container;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  while (begin != end) *out++ = static_cast<Char>(*begin++);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename U,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              std::is_same<remove_const_t<T>, U>::value&& is_char<U>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy_str(T* begin, T* end, U* out) -> U* {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return copy_str<Char, T*, U*>(begin, end, out);
+  auto size = to_unsigned(end - begin);
+  memcpy(out, begin, size * sizeof(U));
+  return out + size;
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. It is an internal
+  class and shouldn't be used directly, only via `~fmt::basic_memory_buffer`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> class buffer {
+ private:
+  T* ptr_;
+  size_t size_;
+  size_t capacity_;
+
+ protected:
+  // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 26495)
+  buffer(size_t sz) noexcept : size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 buffer(T* p = nullptr, size_t sz = 0, size_t cap = 0) noexcept
+      : ptr_(p), size_(sz), capacity_(cap) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 ~buffer() = default;
+  buffer(buffer&&) = default;
+
+  /** Sets the buffer data and capacity. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set(T* buf_data, size_t buf_capacity) noexcept {
+    ptr_ = buf_data;
+    capacity_ = buf_capacity;
+  }
+
+  /** Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *capacity* elements. */
+  virtual FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t capacity) = 0;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  buffer(const buffer&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffer&) = delete;
+
+  auto begin() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_; }
+  auto end() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  auto begin() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_; }
+  auto end() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
+  constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
+  constexpr auto capacity() const noexcept -> size_t { return capacity_; }
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto data() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_; }
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto data() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_; }
+
+  /** Clears this buffer. */
+  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
+
+  // Tries resizing the buffer to contain *count* elements. If T is a POD type
+  // the new elements may not be initialized.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void try_resize(size_t count) {
+    try_reserve(count);
+    size_ = count <= capacity_ ? count : capacity_;
+  }
+
+  // Tries increasing the buffer capacity to *new_capacity*. It can increase the
+  // capacity by a smaller amount than requested but guarantees there is space
+  // for at least one additional element either by increasing the capacity or by
+  // flushing the buffer if it is full.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void try_reserve(size_t new_capacity) {
+    if (new_capacity > capacity_) grow(new_capacity);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void push_back(const T& value) {
+    try_reserve(size_ + 1);
+    ptr_[size_++] = value;
+  }
+
+  /** Appends data to the end of the buffer. */
+  template <typename U> void append(const U* begin, const U* end);
+
+  template <typename I> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](I index) -> T& {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+  template <typename I>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](I index) const -> const T& {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+};
+
+struct buffer_traits {
+  explicit buffer_traits(size_t) {}
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return 0; }
+  auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t { return size; }
+};
+
+class fixed_buffer_traits {
+ private:
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+  size_t limit_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit fixed_buffer_traits(size_t limit) : limit_(limit) {}
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return count_; }
+  auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t {
+    size_t n = limit_ > count_ ? limit_ - count_ : 0;
+    count_ += size;
+    return size < n ? size : n;
+  }
+};
+
+// A buffer that writes to an output iterator when flushed.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Traits = buffer_traits>
+class iterator_buffer final : public Traits, public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() == buffer_size) flush();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    auto size = this->size();
+    this->clear();
+    out_ = copy_str<T>(data_, data_ + this->limit(size), out_);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(OutputIt out, size_t n = buffer_size)
+      : Traits(n), buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(out) {}
+  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other)
+      : Traits(other), buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(other.out_) {}
+  ~iterator_buffer() { flush(); }
+
+  auto out() -> OutputIt {
+    flush();
+    return out_;
+  }
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return Traits::count() + this->size(); }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class iterator_buffer<T*, T, fixed_buffer_traits> final
+    : public fixed_buffer_traits,
+      public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  T* out_;
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() == this->capacity()) flush();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    size_t n = this->limit(this->size());
+    if (this->data() == out_) {
+      out_ += n;
+      this->set(data_, buffer_size);
+    }
+    this->clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t n = buffer_size)
+      : fixed_buffer_traits(n), buffer<T>(out, 0, n), out_(out) {}
+  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other)
+      : fixed_buffer_traits(other),
+        buffer<T>(std::move(other)),
+        out_(other.out_) {
+    if (this->data() != out_) {
+      this->set(data_, buffer_size);
+      this->clear();
+    }
+  }
+  ~iterator_buffer() { flush(); }
+
+  auto out() -> T* {
+    flush();
+    return out_;
+  }
+  auto count() const -> size_t {
+    return fixed_buffer_traits::count() + this->size();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> class iterator_buffer<T*, T> final : public buffer<T> {
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {}
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t = 0) : buffer<T>(out, 0, ~size_t()) {}
+
+  auto out() -> T* { return &*this->end(); }
+};
+
+// A buffer that writes to a container with the contiguous storage.
+template <typename Container>
+class iterator_buffer<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>,
+                      enable_if_t<is_contiguous<Container>::value,
+                                  typename Container::value_type>>
+    final : public buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
+ private:
+  Container& container_;
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t capacity) override {
+    container_.resize(capacity);
+    this->set(&container_[0], capacity);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(Container& c)
+      : buffer<typename Container::value_type>(c.size()), container_(c) {}
+  explicit iterator_buffer(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out, size_t = 0)
+      : iterator_buffer(get_container(out)) {}
+
+  auto out() -> std::back_insert_iterator<Container> {
+    return std::back_inserter(container_);
+  }
+};
+
+// A buffer that counts the number of code units written discarding the output.
+template <typename T = char> class counting_buffer final : public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() != buffer_size) return;
+    count_ += this->size();
+    this->clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  counting_buffer() : buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size) {}
+
+  auto count() -> size_t { return count_ + this->size(); }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+using buffer_appender = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, char>::value, appender,
+                                      std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<T>>>;
+
+// Maps an output iterator to a buffer.
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+auto get_buffer(OutputIt out) -> iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T> {
+  return iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T>(out);
+}
+
+template <typename Buffer>
+auto get_iterator(Buffer& buf) -> decltype(buf.out()) {
+  return buf.out();
+}
+template <typename T> auto get_iterator(buffer<T>& buf) -> buffer_appender<T> {
+  return buffer_appender<T>(buf);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct fallback_formatter {
+  fallback_formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+// Specifies if T has an enabled fallback_formatter specialization.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+using has_fallback_formatter =
+#ifdef FMT_DEPRECATED_OSTREAM
+    std::is_constructible<fallback_formatter<T, Char>>;
+#else
+    std::false_type;
+#endif
+
+struct view {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T> struct named_arg : view {
+  const Char* name;
+  const T& value;
+  named_arg(const Char* n, const T& v) : name(n), value(v) {}
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_info {
+  const Char* name;
+  int id;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
+struct arg_data {
+  // args_[0].named_args points to named_args_ to avoid bloating format_args.
+  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
+  T args_[1 + (NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : +1)];
+  named_arg_info<Char> named_args_[NUM_NAMED_ARGS];
+
+  template <typename... U>
+  arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{T(named_args_, NUM_NAMED_ARGS), init...} {}
+  arg_data(const arg_data& other) = delete;
+  auto args() const -> const T* { return args_ + 1; }
+  auto named_args() -> named_arg_info<Char>* { return named_args_; }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS>
+struct arg_data<T, Char, NUM_ARGS, 0> {
+  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
+  T args_[NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : +1];
+
+  template <typename... U>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{init...} {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto args() const -> const T* { return args_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto named_args() -> std::nullptr_t {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>*, int, int) {}
+
+template <typename T> struct is_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T> struct is_statically_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct is_named_arg<named_arg<Char, T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
+                     int named_arg_count, const T&, const Tail&... args) {
+  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
+                     int named_arg_count, const T& arg, const Tail&... args) {
+  named_args[named_arg_count++] = {arg.name, arg_count};
+  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void init_named_args(std::nullptr_t, int, int,
+                                              const Args&...) {}
+
+template <bool B = false> constexpr auto count() -> size_t { return B ? 1 : 0; }
+template <bool B1, bool B2, bool... Tail> constexpr auto count() -> size_t {
+  return (B1 ? 1 : 0) + count<B2, Tail...>();
+}
+
+template <typename... Args> constexpr auto count_named_args() -> size_t {
+  return count<is_named_arg<Args>::value...>();
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+constexpr auto count_statically_named_args() -> size_t {
+  return count<is_statically_named_arg<Args>::value...>();
+}
+
+struct unformattable {};
+struct unformattable_char : unformattable {};
+struct unformattable_const : unformattable {};
+struct unformattable_pointer : unformattable {};
+
+template <typename Char> struct string_value {
+  const Char* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_value {
+  const named_arg_info<Char>* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Context> struct custom_value {
+  using parse_context = typename Context::parse_context_type;
+  void* value;
+  void (*format)(void* arg, parse_context& parse_ctx, Context& ctx);
+};
+
+// A formatting argument value.
+template <typename Context> class value {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  union {
+    monostate no_value;
+    int int_value;
+    unsigned uint_value;
+    long long long_long_value;
+    unsigned long long ulong_long_value;
+    int128_opt int128_value;
+    uint128_opt uint128_value;
+    bool bool_value;
+    char_type char_value;
+    float float_value;
+    double double_value;
+    long double long_double_value;
+    const void* pointer;
+    string_value<char_type> string;
+    custom_value<Context> custom;
+    named_arg_value<char_type> named_args;
+  };
+
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value() : no_value() {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(int val) : int_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned val) : uint_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(long long val) : long_long_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned long long val) : ulong_long_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(int128_opt val) : int128_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(uint128_opt val) : uint128_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(float val) : float_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(double val) : double_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(long double val) : long_double_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(bool val) : bool_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(char_type val) : char_value(val) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(const char_type* val) {
+    string.data = val;
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) string.size = {};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
+    string.data = val.data();
+    string.size = val.size();
+  }
+  FMT_INLINE value(const void* val) : pointer(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(const named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : named_args{args, size} {}
+
+  template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(T& val) {
+    using value_type = remove_cvref_t<T>;
+    custom.value = const_cast<value_type*>(&val);
+    // Get the formatter type through the context to allow different contexts
+    // have different extension points, e.g. `formatter<T>` for `format` and
+    // `printf_formatter<T>` for `printf`.
+    custom.format = format_custom_arg<
+        value_type,
+        conditional_t<has_formatter<value_type, Context>::value,
+                      typename Context::template formatter_type<value_type>,
+                      fallback_formatter<value_type, char_type>>>;
+  }
+  value(unformattable);
+  value(unformattable_char);
+  value(unformattable_const);
+  value(unformattable_pointer);
+
+ private:
+  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
+  template <typename T, typename Formatter>
+  static void format_custom_arg(void* arg,
+                                typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                                Context& ctx) {
+    auto f = Formatter();
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
+    using qualified_type =
+        conditional_t<has_const_formatter<T, Context>(), const T, T>;
+    ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<qualified_type*>(arg), ctx));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg(T&& value) -> basic_format_arg<Context>;
+
+// To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is translated
+// either to int or to long long depending on its size.
+enum { long_short = sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) };
+using long_type = conditional_t<long_short, int, long long>;
+using ulong_type = conditional_t<long_short, unsigned, unsigned long long>;
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_byte
+inline auto format_as(std::byte b) -> unsigned char {
+  return static_cast<unsigned char>(b);
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename T> struct has_format_as {
+  template <typename U, typename V = decltype(format_as(U())),
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<U>::value&& std::is_integral<V>::value)>
+  static auto check(U*) -> std::true_type;
+  static auto check(...) -> std::false_type;
+
+  enum { value = decltype(check(static_cast<T*>(nullptr)))::value };
+};
+
+// Maps formatting arguments to core types.
+// arg_mapper reports errors by returning unformattable instead of using
+// static_assert because it's used in the is_formattable trait.
+template <typename Context> struct arg_mapper {
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(signed char val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned char val) -> unsigned {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(short val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned short val) -> unsigned {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(int val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned val) -> unsigned { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long val) -> long_type { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned long val) -> ulong_type {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long long val) -> long long { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned long long val)
+      -> unsigned long long {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(int128_opt val) -> int128_opt {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(uint128_opt val) -> uint128_opt {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(bool val) -> bool { return val; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, char>::value ||
+                                      std::is_same<T, char_type>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T val) -> char_type {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T, enable_if_t<(std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value ||
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+                                     std::is_same<T, char8_t>::value ||
+#endif
+                                     std::is_same<T, char16_t>::value ||
+                                     std::is_same<T, char32_t>::value) &&
+                                        !std::is_same<T, char_type>::value,
+                                    int> = 0>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T) -> unformattable_char {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(float val) -> float { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(double val) -> double { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long double val) -> long double {
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(char_type* val) -> const char_type* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const char_type* val) -> const char_type* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value && !std::is_pointer<T>::value &&
+                          std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> basic_string_view<char_type> {
+    return to_string_view(val);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value && !std::is_pointer<T>::value &&
+                          !std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T&) -> unformattable_char {
+    return {};
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_convertible<T, basic_string_view<char_type>>::value &&
+                !is_string<T>::value && !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
+                !has_fallback_formatter<T, char_type>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> basic_string_view<char_type> {
+    return basic_string_view<char_type>(val);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_convertible<T, std_string_view<char_type>>::value &&
+                !std::is_convertible<T, basic_string_view<char_type>>::value &&
+                !is_string<T>::value && !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
+                !has_fallback_formatter<T, char_type>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> basic_string_view<char_type> {
+    return std_string_view<char_type>(val);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(void* val) -> const void* { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const void* val) -> const void* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(std::nullptr_t val) -> const void* {
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  // We use SFINAE instead of a const T* parameter to avoid conflicting with
+  // the C array overload.
+  template <
+      typename T,
+      FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+          std::is_pointer<T>::value || std::is_member_pointer<T>::value ||
+          std::is_function<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type>::value ||
+          (std::is_convertible<const T&, const void*>::value &&
+           !std::is_convertible<const T&, const char_type*>::value &&
+           !has_formatter<T, Context>::value))>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto map(const T&) -> unformattable_pointer {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, std::size_t N,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T (&values)[N]) -> const T (&)[N] {
+    return values;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_enum<T>::value&& std::is_convertible<T, int>::value &&
+                !has_format_as<T>::value && !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
+                !has_fallback_formatter<T, char_type>::value)>
+  FMT_DEPRECATED FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> decltype(std::declval<arg_mapper>().map(
+          static_cast<underlying_t<T>>(val))) {
+    return map(static_cast<underlying_t<T>>(val));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_format_as<T>::value &&
+                                      !has_formatter<T, Context>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> decltype(std::declval<arg_mapper>().map(format_as(T()))) {
+    return map(format_as(val));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename U = remove_cvref_t<T>>
+  struct formattable
+      : bool_constant<has_const_formatter<U, Context>() ||
+                      !std::is_const<remove_reference_t<T>>::value ||
+                      has_fallback_formatter<U, char_type>::value> {};
+
+#if (FMT_MSC_VERSION != 0 && FMT_MSC_VERSION < 1910) || \
+    FMT_ICC_VERSION != 0 || defined(__NVCC__)
+  // Workaround a bug in MSVC and Intel (Issue 2746).
+  template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto do_map(T&& val) -> T& {
+    return val;
+  }
+#else
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(formattable<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto do_map(T&& val) -> T& {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!formattable<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto do_map(T&&) -> unformattable_const {
+    return {};
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <typename T, typename U = remove_cvref_t<T>,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_string<U>::value && !is_char<U>::value &&
+                          !std::is_array<U>::value &&
+                          !std::is_pointer<U>::value &&
+                          !has_format_as<U>::value &&
+                          (has_formatter<U, Context>::value ||
+                           has_fallback_formatter<U, char_type>::value))>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T&& val)
+      -> decltype(this->do_map(std::forward<T>(val))) {
+    return do_map(std::forward<T>(val));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& named_arg)
+      -> decltype(std::declval<arg_mapper>().map(named_arg.value)) {
+    return map(named_arg.value);
+  }
+
+  auto map(...) -> unformattable { return {}; }
+};
+
+// A type constant after applying arg_mapper<Context>.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using mapped_type_constant =
+    type_constant<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
+                  typename Context::char_type>;
+
+enum { packed_arg_bits = 4 };
+// Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
+enum { max_packed_args = 62 / packed_arg_bits };
+enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ULL << 63 };
+enum : unsigned long long { has_named_args_bit = 1ULL << 62 };
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// An output iterator that appends to a buffer.
+// It is used to reduce symbol sizes for the common case.
+class appender : public std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>> {
+  using base = std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>>;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  friend auto get_buffer(appender out) -> detail::buffer<char>& {
+    return detail::get_container(out);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  using std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>>::back_insert_iterator;
+  appender(base it) noexcept : base(it) {}
+  FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(appender);
+
+  auto operator++() noexcept -> appender& { return *this; }
+  auto operator++(int) noexcept -> appender { return *this; }
+};
+
+// A formatting argument. It is a trivially copyable/constructible type to
+// allow storage in basic_memory_buffer.
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
+ private:
+  detail::value<Context> value_;
+  detail::type type_;
+
+  template <typename ContextType, typename T>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto detail::make_arg(T&& value)
+      -> basic_format_arg<ContextType>;
+
+  template <typename Visitor, typename Ctx>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
+                                             const basic_format_arg<Ctx>& arg)
+      -> decltype(vis(0));
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+  friend class dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>;
+
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
+  friend struct detail::arg_data;
+
+  basic_format_arg(const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : value_(args, size) {}
+
+ public:
+  class handle {
+   public:
+    explicit handle(detail::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
+
+    void format(typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                Context& ctx) const {
+      custom_.format(custom_.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    detail::custom_value<Context> custom_;
+  };
+
+  constexpr basic_format_arg() : type_(detail::type::none_type) {}
+
+  constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
+    return type_ != detail::type::none_type;
+  }
+
+  auto type() const -> detail::type { return type_; }
+
+  auto is_integral() const -> bool { return detail::is_integral_type(type_); }
+  auto is_arithmetic() const -> bool {
+    return detail::is_arithmetic_type(type_);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
+  the argument type. For example, if the argument type is ``double`` then
+  ``vis(value)`` will be called with the value of type ``double``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto visit_format_arg(
+    Visitor&& vis, const basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+  switch (arg.type_) {
+  case detail::type::none_type:
+    break;
+  case detail::type::int_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.int_value);
+  case detail::type::uint_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.uint_value);
+  case detail::type::long_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_long_value);
+  case detail::type::ulong_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.ulong_long_value);
+  case detail::type::int128_type:
+    return vis(detail::convert_for_visit(arg.value_.int128_value));
+  case detail::type::uint128_type:
+    return vis(detail::convert_for_visit(arg.value_.uint128_value));
+  case detail::type::bool_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.bool_value);
+  case detail::type::char_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.char_value);
+  case detail::type::float_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.float_value);
+  case detail::type::double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.double_value);
+  case detail::type::long_double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_double_value);
+  case detail::type::cstring_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.string.data);
+  case detail::type::string_type:
+    using sv = basic_string_view<typename Context::char_type>;
+    return vis(sv(arg.value_.string.data, arg.value_.string.size));
+  case detail::type::pointer_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.pointer);
+  case detail::type::custom_type:
+    return vis(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle(arg.value_.custom));
+  }
+  return vis(monostate());
+}
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
+auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, appender out) -> appender {
+  get_container(out).append(begin, end);
+  return out;
+}
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 500
+// A workaround for gcc 4.8 to make void_t work in a SFINAE context.
+template <typename... Ts> struct void_t_impl { using type = void; };
+template <typename... Ts>
+using void_t = typename detail::void_t_impl<Ts...>::type;
+#else
+template <typename...> using void_t = void;
+#endif
+
+template <typename It, typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct is_output_iterator : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename It, typename T>
+struct is_output_iterator<
+    It, T,
+    void_t<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category,
+           decltype(*std::declval<It>() = std::declval<T>())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Container>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Container>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
+    : is_contiguous<Container> {};
+template <>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<appender> : std::true_type {};
+
+// A type-erased reference to an std::locale to avoid a heavy <locale> include.
+class locale_ref {
+ private:
+  const void* locale_;  // A type-erased pointer to std::locale.
+
+ public:
+  constexpr locale_ref() : locale_(nullptr) {}
+  template <typename Locale> explicit locale_ref(const Locale& loc);
+
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return locale_ != nullptr; }
+
+  template <typename Locale> auto get() const -> Locale;
+};
+
+template <typename> constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename Arg, typename... Args>
+constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(mapped_type_constant<Arg, Context>::value) |
+         (encode_types<Context, Args...>() << packed_arg_bits);
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto make_value(T&& val) -> value<Context> {
+  const auto& arg = arg_mapper<Context>().map(std::forward<T>(val));
+
+  constexpr bool formattable_char =
+      !std::is_same<decltype(arg), const unformattable_char&>::value;
+  static_assert(formattable_char, "Mixing character types is disallowed.");
+
+  constexpr bool formattable_const =
+      !std::is_same<decltype(arg), const unformattable_const&>::value;
+  static_assert(formattable_const, "Cannot format a const argument.");
+
+  // Formatting of arbitrary pointers is disallowed. If you want to output
+  // a pointer cast it to "void *" or "const void *". In particular, this
+  // forbids formatting of "[const] volatile char *" which is printed as bool
+  // by iostreams.
+  constexpr bool formattable_pointer =
+      !std::is_same<decltype(arg), const unformattable_pointer&>::value;
+  static_assert(formattable_pointer,
+                "Formatting of non-void pointers is disallowed.");
+
+  constexpr bool formattable =
+      !std::is_same<decltype(arg), const unformattable&>::value;
+  static_assert(
+      formattable,
+      "Cannot format an argument. To make type T formattable provide a "
+      "formatter<T> specialization: https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#udt");
+  return {arg};
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg(T&& value) -> basic_format_arg<Context> {
+  basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
+  arg.type_ = mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+  arg.value_ = make_value<Context>(value);
+  return arg;
+}
+
+// The type template parameter is there to avoid an ODR violation when using
+// a fallback formatter in one translation unit and an implicit conversion in
+// another (not recommended).
+template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, type, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(IS_PACKED)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto make_arg(T&& val) -> value<Context> {
+  return make_value<Context>(val);
+}
+
+template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, type, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!IS_PACKED)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto make_arg(T&& value) -> basic_format_arg<Context> {
+  return make_arg<Context>(value);
+}
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// Formatting context.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
+ public:
+  /** The character type for the output. */
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args_;
+  detail::locale_ref loc_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>;
+  using parse_context_type = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = formatter<T, char_type>;
+
+  basic_format_context(basic_format_context&&) = default;
+  basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  /**
+   Constructs a ``basic_format_context`` object. References to the arguments are
+   stored in the object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+   */
+  constexpr basic_format_context(
+      OutputIt out, basic_format_args<basic_format_context> ctx_args,
+      detail::locale_ref loc = detail::locale_ref())
+      : out_(out), args_(ctx_args), loc_(loc) {}
+
+  constexpr auto arg(int id) const -> format_arg { return args_.get(id); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name) -> format_arg {
+    return args_.get(name);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg_id(basic_string_view<char_type> name) -> int {
+    return args_.get_id(name);
+  }
+  auto args() const -> const basic_format_args<basic_format_context>& {
+    return args_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto error_handler() -> detail::error_handler { return {}; }
+  void on_error(const char* message) { error_handler().on_error(message); }
+
+  // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto out() -> iterator { return out_; }
+
+  // Advances the begin iterator to ``it``.
+  void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    if (!detail::is_back_insert_iterator<iterator>()) out_ = it;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto locale() -> detail::locale_ref { return loc_; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+using buffer_context =
+    basic_format_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>;
+using format_context = buffer_context<char>;
+
+// Workaround an alias issue: https://stackoverflow.com/q/62767544/471164.
+#define FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(Char) \
+  basic_format_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>
+
+template <typename T, typename Char = char>
+using is_formattable = bool_constant<
+    !std::is_base_of<detail::unformattable,
+                     decltype(detail::arg_mapper<buffer_context<Char>>().map(
+                         std::declval<T>()))>::value &&
+    !detail::has_fallback_formatter<T, Char>::value>;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  An array of references to arguments. It can be implicitly converted into
+  `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing into type-erased formatting functions
+  such as `~fmt::vformat`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context, typename... Args>
+class format_arg_store
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
+    : public basic_format_args<Context>
+#endif
+{
+ private:
+  static const size_t num_args = sizeof...(Args);
+  static const size_t num_named_args = detail::count_named_args<Args...>();
+  static const bool is_packed = num_args <= detail::max_packed_args;
+
+  using value_type = conditional_t<is_packed, detail::value<Context>,
+                                   basic_format_arg<Context>>;
+
+  detail::arg_data<value_type, typename Context::char_type, num_args,
+                   num_named_args>
+      data_;
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+  static constexpr unsigned long long desc =
+      (is_packed ? detail::encode_types<Context, Args...>()
+                 : detail::is_unpacked_bit | num_args) |
+      (num_named_args != 0
+           ? static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit)
+           : 0);
+
+ public:
+  template <typename... T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE format_arg_store(T&&... args)
+      :
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+        basic_format_args<Context>(*this),
+#endif
+        data_{detail::make_arg<
+            is_packed, Context,
+            detail::mapped_type_constant<remove_cvref_t<T>, Context>::value>(
+            std::forward<T>(args))...} {
+    detail::init_named_args(data_.named_args(), 0, 0, args...);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs a `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::format_args`. `Context`
+  can be omitted in which case it defaults to `~fmt::context`.
+  See `~fmt::arg` for lifetime considerations.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context = format_context, typename... Args>
+constexpr auto make_format_args(Args&&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<Context, remove_cvref_t<Args>...> {
+  return {std::forward<Args>(args)...};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function.
+  It should only be used in a call to a formatting function or
+  `dynamic_format_arg_store::push_back`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", fmt::arg("s", 1.23));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+inline auto arg(const Char* name, const T& arg) -> detail::named_arg<Char, T> {
+  static_assert(!detail::is_named_arg<T>(), "nested named arguments");
+  return {name, arg};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A view of a collection of formatting arguments. To avoid lifetime issues it
+  should only be used as a parameter type in type-erased functions such as
+  ``vformat``::
+
+    void vlog(string_view format_str, format_args args);  // OK
+    format_args args = make_format_args(42);  // Error: dangling reference
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
+ public:
+  using size_type = int;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<Context>;
+
+ private:
+  // A descriptor that contains information about formatting arguments.
+  // If the number of arguments is less or equal to max_packed_args then
+  // argument types are passed in the descriptor. This reduces binary code size
+  // per formatting function call.
+  unsigned long long desc_;
+  union {
+    // If is_packed() returns true then argument values are stored in values_;
+    // otherwise they are stored in args_. This is done to improve cache
+    // locality and reduce compiled code size since storing larger objects
+    // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
+    // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
+    const detail::value<Context>* values_;
+    const format_arg* args_;
+  };
+
+  constexpr auto is_packed() const -> bool {
+    return (desc_ & detail::is_unpacked_bit) == 0;
+  }
+  auto has_named_args() const -> bool {
+    return (desc_ & detail::has_named_args_bit) != 0;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto type(int index) const -> detail::type {
+    int shift = index * detail::packed_arg_bits;
+    unsigned int mask = (1 << detail::packed_arg_bits) - 1;
+    return static_cast<detail::type>((desc_ >> shift) & mask);
+  }
+
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc,
+                                         const detail::value<Context>* values)
+      : desc_(desc), values_(values) {}
+  constexpr basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc, const format_arg* args)
+      : desc_(desc), args_(args) {}
+
+ public:
+  constexpr basic_format_args() : desc_(0), args_(nullptr) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from `~fmt::format_arg_store`.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  template <typename... Args>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(
+      const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store)
+      : basic_format_args(format_arg_store<Context, Args...>::desc,
+                          store.data_.args()) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from
+   `~fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store`.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(
+      const dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>& store)
+      : basic_format_args(store.get_types(), store.data()) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from a dynamic set of arguments.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  constexpr basic_format_args(const format_arg* args, int count)
+      : basic_format_args(detail::is_unpacked_bit | detail::to_unsigned(count),
+                          args) {}
+
+  /** Returns the argument with the specified id. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get(int id) const -> format_arg {
+    format_arg arg;
+    if (!is_packed()) {
+      if (id < max_size()) arg = args_[id];
+      return arg;
+    }
+    if (id >= detail::max_packed_args) return arg;
+    arg.type_ = type(id);
+    if (arg.type_ == detail::type::none_type) return arg;
+    arg.value_ = values_[id];
+    return arg;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  auto get(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> format_arg {
+    int id = get_id(name);
+    return id >= 0 ? get(id) : format_arg();
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  auto get_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> int {
+    if (!has_named_args()) return -1;
+    const auto& named_args =
+        (is_packed() ? values_[-1] : args_[-1].value_).named_args;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < named_args.size; ++i) {
+      if (named_args.data[i].name == name) return named_args.data[i].id;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  auto max_size() const -> int {
+    unsigned long long max_packed = detail::max_packed_args;
+    return static_cast<int>(is_packed() ? max_packed
+                                        : desc_ & ~detail::is_unpacked_bit);
+  }
+};
+
+/** An alias to ``basic_format_args<format_context>``. */
+// A separate type would result in shorter symbols but break ABI compatibility
+// between clang and gcc on ARM (#1919).
+using format_args = basic_format_args<format_context>;
+
+// We cannot use enum classes as bit fields because of a gcc bug, so we put them
+// in namespaces instead (https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=61414).
+// Additionally, if an underlying type is specified, older gcc incorrectly warns
+// that the type is too small. Both bugs are fixed in gcc 9.3.
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 903
+#  define FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(type)
+#else
+#  define FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(type) : type
+#endif
+namespace align {
+enum type FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(unsigned char){none, left, right, center,
+                                                  numeric};
+}
+using align_t = align::type;
+namespace sign {
+enum type FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(unsigned char){none, minus, plus, space};
+}
+using sign_t = sign::type;
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// Workaround an array initialization issue in gcc 4.8.
+template <typename Char> struct fill_t {
+ private:
+  enum { max_size = 4 };
+  Char data_[max_size] = {Char(' '), Char(0), Char(0), Char(0)};
+  unsigned char size_ = 1;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator=(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+    auto size = s.size();
+    if (size > max_size) return throw_format_error("invalid fill");
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) data_[i] = s[i];
+    size_ = static_cast<unsigned char>(size);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto size() const -> size_t { return size_; }
+  constexpr auto data() const -> const Char* { return data_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](size_t index) -> Char& { return data_[index]; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](size_t index) const -> const Char& {
+    return data_[index];
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+enum class presentation_type : unsigned char {
+  none,
+  // Integer types should go first,
+  dec,             // 'd'
+  oct,             // 'o'
+  hex_lower,       // 'x'
+  hex_upper,       // 'X'
+  bin_lower,       // 'b'
+  bin_upper,       // 'B'
+  hexfloat_lower,  // 'a'
+  hexfloat_upper,  // 'A'
+  exp_lower,       // 'e'
+  exp_upper,       // 'E'
+  fixed_lower,     // 'f'
+  fixed_upper,     // 'F'
+  general_lower,   // 'g'
+  general_upper,   // 'G'
+  chr,             // 'c'
+  string,          // 's'
+  pointer,         // 'p'
+  debug            // '?'
+};
+
+// Format specifiers for built-in and string types.
+template <typename Char> struct basic_format_specs {
+  int width;
+  int precision;
+  presentation_type type;
+  align_t align : 4;
+  sign_t sign : 3;
+  bool alt : 1;  // Alternate form ('#').
+  bool localized : 1;
+  detail::fill_t<Char> fill;
+
+  constexpr basic_format_specs()
+      : width(0),
+        precision(-1),
+        type(presentation_type::none),
+        align(align::none),
+        sign(sign::none),
+        alt(false),
+        localized(false) {}
+};
+
+using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char>;
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+enum class arg_id_kind { none, index, name };
+
+// An argument reference.
+template <typename Char> struct arg_ref {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(arg_id_kind::none), val() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(int index)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::index), val(index) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> name)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::name), val(name) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator=(int idx) -> arg_ref& {
+    kind = arg_id_kind::index;
+    val.index = idx;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  arg_id_kind kind;
+  union value {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int id = 0) : index{id} {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(basic_string_view<Char> n) : name(n) {}
+
+    int index;
+    basic_string_view<Char> name;
+  } val;
+};
+
+// Format specifiers with width and precision resolved at formatting rather
+// than parsing time to allow re-using the same parsed specifiers with
+// different sets of arguments (precompilation of format strings).
+template <typename Char>
+struct dynamic_format_specs : basic_format_specs<Char> {
+  arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
+  arg_ref<Char> precision_ref;
+};
+
+struct auto_id {};
+
+// A format specifier handler that sets fields in basic_format_specs.
+template <typename Char> class specs_setter {
+ protected:
+  basic_format_specs<Char>& specs_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(basic_format_specs<Char>& specs)
+      : specs_(specs) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(const specs_setter& other)
+      : specs_(other.specs_) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) { specs_.align = align; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(basic_string_view<Char> fill) {
+    specs_.fill = fill;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_sign(sign_t s) { specs_.sign = s; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() { specs_.alt = true; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_localized() { specs_.localized = true; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
+    if (specs_.align == align::none) specs_.align = align::numeric;
+    specs_.fill[0] = Char('0');
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_width(int width) { specs_.width = width; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_precision(int precision) {
+    specs_.precision = precision;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_type(presentation_type type) { specs_.type = type; }
+};
+
+// Format spec handler that saves references to arguments representing dynamic
+// width and precision to be resolved at formatting time.
+template <typename ParseContext>
+class dynamic_specs_handler
+    : public specs_setter<typename ParseContext::char_type> {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(dynamic_format_specs<char_type>& specs,
+                                      ParseContext& ctx)
+      : specs_setter<char_type>(specs), specs_(specs), context_(ctx) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(const dynamic_specs_handler& other)
+      : specs_setter<char_type>(other),
+        specs_(other.specs_),
+        context_(other.context_) {}
+
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
+    specs_.width_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
+    specs_.precision_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    context_.on_error(message);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  dynamic_format_specs<char_type>& specs_;
+  ParseContext& context_;
+
+  using arg_ref_type = arg_ref<char_type>;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg_ref(int arg_id) -> arg_ref_type {
+    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg_ref(auto_id) -> arg_ref_type {
+    return arg_ref_type(context_.next_arg_id());
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<char_type> arg_id)
+      -> arg_ref_type {
+    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    basic_string_view<char_type> format_str(
+        context_.begin(), to_unsigned(context_.end() - context_.begin()));
+    return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> constexpr bool is_ascii_letter(Char c) {
+  return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z');
+}
+
+// Converts a character to ASCII. Returns a number > 127 on conversion failure.
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Char>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_ascii(Char c) -> Char {
+  return c;
+}
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<Char>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_ascii(Char c) -> underlying_t<Char> {
+  return c;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto code_point_length(const Char* begin) -> int {
+  if (const_check(sizeof(Char) != 1)) return 1;
+  auto lengths =
+      "\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\2\2\2\3\3\4";
+  int len = lengths[static_cast<unsigned char>(*begin) >> 3];
+
+  // Compute the pointer to the next character early so that the next
+  // iteration can start working on the next character. Neither Clang
+  // nor GCC figure out this reordering on their own.
+  return len + !len;
+}
+
+// Return the result via the out param to workaround gcc bug 77539.
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename T, typename Ptr = const T*>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto find(Ptr first, Ptr last, T value, Ptr& out) -> bool {
+  for (out = first; out != last; ++out) {
+    if (*out == value) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline auto find<false, char>(const char* first, const char* last, char value,
+                              const char*& out) -> bool {
+  out = static_cast<const char*>(
+      std::memchr(first, value, to_unsigned(last - first)));
+  return out != nullptr;
+}
+
+// Parses the range [begin, end) as an unsigned integer. This function assumes
+// that the range is non-empty and the first character is a digit.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_nonnegative_int(const Char*& begin, const Char* end,
+                                         int error_value) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9', "");
+  unsigned value = 0, prev = 0;
+  auto p = begin;
+  do {
+    prev = value;
+    value = value * 10 + unsigned(*p - '0');
+    ++p;
+  } while (p != end && '0' <= *p && *p <= '9');
+  auto num_digits = p - begin;
+  begin = p;
+  if (num_digits <= std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10)
+    return static_cast<int>(value);
+  // Check for overflow.
+  const unsigned max = to_unsigned((std::numeric_limits<int>::max)());
+  return num_digits == std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10 + 1 &&
+                 prev * 10ull + unsigned(p[-1] - '0') <= max
+             ? static_cast<int>(value)
+             : error_value;
+}
+
+// Parses fill and alignment.
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_align(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                               Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  auto align = align::none;
+  auto p = begin + code_point_length(begin);
+  if (end - p <= 0) p = begin;
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (to_ascii(*p)) {
+    case '<':
+      align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '>':
+      align = align::right;
+      break;
+    case '^':
+      align = align::center;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+    if (align != align::none) {
+      if (p != begin) {
+        auto c = *begin;
+        if (c == '{')
+          return handler.on_error("invalid fill character '{'"), begin;
+        handler.on_fill(basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(p - begin)));
+        begin = p + 1;
+      } else
+        ++begin;
+      handler.on_align(align);
+      break;
+    } else if (p == begin) {
+      break;
+    }
+    p = begin;
+  }
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_name_start(Char c) {
+  return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || '_' == c;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename IDHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                   IDHandler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  Char c = *begin;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    int index = 0;
+    if (c != '0')
+      index =
+          parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)());
+    else
+      ++begin;
+    if (begin == end || (*begin != '}' && *begin != ':'))
+      handler.on_error("invalid format string");
+    else
+      handler(index);
+    return begin;
+  }
+  if (!is_name_start(c)) {
+    handler.on_error("invalid format string");
+    return begin;
+  }
+  auto it = begin;
+  do {
+    ++it;
+  } while (it != end && (is_name_start(c = *it) || ('0' <= c && c <= '9')));
+  handler(basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(it - begin)));
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename IDHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                           IDHandler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  Char c = *begin;
+  if (c != '}' && c != ':') return do_parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
+  handler();
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_width(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                               Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  using detail::auto_id;
+  struct width_adapter {
+    Handler& handler;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_dynamic_width(auto_id()); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_dynamic_width(id); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+      handler.on_dynamic_width(id);
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+      if (message) handler.on_error(message);
+    }
+  };
+
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  if ('0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9') {
+    int width = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, -1);
+    if (width != -1)
+      handler.on_width(width);
+    else
+      handler.on_error("number is too big");
+  } else if (*begin == '{') {
+    ++begin;
+    if (begin != end) begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, width_adapter{handler});
+    if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+      return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
+    ++begin;
+  }
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_precision(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                   Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  using detail::auto_id;
+  struct precision_adapter {
+    Handler& handler;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_dynamic_precision(auto_id()); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_dynamic_precision(id); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+      handler.on_dynamic_precision(id);
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+      if (message) handler.on_error(message);
+    }
+  };
+
+  ++begin;
+  auto c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
+  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+    auto precision = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, -1);
+    if (precision != -1)
+      handler.on_precision(precision);
+    else
+      handler.on_error("number is too big");
+  } else if (c == '{') {
+    ++begin;
+    if (begin != end)
+      begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, precision_adapter{handler});
+    if (begin == end || *begin++ != '}')
+      return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
+  } else {
+    return handler.on_error("missing precision specifier"), begin;
+  }
+  handler.end_precision();
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_presentation_type(Char type) -> presentation_type {
+  switch (to_ascii(type)) {
+  case 'd':
+    return presentation_type::dec;
+  case 'o':
+    return presentation_type::oct;
+  case 'x':
+    return presentation_type::hex_lower;
+  case 'X':
+    return presentation_type::hex_upper;
+  case 'b':
+    return presentation_type::bin_lower;
+  case 'B':
+    return presentation_type::bin_upper;
+  case 'a':
+    return presentation_type::hexfloat_lower;
+  case 'A':
+    return presentation_type::hexfloat_upper;
+  case 'e':
+    return presentation_type::exp_lower;
+  case 'E':
+    return presentation_type::exp_upper;
+  case 'f':
+    return presentation_type::fixed_lower;
+  case 'F':
+    return presentation_type::fixed_upper;
+  case 'g':
+    return presentation_type::general_lower;
+  case 'G':
+    return presentation_type::general_upper;
+  case 'c':
+    return presentation_type::chr;
+  case 's':
+    return presentation_type::string;
+  case 'p':
+    return presentation_type::pointer;
+  case '?':
+    return presentation_type::debug;
+  default:
+    return presentation_type::none;
+  }
+}
+
+// Parses standard format specifiers and sends notifications about parsed
+// components to handler.
+template <typename Char, typename SpecHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_format_specs(const Char* begin,
+                                                 const Char* end,
+                                                 SpecHandler&& handler)
+    -> const Char* {
+  if (1 < end - begin && begin[1] == '}' && is_ascii_letter(*begin) &&
+      *begin != 'L') {
+    presentation_type type = parse_presentation_type(*begin++);
+    if (type == presentation_type::none)
+      handler.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+    handler.on_type(type);
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+  if (begin == end) return begin;
+
+  begin = parse_align(begin, end, handler);
+  if (begin == end) return begin;
+
+  // Parse sign.
+  switch (to_ascii(*begin)) {
+  case '+':
+    handler.on_sign(sign::plus);
+    ++begin;
+    break;
+  case '-':
+    handler.on_sign(sign::minus);
+    ++begin;
+    break;
+  case ' ':
+    handler.on_sign(sign::space);
+    ++begin;
+    break;
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+  if (begin == end) return begin;
+
+  if (*begin == '#') {
+    handler.on_hash();
+    if (++begin == end) return begin;
+  }
+
+  // Parse zero flag.
+  if (*begin == '0') {
+    handler.on_zero();
+    if (++begin == end) return begin;
+  }
+
+  begin = parse_width(begin, end, handler);
+  if (begin == end) return begin;
+
+  // Parse precision.
+  if (*begin == '.') {
+    begin = parse_precision(begin, end, handler);
+    if (begin == end) return begin;
+  }
+
+  if (*begin == 'L') {
+    handler.on_localized();
+    ++begin;
+  }
+
+  // Parse type.
+  if (begin != end && *begin != '}') {
+    presentation_type type = parse_presentation_type(*begin++);
+    if (type == presentation_type::none)
+      handler.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+    handler.on_type(type);
+  }
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_replacement_field(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                           Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  struct id_adapter {
+    Handler& handler;
+    int arg_id;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+      arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id);
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+      if (message) handler.on_error(message);
+    }
+  };
+
+  ++begin;
+  if (begin == end) return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), end;
+  if (*begin == '}') {
+    handler.on_replacement_field(handler.on_arg_id(), begin);
+  } else if (*begin == '{') {
+    handler.on_text(begin, begin + 1);
+  } else {
+    auto adapter = id_adapter{handler, 0};
+    begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, adapter);
+    Char c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
+    if (c == '}') {
+      handler.on_replacement_field(adapter.arg_id, begin);
+    } else if (c == ':') {
+      begin = handler.on_format_specs(adapter.arg_id, begin + 1, end);
+      if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+        return handler.on_error("unknown format specifier"), end;
+    } else {
+      return handler.on_error("missing '}' in format string"), end;
+    }
+  }
+  return begin + 1;
+}
+
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void parse_format_string(
+    basic_string_view<Char> format_str, Handler&& handler) {
+  // Workaround a name-lookup bug in MSVC's modules implementation.
+  using detail::find;
+
+  auto begin = format_str.data();
+  auto end = begin + format_str.size();
+  if (end - begin < 32) {
+    // Use a simple loop instead of memchr for small strings.
+    const Char* p = begin;
+    while (p != end) {
+      auto c = *p++;
+      if (c == '{') {
+        handler.on_text(begin, p - 1);
+        begin = p = parse_replacement_field(p - 1, end, handler);
+      } else if (c == '}') {
+        if (p == end || *p != '}')
+          return handler.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+        handler.on_text(begin, p);
+        begin = ++p;
+      }
+    }
+    handler.on_text(begin, end);
+    return;
+  }
+  struct writer {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(const Char* from, const Char* to) {
+      if (from == to) return;
+      for (;;) {
+        const Char* p = nullptr;
+        if (!find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(from, to, Char('}'), p))
+          return handler_.on_text(from, to);
+        ++p;
+        if (p == to || *p != '}')
+          return handler_.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+        handler_.on_text(from, p);
+        from = p + 1;
+      }
+    }
+    Handler& handler_;
+  } write = {handler};
+  while (begin != end) {
+    // Doing two passes with memchr (one for '{' and another for '}') is up to
+    // 2.5x faster than the naive one-pass implementation on big format strings.
+    const Char* p = begin;
+    if (*begin != '{' && !find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(begin + 1, end, Char('{'), p))
+      return write(begin, end);
+    write(begin, p);
+    begin = parse_replacement_field(p, end, handler);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, bool = is_named_arg<T>::value> struct strip_named_arg {
+  using type = T;
+};
+template <typename T> struct strip_named_arg<T, true> {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(T::value)>;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename ParseContext>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_format_specs(ParseContext& ctx)
+    -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
+  using context = buffer_context<char_type>;
+  using stripped_type = typename strip_named_arg<T>::type;
+  using mapped_type = conditional_t<
+      mapped_type_constant<T, context>::value != type::custom_type,
+      decltype(arg_mapper<context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
+      stripped_type>;
+  auto f = conditional_t<has_formatter<mapped_type, context>::value,
+                         formatter<mapped_type, char_type>,
+                         fallback_formatter<stripped_type, char_type>>();
+  return f.parse(ctx);
+}
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_int_type_spec(presentation_type type,
+                                       ErrorHandler&& eh) {
+  if (type > presentation_type::bin_upper && type != presentation_type::chr)
+    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+}
+
+// Checks char specs and returns true if the type spec is char (and not int).
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = error_handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto check_char_specs(const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    ErrorHandler&& eh = {}) -> bool {
+  if (specs.type != presentation_type::none &&
+      specs.type != presentation_type::chr &&
+      specs.type != presentation_type::debug) {
+    check_int_type_spec(specs.type, eh);
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (specs.align == align::numeric || specs.sign != sign::none || specs.alt)
+    eh.on_error("invalid format specifier for char");
+  return true;
+}
+
+// A floating-point presentation format.
+enum class float_format : unsigned char {
+  general,  // General: exponent notation or fixed point based on magnitude.
+  exp,      // Exponent notation with the default precision of 6, e.g. 1.2e-3.
+  fixed,    // Fixed point with the default precision of 6, e.g. 0.0012.
+  hex
+};
+
+struct float_specs {
+  int precision;
+  float_format format : 8;
+  sign_t sign : 8;
+  bool upper : 1;
+  bool locale : 1;
+  bool binary32 : 1;
+  bool showpoint : 1;
+};
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler = error_handler, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_float_type_spec(const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                         ErrorHandler&& eh = {})
+    -> float_specs {
+  auto result = float_specs();
+  result.showpoint = specs.alt;
+  result.locale = specs.localized;
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case presentation_type::none:
+    result.format = float_format::general;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::general_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::general_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::general;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::exp_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::exp_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::exp;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::fixed_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::fixed_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::fixed;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
+    break;
+  case presentation_type::hexfloat_upper:
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case presentation_type::hexfloat_lower:
+    result.format = float_format::hex;
+    break;
+  default:
+    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+    break;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler = error_handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto check_cstring_type_spec(presentation_type type,
+                                           ErrorHandler&& eh = {}) -> bool {
+  if (type == presentation_type::none || type == presentation_type::string)
+    return true;
+  if (type != presentation_type::pointer) eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler = error_handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_string_type_spec(presentation_type type,
+                                          ErrorHandler&& eh = {}) {
+  if (type != presentation_type::none && type != presentation_type::string &&
+      type != presentation_type::debug)
+    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+}
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_pointer_type_spec(presentation_type type,
+                                           ErrorHandler&& eh) {
+  if (type != presentation_type::none && type != presentation_type::pointer)
+    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+}
+
+// A parse_format_specs handler that checks if specifiers are consistent with
+// the argument type.
+template <typename Handler> class specs_checker : public Handler {
+ private:
+  detail::type arg_type_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void require_numeric_argument() {
+    if (!is_arithmetic_type(arg_type_))
+      this->on_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const Handler& handler, detail::type arg_type)
+      : Handler(handler), arg_type_(arg_type) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) {
+    if (align == align::numeric) require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_align(align);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_sign(sign_t s) {
+    require_numeric_argument();
+    if (is_integral_type(arg_type_) && arg_type_ != type::int_type &&
+        arg_type_ != type::long_long_type && arg_type_ != type::int128_type &&
+        arg_type_ != type::char_type) {
+      this->on_error("format specifier requires signed argument");
+    }
+    Handler::on_sign(s);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() {
+    require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_hash();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_localized() {
+    require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_localized();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
+    require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_zero();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {
+    if (is_integral_type(arg_type_) || arg_type_ == type::pointer_type)
+      this->on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  }
+};
+
+constexpr int invalid_arg_index = -1;
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <int N, typename T, typename... Args, typename Char>
+constexpr auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+  if constexpr (detail::is_statically_named_arg<T>()) {
+    if (name == T::name) return N;
+  }
+  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
+    return get_arg_index_by_name<N + 1, Args...>(name);
+  (void)name;  // Workaround an MSVC bug about "unused" parameter.
+  return invalid_arg_index;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
+    return get_arg_index_by_name<0, Args...>(name);
+#endif
+  (void)name;
+  return invalid_arg_index;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler, typename... Args>
+class format_string_checker {
+ private:
+  // In the future basic_format_parse_context will replace compile_parse_context
+  // here and will use is_constant_evaluated and downcasting to access the data
+  // needed for compile-time checks: https://godbolt.org/z/GvWzcTjh1.
+  using parse_context_type = compile_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
+  static constexpr int num_args = sizeof...(Args);
+
+  // Format specifier parsing function.
+  using parse_func = const Char* (*)(parse_context_type&);
+
+  parse_context_type context_;
+  parse_func parse_funcs_[num_args > 0 ? static_cast<size_t>(num_args) : 1];
+  type types_[num_args > 0 ? static_cast<size_t>(num_args) : 1];
+
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR format_string_checker(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh)
+      : context_(format_str, num_args, types_, eh),
+        parse_funcs_{&parse_format_specs<Args, parse_context_type>...},
+        types_{type_constant<Args, char>::value...} {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int { return context_.next_arg_id(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
+    return context_.check_arg_id(id), id;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+    auto index = get_arg_index_by_name<Args...>(id);
+    if (index == invalid_arg_index) on_error("named argument is not found");
+    return context_.check_arg_id(index), index;
+#else
+    (void)id;
+    on_error("compile-time checks for named arguments require C++20 support");
+    return 0;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(int, const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char*)
+      -> const Char* {
+    context_.advance_to(context_.begin() + (begin - &*context_.begin()));
+    // id >= 0 check is a workaround for gcc 10 bug (#2065).
+    return id >= 0 && id < num_args ? parse_funcs_[id](context_) : begin;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    context_.on_error(message);
+  }
+};
+
+// Reports a compile-time error if S is not a valid format string.
+template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE void check_format_string(const S&) {
+#ifdef FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING
+  static_assert(is_compile_string<S>::value,
+                "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires all format strings to use "
+                "FMT_STRING.");
+#endif
+}
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+void check_format_string(S format_str) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto s = basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(format_str);
+  using checker = format_string_checker<typename S::char_type, error_handler,
+                                        remove_cvref_t<Args>...>;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool invalid_format =
+      (parse_format_string<true>(s, checker(s, {})), true);
+  ignore_unused(invalid_format);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(
+    buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+    basic_format_args<FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(type_identity_t<Char>)> args,
+    locale_ref loc = {});
+
+FMT_API void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
+#ifndef _WIN32
+inline void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args) {}
+#endif
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// A formatter specialization for the core types corresponding to detail::type
+// constants.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<T, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                             detail::type::custom_type>> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  // Parses format specifiers stopping either at the end of the range or at the
+  // terminating '}'.
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
+    if (begin == end) return begin;
+    using handler_type = detail::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext>;
+    auto type = detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value;
+    auto checker =
+        detail::specs_checker<handler_type>(handler_type(specs_, ctx), type);
+    auto it = detail::parse_format_specs(begin, end, checker);
+    auto eh = ctx.error_handler();
+    switch (type) {
+    case detail::type::none_type:
+      FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
+      break;
+    case detail::type::bool_type:
+      if (specs_.type == presentation_type::none ||
+          specs_.type == presentation_type::string) {
+        break;
+      }
+      FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case detail::type::int_type:
+    case detail::type::uint_type:
+    case detail::type::long_long_type:
+    case detail::type::ulong_long_type:
+    case detail::type::int128_type:
+    case detail::type::uint128_type:
+      detail::check_int_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
+      break;
+    case detail::type::char_type:
+      detail::check_char_specs(specs_, eh);
+      break;
+    case detail::type::float_type:
+      if (detail::const_check(FMT_USE_FLOAT))
+        detail::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
+      else
+        FMT_ASSERT(false, "float support disabled");
+      break;
+    case detail::type::double_type:
+      if (detail::const_check(FMT_USE_DOUBLE))
+        detail::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
+      else
+        FMT_ASSERT(false, "double support disabled");
+      break;
+    case detail::type::long_double_type:
+      if (detail::const_check(FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE))
+        detail::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
+      else
+        FMT_ASSERT(false, "long double support disabled");
+      break;
+    case detail::type::cstring_type:
+      detail::check_cstring_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
+      break;
+    case detail::type::string_type:
+      detail::check_string_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
+      break;
+    case detail::type::pointer_type:
+      detail::check_pointer_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
+      break;
+    case detail::type::custom_type:
+      // Custom format specifiers are checked in parse functions of
+      // formatter specializations.
+      break;
+    }
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out());
+};
+
+#define FMT_FORMAT_AS(Type, Base)                                        \
+  template <typename Char>                                               \
+  struct formatter<Type, Char> : formatter<Base, Char> {                 \
+    template <typename FormatContext>                                    \
+    auto format(Type const& val, FormatContext& ctx) const               \
+        -> decltype(ctx.out()) {                                         \
+      return formatter<Base, Char>::format(static_cast<Base>(val), ctx); \
+    }                                                                    \
+  }
+
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(signed char, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned char, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(short, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned short, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(long, long long);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned long, unsigned long long);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(Char*, const Char*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::basic_string<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::nullptr_t, const void*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(detail::std_string_view<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+
+template <typename Char> struct basic_runtime { basic_string_view<Char> str; };
+
+/** A compile-time format string. */
+template <typename Char, typename... Args> class basic_format_string {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> str_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename S,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_convertible<const S&, basic_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEVAL FMT_INLINE basic_format_string(const S& s) : str_(s) {
+    static_assert(
+        detail::count<
+            (std::is_base_of<detail::view, remove_reference_t<Args>>::value &&
+             std::is_reference<Args>::value)...>() == 0,
+        "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
+#ifdef FMT_HAS_CONSTEVAL
+    if constexpr (detail::count_named_args<Args...>() ==
+                  detail::count_statically_named_args<Args...>()) {
+      using checker = detail::format_string_checker<Char, detail::error_handler,
+                                                    remove_cvref_t<Args>...>;
+      detail::parse_format_string<true>(str_, checker(s, {}));
+    }
+#else
+    detail::check_format_string<Args...>(s);
+#endif
+  }
+  basic_format_string(basic_runtime<Char> r) : str_(r.str) {}
+
+  FMT_INLINE operator basic_string_view<Char>() const { return str_; }
+};
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+// Workaround broken conversion on older gcc.
+template <typename...> using format_string = string_view;
+inline auto runtime(string_view s) -> basic_string_view<char> { return s; }
+#else
+template <typename... Args>
+using format_string = basic_format_string<char, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+/**
+  \rst
+  Creates a runtime format string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // Check format string at runtime instead of compile-time.
+    fmt::print(fmt::runtime("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline auto runtime(string_view s) -> basic_runtime<char> { return {{s}}; }
+#endif
+
+FMT_API auto vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and returns the result
+  as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+    std::string message = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto format(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return vformat(fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/** Formats a string and writes the output to ``out``. */
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, string_view fmt, format_args args) -> OutputIt {
+  using detail::get_buffer;
+  auto&& buf = get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, {});
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+}
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt``, writes the result to
+ the output iterator ``out`` and returns the iterator past the end of the output
+ range. `format_to` does not append a terminating null character.
+
+ **Example**::
+
+   auto out = std::vector<char>();
+   fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
+ \endrst
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> struct format_to_n_result {
+  /** Iterator past the end of the output range. */
+  OutputIt out;
+  /** Total (not truncated) output size. */
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  using traits = detail::fixed_buffer_traits;
+  auto buf = detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, char, traits>(out, n);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, {});
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt``, writes up to ``n``
+  characters of the result to the output iterator ``out`` and returns the total
+  (not truncated) output size and the iterator past the end of the output range.
+  `format_to_n` does not append a terminating null character.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, format_string<T...> fmt,
+                            T&&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/** Returns the number of chars in the output of ``format(fmt, args...)``. */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto formatted_size(format_string<T...> fmt,
+                                             T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args(args...), {});
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+FMT_API void vprint(string_view fmt, format_args args);
+FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the output
+  to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
+  return detail::is_utf8() ? vprint(fmt, vargs)
+                           : detail::vprint_mojibake(stdout, fmt, vargs);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
+  output to the file ``f``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void print(std::FILE* f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
+  return detail::is_utf8() ? vprint(f, fmt, vargs)
+                           : detail::vprint_mojibake(f, fmt, vargs);
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC pop_options")
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  include "format.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // FMT_CORE_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f44df01c5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/format-inl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1733 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - implementation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cerrno>  // errno
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <cstring>  // std::memmove
+#include <cwchar>
+#include <exception>
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+#  include <locale>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <io.h>  // _isatty
+#endif
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+FMT_FUNC void assert_fail(const char* file, int line, const char* message) {
+  // Use unchecked std::fprintf to avoid triggering another assertion when
+  // writing to stderr fails
+  std::fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: assertion failed: %s", file, line, message);
+  // Chosen instead of std::abort to satisfy Clang in CUDA mode during device
+  // code pass.
+  std::terminate();
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void throw_format_error(const char* message) {
+  FMT_THROW(format_error(message));
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void format_error_code(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                string_view message) noexcept {
+  // Report error code making sure that the output fits into
+  // inline_buffer_size to avoid dynamic memory allocation and potential
+  // bad_alloc.
+  out.try_resize(0);
+  static const char SEP[] = ": ";
+  static const char ERROR_STR[] = "error ";
+  // Subtract 2 to account for terminating null characters in SEP and ERROR_STR.
+  size_t error_code_size = sizeof(SEP) + sizeof(ERROR_STR) - 2;
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<int>>(error_code);
+  if (detail::is_negative(error_code)) {
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    ++error_code_size;
+  }
+  error_code_size += detail::to_unsigned(detail::count_digits(abs_value));
+  auto it = buffer_appender<char>(out);
+  if (message.size() <= inline_buffer_size - error_code_size)
+    format_to(it, FMT_STRING("{}{}"), message, SEP);
+  format_to(it, FMT_STRING("{}{}"), ERROR_STR, error_code);
+  FMT_ASSERT(out.size() <= inline_buffer_size, "");
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                           const char* message) noexcept {
+  memory_buffer full_message;
+  func(full_message, error_code, message);
+  // Don't use fwrite_fully because the latter may throw.
+  if (std::fwrite(full_message.data(), full_message.size(), 1, stderr) > 0)
+    std::fputc('\n', stderr);
+}
+
+// A wrapper around fwrite that throws on error.
+inline void fwrite_fully(const void* ptr, size_t size, size_t count,
+                         FILE* stream) {
+  size_t written = std::fwrite(ptr, size, count, stream);
+  if (written < count)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
+}
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+template <typename Locale>
+locale_ref::locale_ref(const Locale& loc) : locale_(&loc) {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, std::locale>::value, "");
+}
+
+template <typename Locale> Locale locale_ref::get() const {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, std::locale>::value, "");
+  return locale_ ? *static_cast<const std::locale*>(locale_) : std::locale();
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_FUNC auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>());
+  auto grouping = facet.grouping();
+  auto thousands_sep = grouping.empty() ? Char() : facet.thousands_sep();
+  return {std::move(grouping), thousands_sep};
+}
+template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>())
+      .decimal_point();
+}
+#else
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_FUNC auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  return {"\03", FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR};
+}
+template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) {
+  return '.';
+}
+#endif
+}  // namespace detail
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+FMT_API FMT_FUNC format_error::~format_error() noexcept = default;
+#endif
+
+FMT_FUNC std::system_error vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
+                                         format_args args) {
+  auto ec = std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category());
+  return std::system_error(ec, vformat(format_str, args));
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename F> inline bool operator==(basic_fp<F> x, basic_fp<F> y) {
+  return x.f == y.f && x.e == y.e;
+}
+
+// Compilers should be able to optimize this into the ror instruction.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline uint32_t rotr(uint32_t n, uint32_t r) noexcept {
+  r &= 31;
+  return (n >> r) | (n << (32 - r));
+}
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline uint64_t rotr(uint64_t n, uint32_t r) noexcept {
+  r &= 63;
+  return (n >> r) | (n << (64 - r));
+}
+
+// Computes 128-bit result of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
+inline uint128_fallback umul128(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto p = static_cast<uint128_opt>(x) * static_cast<uint128_opt>(y);
+  return {static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64), static_cast<uint64_t>(p)};
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+  auto result = uint128_fallback();
+  result.lo_ = _umul128(x, y, &result.hi_);
+  return result;
+#else
+  const uint64_t mask = static_cast<uint64_t>(max_value<uint32_t>());
+
+  uint64_t a = x >> 32;
+  uint64_t b = x & mask;
+  uint64_t c = y >> 32;
+  uint64_t d = y & mask;
+
+  uint64_t ac = a * c;
+  uint64_t bc = b * c;
+  uint64_t ad = a * d;
+  uint64_t bd = b * d;
+
+  uint64_t intermediate = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask);
+
+  return {ac + (intermediate >> 32) + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32),
+          (intermediate << 32) + (bd & mask)};
+#endif
+}
+
+// Implementation of Dragonbox algorithm: https://github.com/jk-jeon/dragonbox.
+namespace dragonbox {
+// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of two 64-bit unsigned integers.
+inline uint64_t umul128_upper64(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto p = static_cast<uint128_opt>(x) * static_cast<uint128_opt>(y);
+  return static_cast<uint64_t>(p >> 64);
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+  return __umulh(x, y);
+#else
+  return umul128(x, y).high();
+#endif
+}
+
+// Computes upper 128 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 128-bit unsigned integer.
+inline uint128_fallback umul192_upper128(uint64_t x,
+                                         uint128_fallback y) noexcept {
+  uint128_fallback r = umul128(x, y.high());
+  r += umul128_upper64(x, y.low());
+  return r;
+}
+
+// Computes upper 64 bits of multiplication of a 32-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 64-bit unsigned integer.
+inline uint64_t umul96_upper64(uint32_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept {
+  return umul128_upper64(static_cast<uint64_t>(x) << 32, y);
+}
+
+// Computes lower 128 bits of multiplication of a 64-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 128-bit unsigned integer.
+inline uint128_fallback umul192_lower128(uint64_t x,
+                                         uint128_fallback y) noexcept {
+  uint64_t high = x * y.high();
+  uint128_fallback high_low = umul128(x, y.low());
+  return {high + high_low.high(), high_low.low()};
+}
+
+// Computes lower 64 bits of multiplication of a 32-bit unsigned integer and a
+// 64-bit unsigned integer.
+inline uint64_t umul96_lower64(uint32_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept {
+  return x * y;
+}
+
+// Computes floor(log10(pow(2, e))) for e in [-2620, 2620] using the method from
+// https://fmt.dev/papers/Dragonbox.pdf#page=28, section 6.1.
+inline int floor_log10_pow2(int e) noexcept {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 2620 && e >= -2620, "too large exponent");
+  static_assert((-1 >> 1) == -1, "right shift is not arithmetic");
+  return (e * 315653) >> 20;
+}
+
+// Various fast log computations.
+inline int floor_log2_pow10(int e) noexcept {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 1233 && e >= -1233, "too large exponent");
+  return (e * 1741647) >> 19;
+}
+inline int floor_log10_pow2_minus_log10_4_over_3(int e) noexcept {
+  FMT_ASSERT(e <= 2936 && e >= -2985, "too large exponent");
+  return (e * 631305 - 261663) >> 21;
+}
+
+static constexpr struct {
+  uint32_t divisor;
+  int shift_amount;
+} div_small_pow10_infos[] = {{10, 16}, {100, 16}};
+
+// Replaces n by floor(n / pow(10, N)) returning true if and only if n is
+// divisible by pow(10, N).
+// Precondition: n <= pow(10, N + 1).
+template <int N>
+bool check_divisibility_and_divide_by_pow10(uint32_t& n) noexcept {
+  // The numbers below are chosen such that:
+  //   1. floor(n/d) = floor(nm / 2^k) where d=10 or d=100,
+  //   2. nm mod 2^k < m if and only if n is divisible by d,
+  // where m is magic_number, k is shift_amount
+  // and d is divisor.
+  //
+  // Item 1 is a common technique of replacing division by a constant with
+  // multiplication, see e.g. "Division by Invariant Integers Using
+  // Multiplication" by Granlund and Montgomery (1994). magic_number (m) is set
+  // to ceil(2^k/d) for large enough k.
+  // The idea for item 2 originates from Schubfach.
+  constexpr auto info = div_small_pow10_infos[N - 1];
+  FMT_ASSERT(n <= info.divisor * 10, "n is too large");
+  constexpr uint32_t magic_number =
+      (1u << info.shift_amount) / info.divisor + 1;
+  n *= magic_number;
+  const uint32_t comparison_mask = (1u << info.shift_amount) - 1;
+  bool result = (n & comparison_mask) < magic_number;
+  n >>= info.shift_amount;
+  return result;
+}
+
+// Computes floor(n / pow(10, N)) for small n and N.
+// Precondition: n <= pow(10, N + 1).
+template <int N> uint32_t small_division_by_pow10(uint32_t n) noexcept {
+  constexpr auto info = div_small_pow10_infos[N - 1];
+  FMT_ASSERT(n <= info.divisor * 10, "n is too large");
+  constexpr uint32_t magic_number =
+      (1u << info.shift_amount) / info.divisor + 1;
+  return (n * magic_number) >> info.shift_amount;
+}
+
+// Computes floor(n / 10^(kappa + 1)) (float)
+inline uint32_t divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(uint32_t n) noexcept {
+  // 1374389535 = ceil(2^37/100)
+  return static_cast<uint32_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(n) * 1374389535) >> 37);
+}
+// Computes floor(n / 10^(kappa + 1)) (double)
+inline uint64_t divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(uint64_t n) noexcept {
+  // 2361183241434822607 = ceil(2^(64+7)/1000)
+  return umul128_upper64(n, 2361183241434822607ull) >> 7;
+}
+
+// Various subroutines using pow10 cache
+template <class T> struct cache_accessor;
+
+template <> struct cache_accessor<float> {
+  using carrier_uint = float_info<float>::carrier_uint;
+  using cache_entry_type = uint64_t;
+
+  static uint64_t get_cached_power(int k) noexcept {
+    FMT_ASSERT(k >= float_info<float>::min_k && k <= float_info<float>::max_k,
+               "k is out of range");
+    static constexpr const uint64_t pow10_significands[] = {
+        0x81ceb32c4b43fcf5, 0xa2425ff75e14fc32, 0xcad2f7f5359a3b3f,
+        0xfd87b5f28300ca0e, 0x9e74d1b791e07e49, 0xc612062576589ddb,
+        0xf79687aed3eec552, 0x9abe14cd44753b53, 0xc16d9a0095928a28,
+        0xf1c90080baf72cb2, 0x971da05074da7bef, 0xbce5086492111aeb,
+        0xec1e4a7db69561a6, 0x9392ee8e921d5d08, 0xb877aa3236a4b44a,
+        0xe69594bec44de15c, 0x901d7cf73ab0acda, 0xb424dc35095cd810,
+        0xe12e13424bb40e14, 0x8cbccc096f5088cc, 0xafebff0bcb24aaff,
+        0xdbe6fecebdedd5bf, 0x89705f4136b4a598, 0xabcc77118461cefd,
+        0xd6bf94d5e57a42bd, 0x8637bd05af6c69b6, 0xa7c5ac471b478424,
+        0xd1b71758e219652c, 0x83126e978d4fdf3c, 0xa3d70a3d70a3d70b,
+        0xcccccccccccccccd, 0x8000000000000000, 0xa000000000000000,
+        0xc800000000000000, 0xfa00000000000000, 0x9c40000000000000,
+        0xc350000000000000, 0xf424000000000000, 0x9896800000000000,
+        0xbebc200000000000, 0xee6b280000000000, 0x9502f90000000000,
+        0xba43b74000000000, 0xe8d4a51000000000, 0x9184e72a00000000,
+        0xb5e620f480000000, 0xe35fa931a0000000, 0x8e1bc9bf04000000,
+        0xb1a2bc2ec5000000, 0xde0b6b3a76400000, 0x8ac7230489e80000,
+        0xad78ebc5ac620000, 0xd8d726b7177a8000, 0x878678326eac9000,
+        0xa968163f0a57b400, 0xd3c21bcecceda100, 0x84595161401484a0,
+        0xa56fa5b99019a5c8, 0xcecb8f27f4200f3a, 0x813f3978f8940985,
+        0xa18f07d736b90be6, 0xc9f2c9cd04674edf, 0xfc6f7c4045812297,
+        0x9dc5ada82b70b59e, 0xc5371912364ce306, 0xf684df56c3e01bc7,
+        0x9a130b963a6c115d, 0xc097ce7bc90715b4, 0xf0bdc21abb48db21,
+        0x96769950b50d88f5, 0xbc143fa4e250eb32, 0xeb194f8e1ae525fe,
+        0x92efd1b8d0cf37bf, 0xb7abc627050305ae, 0xe596b7b0c643c71a,
+        0x8f7e32ce7bea5c70, 0xb35dbf821ae4f38c, 0xe0352f62a19e306f};
+    return pow10_significands[k - float_info<float>::min_k];
+  }
+
+  struct compute_mul_result {
+    carrier_uint result;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+  struct compute_mul_parity_result {
+    bool parity;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+
+  static compute_mul_result compute_mul(
+      carrier_uint u, const cache_entry_type& cache) noexcept {
+    auto r = umul96_upper64(u, cache);
+    return {static_cast<carrier_uint>(r >> 32),
+            static_cast<carrier_uint>(r) == 0};
+  }
+
+  static uint32_t compute_delta(const cache_entry_type& cache,
+                                int beta) noexcept {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(cache >> (64 - 1 - beta));
+  }
+
+  static compute_mul_parity_result compute_mul_parity(
+      carrier_uint two_f, const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept {
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta >= 1, "");
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta < 64, "");
+
+    auto r = umul96_lower64(two_f, cache);
+    return {((r >> (64 - beta)) & 1) != 0,
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(r >> (32 - beta)) == 0};
+  }
+
+  static carrier_uint compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept {
+    return static_cast<carrier_uint>(
+        (cache - (cache >> (num_significand_bits<float>() + 2))) >>
+        (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 1 - beta));
+  }
+
+  static carrier_uint compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept {
+    return static_cast<carrier_uint>(
+        (cache + (cache >> (num_significand_bits<float>() + 1))) >>
+        (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 1 - beta));
+  }
+
+  static carrier_uint compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept {
+    return (static_cast<carrier_uint>(
+                cache >> (64 - num_significand_bits<float>() - 2 - beta)) +
+            1) /
+           2;
+  }
+};
+
+template <> struct cache_accessor<double> {
+  using carrier_uint = float_info<double>::carrier_uint;
+  using cache_entry_type = uint128_fallback;
+
+  static uint128_fallback get_cached_power(int k) noexcept {
+    FMT_ASSERT(k >= float_info<double>::min_k && k <= float_info<double>::max_k,
+               "k is out of range");
+
+    static constexpr const uint128_fallback pow10_significands[] = {
+#if FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
+      {0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0x25e8e89c13bb0f7b},
+      {0x9faacf3df73609b1, 0x77b191618c54e9ad},
+      {0xc795830d75038c1d, 0xd59df5b9ef6a2418},
+      {0xf97ae3d0d2446f25, 0x4b0573286b44ad1e},
+      {0x9becce62836ac577, 0x4ee367f9430aec33},
+      {0xc2e801fb244576d5, 0x229c41f793cda740},
+      {0xf3a20279ed56d48a, 0x6b43527578c11110},
+      {0x9845418c345644d6, 0x830a13896b78aaaa},
+      {0xbe5691ef416bd60c, 0x23cc986bc656d554},
+      {0xedec366b11c6cb8f, 0x2cbfbe86b7ec8aa9},
+      {0x94b3a202eb1c3f39, 0x7bf7d71432f3d6aa},
+      {0xb9e08a83a5e34f07, 0xdaf5ccd93fb0cc54},
+      {0xe858ad248f5c22c9, 0xd1b3400f8f9cff69},
+      {0x91376c36d99995be, 0x23100809b9c21fa2},
+      {0xb58547448ffffb2d, 0xabd40a0c2832a78b},
+      {0xe2e69915b3fff9f9, 0x16c90c8f323f516d},
+      {0x8dd01fad907ffc3b, 0xae3da7d97f6792e4},
+      {0xb1442798f49ffb4a, 0x99cd11cfdf41779d},
+      {0xdd95317f31c7fa1d, 0x40405643d711d584},
+      {0x8a7d3eef7f1cfc52, 0x482835ea666b2573},
+      {0xad1c8eab5ee43b66, 0xda3243650005eed0},
+      {0xd863b256369d4a40, 0x90bed43e40076a83},
+      {0x873e4f75e2224e68, 0x5a7744a6e804a292},
+      {0xa90de3535aaae202, 0x711515d0a205cb37},
+      {0xd3515c2831559a83, 0x0d5a5b44ca873e04},
+      {0x8412d9991ed58091, 0xe858790afe9486c3},
+      {0xa5178fff668ae0b6, 0x626e974dbe39a873},
+      {0xce5d73ff402d98e3, 0xfb0a3d212dc81290},
+      {0x80fa687f881c7f8e, 0x7ce66634bc9d0b9a},
+      {0xa139029f6a239f72, 0x1c1fffc1ebc44e81},
+      {0xc987434744ac874e, 0xa327ffb266b56221},
+      {0xfbe9141915d7a922, 0x4bf1ff9f0062baa9},
+      {0x9d71ac8fada6c9b5, 0x6f773fc3603db4aa},
+      {0xc4ce17b399107c22, 0xcb550fb4384d21d4},
+      {0xf6019da07f549b2b, 0x7e2a53a146606a49},
+      {0x99c102844f94e0fb, 0x2eda7444cbfc426e},
+      {0xc0314325637a1939, 0xfa911155fefb5309},
+      {0xf03d93eebc589f88, 0x793555ab7eba27cb},
+      {0x96267c7535b763b5, 0x4bc1558b2f3458df},
+      {0xbbb01b9283253ca2, 0x9eb1aaedfb016f17},
+      {0xea9c227723ee8bcb, 0x465e15a979c1cadd},
+      {0x92a1958a7675175f, 0x0bfacd89ec191eca},
+      {0xb749faed14125d36, 0xcef980ec671f667c},
+      {0xe51c79a85916f484, 0x82b7e12780e7401b},
+      {0x8f31cc0937ae58d2, 0xd1b2ecb8b0908811},
+      {0xb2fe3f0b8599ef07, 0x861fa7e6dcb4aa16},
+      {0xdfbdcece67006ac9, 0x67a791e093e1d49b},
+      {0x8bd6a141006042bd, 0xe0c8bb2c5c6d24e1},
+      {0xaecc49914078536d, 0x58fae9f773886e19},
+      {0xda7f5bf590966848, 0xaf39a475506a899f},
+      {0x888f99797a5e012d, 0x6d8406c952429604},
+      {0xaab37fd7d8f58178, 0xc8e5087ba6d33b84},
+      {0xd5605fcdcf32e1d6, 0xfb1e4a9a90880a65},
+      {0x855c3be0a17fcd26, 0x5cf2eea09a550680},
+      {0xa6b34ad8c9dfc06f, 0xf42faa48c0ea481f},
+      {0xd0601d8efc57b08b, 0xf13b94daf124da27},
+      {0x823c12795db6ce57, 0x76c53d08d6b70859},
+      {0xa2cb1717b52481ed, 0x54768c4b0c64ca6f},
+      {0xcb7ddcdda26da268, 0xa9942f5dcf7dfd0a},
+      {0xfe5d54150b090b02, 0xd3f93b35435d7c4d},
+      {0x9efa548d26e5a6e1, 0xc47bc5014a1a6db0},
+      {0xc6b8e9b0709f109a, 0x359ab6419ca1091c},
+      {0xf867241c8cc6d4c0, 0xc30163d203c94b63},
+      {0x9b407691d7fc44f8, 0x79e0de63425dcf1e},
+      {0xc21094364dfb5636, 0x985915fc12f542e5},
+      {0xf294b943e17a2bc4, 0x3e6f5b7b17b2939e},
+      {0x979cf3ca6cec5b5a, 0xa705992ceecf9c43},
+      {0xbd8430bd08277231, 0x50c6ff782a838354},
+      {0xece53cec4a314ebd, 0xa4f8bf5635246429},
+      {0x940f4613ae5ed136, 0x871b7795e136be9a},
+      {0xb913179899f68584, 0x28e2557b59846e40},
+      {0xe757dd7ec07426e5, 0x331aeada2fe589d0},
+      {0x9096ea6f3848984f, 0x3ff0d2c85def7622},
+      {0xb4bca50b065abe63, 0x0fed077a756b53aa},
+      {0xe1ebce4dc7f16dfb, 0xd3e8495912c62895},
+      {0x8d3360f09cf6e4bd, 0x64712dd7abbbd95d},
+      {0xb080392cc4349dec, 0xbd8d794d96aacfb4},
+      {0xdca04777f541c567, 0xecf0d7a0fc5583a1},
+      {0x89e42caaf9491b60, 0xf41686c49db57245},
+      {0xac5d37d5b79b6239, 0x311c2875c522ced6},
+      {0xd77485cb25823ac7, 0x7d633293366b828c},
+      {0x86a8d39ef77164bc, 0xae5dff9c02033198},
+      {0xa8530886b54dbdeb, 0xd9f57f830283fdfd},
+      {0xd267caa862a12d66, 0xd072df63c324fd7c},
+      {0x8380dea93da4bc60, 0x4247cb9e59f71e6e},
+      {0xa46116538d0deb78, 0x52d9be85f074e609},
+      {0xcd795be870516656, 0x67902e276c921f8c},
+      {0x806bd9714632dff6, 0x00ba1cd8a3db53b7},
+      {0xa086cfcd97bf97f3, 0x80e8a40eccd228a5},
+      {0xc8a883c0fdaf7df0, 0x6122cd128006b2ce},
+      {0xfad2a4b13d1b5d6c, 0x796b805720085f82},
+      {0x9cc3a6eec6311a63, 0xcbe3303674053bb1},
+      {0xc3f490aa77bd60fc, 0xbedbfc4411068a9d},
+      {0xf4f1b4d515acb93b, 0xee92fb5515482d45},
+      {0x991711052d8bf3c5, 0x751bdd152d4d1c4b},
+      {0xbf5cd54678eef0b6, 0xd262d45a78a0635e},
+      {0xef340a98172aace4, 0x86fb897116c87c35},
+      {0x9580869f0e7aac0e, 0xd45d35e6ae3d4da1},
+      {0xbae0a846d2195712, 0x8974836059cca10a},
+      {0xe998d258869facd7, 0x2bd1a438703fc94c},
+      {0x91ff83775423cc06, 0x7b6306a34627ddd0},
+      {0xb67f6455292cbf08, 0x1a3bc84c17b1d543},
+      {0xe41f3d6a7377eeca, 0x20caba5f1d9e4a94},
+      {0x8e938662882af53e, 0x547eb47b7282ee9d},
+      {0xb23867fb2a35b28d, 0xe99e619a4f23aa44},
+      {0xdec681f9f4c31f31, 0x6405fa00e2ec94d5},
+      {0x8b3c113c38f9f37e, 0xde83bc408dd3dd05},
+      {0xae0b158b4738705e, 0x9624ab50b148d446},
+      {0xd98ddaee19068c76, 0x3badd624dd9b0958},
+      {0x87f8a8d4cfa417c9, 0xe54ca5d70a80e5d7},
+      {0xa9f6d30a038d1dbc, 0x5e9fcf4ccd211f4d},
+      {0xd47487cc8470652b, 0x7647c32000696720},
+      {0x84c8d4dfd2c63f3b, 0x29ecd9f40041e074},
+      {0xa5fb0a17c777cf09, 0xf468107100525891},
+      {0xcf79cc9db955c2cc, 0x7182148d4066eeb5},
+      {0x81ac1fe293d599bf, 0xc6f14cd848405531},
+      {0xa21727db38cb002f, 0xb8ada00e5a506a7d},
+      {0xca9cf1d206fdc03b, 0xa6d90811f0e4851d},
+      {0xfd442e4688bd304a, 0x908f4a166d1da664},
+      {0x9e4a9cec15763e2e, 0x9a598e4e043287ff},
+      {0xc5dd44271ad3cdba, 0x40eff1e1853f29fe},
+      {0xf7549530e188c128, 0xd12bee59e68ef47d},
+      {0x9a94dd3e8cf578b9, 0x82bb74f8301958cf},
+      {0xc13a148e3032d6e7, 0xe36a52363c1faf02},
+      {0xf18899b1bc3f8ca1, 0xdc44e6c3cb279ac2},
+      {0x96f5600f15a7b7e5, 0x29ab103a5ef8c0ba},
+      {0xbcb2b812db11a5de, 0x7415d448f6b6f0e8},
+      {0xebdf661791d60f56, 0x111b495b3464ad22},
+      {0x936b9fcebb25c995, 0xcab10dd900beec35},
+      {0xb84687c269ef3bfb, 0x3d5d514f40eea743},
+      {0xe65829b3046b0afa, 0x0cb4a5a3112a5113},
+      {0x8ff71a0fe2c2e6dc, 0x47f0e785eaba72ac},
+      {0xb3f4e093db73a093, 0x59ed216765690f57},
+      {0xe0f218b8d25088b8, 0x306869c13ec3532d},
+      {0x8c974f7383725573, 0x1e414218c73a13fc},
+      {0xafbd2350644eeacf, 0xe5d1929ef90898fb},
+      {0xdbac6c247d62a583, 0xdf45f746b74abf3a},
+      {0x894bc396ce5da772, 0x6b8bba8c328eb784},
+      {0xab9eb47c81f5114f, 0x066ea92f3f326565},
+      {0xd686619ba27255a2, 0xc80a537b0efefebe},
+      {0x8613fd0145877585, 0xbd06742ce95f5f37},
+      {0xa798fc4196e952e7, 0x2c48113823b73705},
+      {0xd17f3b51fca3a7a0, 0xf75a15862ca504c6},
+      {0x82ef85133de648c4, 0x9a984d73dbe722fc},
+      {0xa3ab66580d5fdaf5, 0xc13e60d0d2e0ebbb},
+      {0xcc963fee10b7d1b3, 0x318df905079926a9},
+      {0xffbbcfe994e5c61f, 0xfdf17746497f7053},
+      {0x9fd561f1fd0f9bd3, 0xfeb6ea8bedefa634},
+      {0xc7caba6e7c5382c8, 0xfe64a52ee96b8fc1},
+      {0xf9bd690a1b68637b, 0x3dfdce7aa3c673b1},
+      {0x9c1661a651213e2d, 0x06bea10ca65c084f},
+      {0xc31bfa0fe5698db8, 0x486e494fcff30a63},
+      {0xf3e2f893dec3f126, 0x5a89dba3c3efccfb},
+      {0x986ddb5c6b3a76b7, 0xf89629465a75e01d},
+      {0xbe89523386091465, 0xf6bbb397f1135824},
+      {0xee2ba6c0678b597f, 0x746aa07ded582e2d},
+      {0x94db483840b717ef, 0xa8c2a44eb4571cdd},
+      {0xba121a4650e4ddeb, 0x92f34d62616ce414},
+      {0xe896a0d7e51e1566, 0x77b020baf9c81d18},
+      {0x915e2486ef32cd60, 0x0ace1474dc1d122f},
+      {0xb5b5ada8aaff80b8, 0x0d819992132456bb},
+      {0xe3231912d5bf60e6, 0x10e1fff697ed6c6a},
+      {0x8df5efabc5979c8f, 0xca8d3ffa1ef463c2},
+      {0xb1736b96b6fd83b3, 0xbd308ff8a6b17cb3},
+      {0xddd0467c64bce4a0, 0xac7cb3f6d05ddbdf},
+      {0x8aa22c0dbef60ee4, 0x6bcdf07a423aa96c},
+      {0xad4ab7112eb3929d, 0x86c16c98d2c953c7},
+      {0xd89d64d57a607744, 0xe871c7bf077ba8b8},
+      {0x87625f056c7c4a8b, 0x11471cd764ad4973},
+      {0xa93af6c6c79b5d2d, 0xd598e40d3dd89bd0},
+      {0xd389b47879823479, 0x4aff1d108d4ec2c4},
+      {0x843610cb4bf160cb, 0xcedf722a585139bb},
+      {0xa54394fe1eedb8fe, 0xc2974eb4ee658829},
+      {0xce947a3da6a9273e, 0x733d226229feea33},
+      {0x811ccc668829b887, 0x0806357d5a3f5260},
+      {0xa163ff802a3426a8, 0xca07c2dcb0cf26f8},
+      {0xc9bcff6034c13052, 0xfc89b393dd02f0b6},
+      {0xfc2c3f3841f17c67, 0xbbac2078d443ace3},
+      {0x9d9ba7832936edc0, 0xd54b944b84aa4c0e},
+      {0xc5029163f384a931, 0x0a9e795e65d4df12},
+      {0xf64335bcf065d37d, 0x4d4617b5ff4a16d6},
+      {0x99ea0196163fa42e, 0x504bced1bf8e4e46},
+      {0xc06481fb9bcf8d39, 0xe45ec2862f71e1d7},
+      {0xf07da27a82c37088, 0x5d767327bb4e5a4d},
+      {0x964e858c91ba2655, 0x3a6a07f8d510f870},
+      {0xbbe226efb628afea, 0x890489f70a55368c},
+      {0xeadab0aba3b2dbe5, 0x2b45ac74ccea842f},
+      {0x92c8ae6b464fc96f, 0x3b0b8bc90012929e},
+      {0xb77ada0617e3bbcb, 0x09ce6ebb40173745},
+      {0xe55990879ddcaabd, 0xcc420a6a101d0516},
+      {0x8f57fa54c2a9eab6, 0x9fa946824a12232e},
+      {0xb32df8e9f3546564, 0x47939822dc96abfa},
+      {0xdff9772470297ebd, 0x59787e2b93bc56f8},
+      {0x8bfbea76c619ef36, 0x57eb4edb3c55b65b},
+      {0xaefae51477a06b03, 0xede622920b6b23f2},
+      {0xdab99e59958885c4, 0xe95fab368e45ecee},
+      {0x88b402f7fd75539b, 0x11dbcb0218ebb415},
+      {0xaae103b5fcd2a881, 0xd652bdc29f26a11a},
+      {0xd59944a37c0752a2, 0x4be76d3346f04960},
+      {0x857fcae62d8493a5, 0x6f70a4400c562ddc},
+      {0xa6dfbd9fb8e5b88e, 0xcb4ccd500f6bb953},
+      {0xd097ad07a71f26b2, 0x7e2000a41346a7a8},
+      {0x825ecc24c873782f, 0x8ed400668c0c28c9},
+      {0xa2f67f2dfa90563b, 0x728900802f0f32fb},
+      {0xcbb41ef979346bca, 0x4f2b40a03ad2ffba},
+      {0xfea126b7d78186bc, 0xe2f610c84987bfa9},
+      {0x9f24b832e6b0f436, 0x0dd9ca7d2df4d7ca},
+      {0xc6ede63fa05d3143, 0x91503d1c79720dbc},
+      {0xf8a95fcf88747d94, 0x75a44c6397ce912b},
+      {0x9b69dbe1b548ce7c, 0xc986afbe3ee11abb},
+      {0xc24452da229b021b, 0xfbe85badce996169},
+      {0xf2d56790ab41c2a2, 0xfae27299423fb9c4},
+      {0x97c560ba6b0919a5, 0xdccd879fc967d41b},
+      {0xbdb6b8e905cb600f, 0x5400e987bbc1c921},
+      {0xed246723473e3813, 0x290123e9aab23b69},
+      {0x9436c0760c86e30b, 0xf9a0b6720aaf6522},
+      {0xb94470938fa89bce, 0xf808e40e8d5b3e6a},
+      {0xe7958cb87392c2c2, 0xb60b1d1230b20e05},
+      {0x90bd77f3483bb9b9, 0xb1c6f22b5e6f48c3},
+      {0xb4ecd5f01a4aa828, 0x1e38aeb6360b1af4},
+      {0xe2280b6c20dd5232, 0x25c6da63c38de1b1},
+      {0x8d590723948a535f, 0x579c487e5a38ad0f},
+      {0xb0af48ec79ace837, 0x2d835a9df0c6d852},
+      {0xdcdb1b2798182244, 0xf8e431456cf88e66},
+      {0x8a08f0f8bf0f156b, 0x1b8e9ecb641b5900},
+      {0xac8b2d36eed2dac5, 0xe272467e3d222f40},
+      {0xd7adf884aa879177, 0x5b0ed81dcc6abb10},
+      {0x86ccbb52ea94baea, 0x98e947129fc2b4ea},
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+      {0x8da471a9de737e24, 0x5ceaecfed289e5d3},
+      {0xb10d8e1456105dad, 0x7425a83e872c5f48},
+      {0xdd50f1996b947518, 0xd12f124e28f7771a},
+      {0x8a5296ffe33cc92f, 0x82bd6b70d99aaa70},
+      {0xace73cbfdc0bfb7b, 0x636cc64d1001550c},
+      {0xd8210befd30efa5a, 0x3c47f7e05401aa4f},
+      {0x8714a775e3e95c78, 0x65acfaec34810a72},
+      {0xa8d9d1535ce3b396, 0x7f1839a741a14d0e},
+      {0xd31045a8341ca07c, 0x1ede48111209a051},
+      {0x83ea2b892091e44d, 0x934aed0aab460433},
+      {0xa4e4b66b68b65d60, 0xf81da84d56178540},
+      {0xce1de40642e3f4b9, 0x36251260ab9d668f},
+      {0x80d2ae83e9ce78f3, 0xc1d72b7c6b42601a},
+      {0xa1075a24e4421730, 0xb24cf65b8612f820},
+      {0xc94930ae1d529cfc, 0xdee033f26797b628},
+      {0xfb9b7cd9a4a7443c, 0x169840ef017da3b2},
+      {0x9d412e0806e88aa5, 0x8e1f289560ee864f},
+      {0xc491798a08a2ad4e, 0xf1a6f2bab92a27e3},
+      {0xf5b5d7ec8acb58a2, 0xae10af696774b1dc},
+      {0x9991a6f3d6bf1765, 0xacca6da1e0a8ef2a},
+      {0xbff610b0cc6edd3f, 0x17fd090a58d32af4},
+      {0xeff394dcff8a948e, 0xddfc4b4cef07f5b1},
+      {0x95f83d0a1fb69cd9, 0x4abdaf101564f98f},
+      {0xbb764c4ca7a4440f, 0x9d6d1ad41abe37f2},
+      {0xea53df5fd18d5513, 0x84c86189216dc5ee},
+      {0x92746b9be2f8552c, 0x32fd3cf5b4e49bb5},
+      {0xb7118682dbb66a77, 0x3fbc8c33221dc2a2},
+      {0xe4d5e82392a40515, 0x0fabaf3feaa5334b},
+      {0x8f05b1163ba6832d, 0x29cb4d87f2a7400f},
+      {0xb2c71d5bca9023f8, 0x743e20e9ef511013},
+      {0xdf78e4b2bd342cf6, 0x914da9246b255417},
+      {0x8bab8eefb6409c1a, 0x1ad089b6c2f7548f},
+      {0xae9672aba3d0c320, 0xa184ac2473b529b2},
+      {0xda3c0f568cc4f3e8, 0xc9e5d72d90a2741f},
+      {0x8865899617fb1871, 0x7e2fa67c7a658893},
+      {0xaa7eebfb9df9de8d, 0xddbb901b98feeab8},
+      {0xd51ea6fa85785631, 0x552a74227f3ea566},
+      {0x8533285c936b35de, 0xd53a88958f872760},
+      {0xa67ff273b8460356, 0x8a892abaf368f138},
+      {0xd01fef10a657842c, 0x2d2b7569b0432d86},
+      {0x8213f56a67f6b29b, 0x9c3b29620e29fc74},
+      {0xa298f2c501f45f42, 0x8349f3ba91b47b90},
+      {0xcb3f2f7642717713, 0x241c70a936219a74},
+      {0xfe0efb53d30dd4d7, 0xed238cd383aa0111},
+      {0x9ec95d1463e8a506, 0xf4363804324a40ab},
+      {0xc67bb4597ce2ce48, 0xb143c6053edcd0d6},
+      {0xf81aa16fdc1b81da, 0xdd94b7868e94050b},
+      {0x9b10a4e5e9913128, 0xca7cf2b4191c8327},
+      {0xc1d4ce1f63f57d72, 0xfd1c2f611f63a3f1},
+      {0xf24a01a73cf2dccf, 0xbc633b39673c8ced},
+      {0x976e41088617ca01, 0xd5be0503e085d814},
+      {0xbd49d14aa79dbc82, 0x4b2d8644d8a74e19},
+      {0xec9c459d51852ba2, 0xddf8e7d60ed1219f},
+      {0x93e1ab8252f33b45, 0xcabb90e5c942b504},
+      {0xb8da1662e7b00a17, 0x3d6a751f3b936244},
+      {0xe7109bfba19c0c9d, 0x0cc512670a783ad5},
+      {0x906a617d450187e2, 0x27fb2b80668b24c6},
+      {0xb484f9dc9641e9da, 0xb1f9f660802dedf7},
+      {0xe1a63853bbd26451, 0x5e7873f8a0396974},
+      {0x8d07e33455637eb2, 0xdb0b487b6423e1e9},
+      {0xb049dc016abc5e5f, 0x91ce1a9a3d2cda63},
+      {0xdc5c5301c56b75f7, 0x7641a140cc7810fc},
+      {0x89b9b3e11b6329ba, 0xa9e904c87fcb0a9e},
+      {0xac2820d9623bf429, 0x546345fa9fbdcd45},
+      {0xd732290fbacaf133, 0xa97c177947ad4096},
+      {0x867f59a9d4bed6c0, 0x49ed8eabcccc485e},
+      {0xa81f301449ee8c70, 0x5c68f256bfff5a75},
+      {0xd226fc195c6a2f8c, 0x73832eec6fff3112},
+      {0x83585d8fd9c25db7, 0xc831fd53c5ff7eac},
+      {0xa42e74f3d032f525, 0xba3e7ca8b77f5e56},
+      {0xcd3a1230c43fb26f, 0x28ce1bd2e55f35ec},
+      {0x80444b5e7aa7cf85, 0x7980d163cf5b81b4},
+      {0xa0555e361951c366, 0xd7e105bcc3326220},
+      {0xc86ab5c39fa63440, 0x8dd9472bf3fefaa8},
+      {0xfa856334878fc150, 0xb14f98f6f0feb952},
+      {0x9c935e00d4b9d8d2, 0x6ed1bf9a569f33d4},
+      {0xc3b8358109e84f07, 0x0a862f80ec4700c9},
+      {0xf4a642e14c6262c8, 0xcd27bb612758c0fb},
+      {0x98e7e9cccfbd7dbd, 0x8038d51cb897789d},
+      {0xbf21e44003acdd2c, 0xe0470a63e6bd56c4},
+      {0xeeea5d5004981478, 0x1858ccfce06cac75},
+      {0x95527a5202df0ccb, 0x0f37801e0c43ebc9},
+      {0xbaa718e68396cffd, 0xd30560258f54e6bb},
+      {0xe950df20247c83fd, 0x47c6b82ef32a206a},
+      {0x91d28b7416cdd27e, 0x4cdc331d57fa5442},
+      {0xb6472e511c81471d, 0xe0133fe4adf8e953},
+      {0xe3d8f9e563a198e5, 0x58180fddd97723a7},
+      {0x8e679c2f5e44ff8f, 0x570f09eaa7ea7649},
+      {0xb201833b35d63f73, 0x2cd2cc6551e513db},
+      {0xde81e40a034bcf4f, 0xf8077f7ea65e58d2},
+      {0x8b112e86420f6191, 0xfb04afaf27faf783},
+      {0xadd57a27d29339f6, 0x79c5db9af1f9b564},
+      {0xd94ad8b1c7380874, 0x18375281ae7822bd},
+      {0x87cec76f1c830548, 0x8f2293910d0b15b6},
+      {0xa9c2794ae3a3c69a, 0xb2eb3875504ddb23},
+      {0xd433179d9c8cb841, 0x5fa60692a46151ec},
+      {0x849feec281d7f328, 0xdbc7c41ba6bcd334},
+      {0xa5c7ea73224deff3, 0x12b9b522906c0801},
+      {0xcf39e50feae16bef, 0xd768226b34870a01},
+      {0x81842f29f2cce375, 0xe6a1158300d46641},
+      {0xa1e53af46f801c53, 0x60495ae3c1097fd1},
+      {0xca5e89b18b602368, 0x385bb19cb14bdfc5},
+      {0xfcf62c1dee382c42, 0x46729e03dd9ed7b6},
+      {0x9e19db92b4e31ba9, 0x6c07a2c26a8346d2},
+      {0xc5a05277621be293, 0xc7098b7305241886},
+      { 0xf70867153aa2db38,
+        0xb8cbee4fc66d1ea8 }
+#else
+      {0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0x25e8e89c13bb0f7b},
+      {0xce5d73ff402d98e3, 0xfb0a3d212dc81290},
+      {0xa6b34ad8c9dfc06f, 0xf42faa48c0ea481f},
+      {0x86a8d39ef77164bc, 0xae5dff9c02033198},
+      {0xd98ddaee19068c76, 0x3badd624dd9b0958},
+      {0xafbd2350644eeacf, 0xe5d1929ef90898fb},
+      {0x8df5efabc5979c8f, 0xca8d3ffa1ef463c2},
+      {0xe55990879ddcaabd, 0xcc420a6a101d0516},
+      {0xb94470938fa89bce, 0xf808e40e8d5b3e6a},
+      {0x95a8637627989aad, 0xdde7001379a44aa9},
+      {0xf1c90080baf72cb1, 0x5324c68b12dd6339},
+      {0xc350000000000000, 0x0000000000000000},
+      {0x9dc5ada82b70b59d, 0xf020000000000000},
+      {0xfee50b7025c36a08, 0x02f236d04753d5b5},
+      {0xcde6fd5e09abcf26, 0xed4c0226b55e6f87},
+      {0xa6539930bf6bff45, 0x84db8346b786151d},
+      {0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0x0b8a2392ba45a9b3},
+      {0xd910f7ff28069da4, 0x1b2ba1518094da05},
+      {0xaf58416654a6babb, 0x387ac8d1970027b3},
+      {0x8da471a9de737e24, 0x5ceaecfed289e5d3},
+      {0xe4d5e82392a40515, 0x0fabaf3feaa5334b},
+      {0xb8da1662e7b00a17, 0x3d6a751f3b936244},
+      { 0x95527a5202df0ccb,
+        0x0f37801e0c43ebc9 }
+#endif
+    };
+
+#if FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
+    return pow10_significands[k - float_info<double>::min_k];
+#else
+    static constexpr const uint64_t powers_of_5_64[] = {
+        0x0000000000000001, 0x0000000000000005, 0x0000000000000019,
+        0x000000000000007d, 0x0000000000000271, 0x0000000000000c35,
+        0x0000000000003d09, 0x000000000001312d, 0x000000000005f5e1,
+        0x00000000001dcd65, 0x00000000009502f9, 0x0000000002e90edd,
+        0x000000000e8d4a51, 0x0000000048c27395, 0x000000016bcc41e9,
+        0x000000071afd498d, 0x0000002386f26fc1, 0x000000b1a2bc2ec5,
+        0x000003782dace9d9, 0x00001158e460913d, 0x000056bc75e2d631,
+        0x0001b1ae4d6e2ef5, 0x000878678326eac9, 0x002a5a058fc295ed,
+        0x00d3c21bcecceda1, 0x0422ca8b0a00a425, 0x14adf4b7320334b9};
+
+    static const int compression_ratio = 27;
+
+    // Compute base index.
+    int cache_index = (k - float_info<double>::min_k) / compression_ratio;
+    int kb = cache_index * compression_ratio + float_info<double>::min_k;
+    int offset = k - kb;
+
+    // Get base cache.
+    uint128_fallback base_cache = pow10_significands[cache_index];
+    if (offset == 0) return base_cache;
+
+    // Compute the required amount of bit-shift.
+    int alpha = floor_log2_pow10(kb + offset) - floor_log2_pow10(kb) - offset;
+    FMT_ASSERT(alpha > 0 && alpha < 64, "shifting error detected");
+
+    // Try to recover the real cache.
+    uint64_t pow5 = powers_of_5_64[offset];
+    uint128_fallback recovered_cache = umul128(base_cache.high(), pow5);
+    uint128_fallback middle_low = umul128(base_cache.low(), pow5);
+
+    recovered_cache += middle_low.high();
+
+    uint64_t high_to_middle = recovered_cache.high() << (64 - alpha);
+    uint64_t middle_to_low = recovered_cache.low() << (64 - alpha);
+
+    recovered_cache =
+        uint128_fallback{(recovered_cache.low() >> alpha) | high_to_middle,
+                         ((middle_low.low() >> alpha) | middle_to_low)};
+    FMT_ASSERT(recovered_cache.low() + 1 != 0, "");
+    return {recovered_cache.high(), recovered_cache.low() + 1};
+#endif
+  }
+
+  struct compute_mul_result {
+    carrier_uint result;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+  struct compute_mul_parity_result {
+    bool parity;
+    bool is_integer;
+  };
+
+  static compute_mul_result compute_mul(
+      carrier_uint u, const cache_entry_type& cache) noexcept {
+    auto r = umul192_upper128(u, cache);
+    return {r.high(), r.low() == 0};
+  }
+
+  static uint32_t compute_delta(cache_entry_type const& cache,
+                                int beta) noexcept {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(cache.high() >> (64 - 1 - beta));
+  }
+
+  static compute_mul_parity_result compute_mul_parity(
+      carrier_uint two_f, const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept {
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta >= 1, "");
+    FMT_ASSERT(beta < 64, "");
+
+    auto r = umul192_lower128(two_f, cache);
+    return {((r.high() >> (64 - beta)) & 1) != 0,
+            ((r.high() << beta) | (r.low() >> (64 - beta))) == 0};
+  }
+
+  static carrier_uint compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept {
+    return (cache.high() -
+            (cache.high() >> (num_significand_bits<double>() + 2))) >>
+           (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 1 - beta);
+  }
+
+  static carrier_uint compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept {
+    return (cache.high() +
+            (cache.high() >> (num_significand_bits<double>() + 1))) >>
+           (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 1 - beta);
+  }
+
+  static carrier_uint compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      const cache_entry_type& cache, int beta) noexcept {
+    return ((cache.high() >> (64 - num_significand_bits<double>() - 2 - beta)) +
+            1) /
+           2;
+  }
+};
+
+// Various integer checks
+template <class T>
+bool is_left_endpoint_integer_shorter_interval(int exponent) noexcept {
+  const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold = 2;
+  const int case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold = 3;
+  return exponent >= case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_lower_threshold &&
+         exponent <= case_shorter_interval_left_endpoint_upper_threshold;
+}
+
+// Remove trailing zeros from n and return the number of zeros removed (float)
+FMT_INLINE int remove_trailing_zeros(uint32_t& n) noexcept {
+  FMT_ASSERT(n != 0, "");
+  const uint32_t mod_inv_5 = 0xcccccccd;
+  const uint32_t mod_inv_25 = mod_inv_5 * mod_inv_5;
+
+  int s = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_25, 2);
+    if (q > max_value<uint32_t>() / 100) break;
+    n = q;
+    s += 2;
+  }
+  auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_5, 1);
+  if (q <= max_value<uint32_t>() / 10) {
+    n = q;
+    s |= 1;
+  }
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+// Removes trailing zeros and returns the number of zeros removed (double)
+FMT_INLINE int remove_trailing_zeros(uint64_t& n) noexcept {
+  FMT_ASSERT(n != 0, "");
+
+  // This magic number is ceil(2^90 / 10^8).
+  constexpr uint64_t magic_number = 12379400392853802749ull;
+  auto nm = umul128(n, magic_number);
+
+  // Is n is divisible by 10^8?
+  if ((nm.high() & ((1ull << (90 - 64)) - 1)) == 0 && nm.low() < magic_number) {
+    // If yes, work with the quotient.
+    auto n32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(nm.high() >> (90 - 64));
+
+    const uint32_t mod_inv_5 = 0xcccccccd;
+    const uint32_t mod_inv_25 = mod_inv_5 * mod_inv_5;
+
+    int s = 8;
+    while (true) {
+      auto q = rotr(n32 * mod_inv_25, 2);
+      if (q > max_value<uint32_t>() / 100) break;
+      n32 = q;
+      s += 2;
+    }
+    auto q = rotr(n32 * mod_inv_5, 1);
+    if (q <= max_value<uint32_t>() / 10) {
+      n32 = q;
+      s |= 1;
+    }
+
+    n = n32;
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  // If n is not divisible by 10^8, work with n itself.
+  const uint64_t mod_inv_5 = 0xcccccccccccccccd;
+  const uint64_t mod_inv_25 = mod_inv_5 * mod_inv_5;
+
+  int s = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_25, 2);
+    if (q > max_value<uint64_t>() / 100) break;
+    n = q;
+    s += 2;
+  }
+  auto q = rotr(n * mod_inv_5, 1);
+  if (q <= max_value<uint64_t>() / 10) {
+    n = q;
+    s |= 1;
+  }
+
+  return s;
+}
+
+// The main algorithm for shorter interval case
+template <class T>
+FMT_INLINE decimal_fp<T> shorter_interval_case(int exponent) noexcept {
+  decimal_fp<T> ret_value;
+  // Compute k and beta
+  const int minus_k = floor_log10_pow2_minus_log10_4_over_3(exponent);
+  const int beta = exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k);
+
+  // Compute xi and zi
+  using cache_entry_type = typename cache_accessor<T>::cache_entry_type;
+  const cache_entry_type cache = cache_accessor<T>::get_cached_power(-minus_k);
+
+  auto xi = cache_accessor<T>::compute_left_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      cache, beta);
+  auto zi = cache_accessor<T>::compute_right_endpoint_for_shorter_interval_case(
+      cache, beta);
+
+  // If the left endpoint is not an integer, increase it
+  if (!is_left_endpoint_integer_shorter_interval<T>(exponent)) ++xi;
+
+  // Try bigger divisor
+  ret_value.significand = zi / 10;
+
+  // If succeed, remove trailing zeros if necessary and return
+  if (ret_value.significand * 10 >= xi) {
+    ret_value.exponent = minus_k + 1;
+    ret_value.exponent += remove_trailing_zeros(ret_value.significand);
+    return ret_value;
+  }
+
+  // Otherwise, compute the round-up of y
+  ret_value.significand =
+      cache_accessor<T>::compute_round_up_for_shorter_interval_case(cache,
+                                                                    beta);
+  ret_value.exponent = minus_k;
+
+  // When tie occurs, choose one of them according to the rule
+  if (exponent >= float_info<T>::shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold &&
+      exponent <= float_info<T>::shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold) {
+    ret_value.significand = ret_value.significand % 2 == 0
+                                ? ret_value.significand
+                                : ret_value.significand - 1;
+  } else if (ret_value.significand < xi) {
+    ++ret_value.significand;
+  }
+  return ret_value;
+}
+
+template <typename T> decimal_fp<T> to_decimal(T x) noexcept {
+  // Step 1: integer promotion & Schubfach multiplier calculation.
+
+  using carrier_uint = typename float_info<T>::carrier_uint;
+  using cache_entry_type = typename cache_accessor<T>::cache_entry_type;
+  auto br = bit_cast<carrier_uint>(x);
+
+  // Extract significand bits and exponent bits.
+  const carrier_uint significand_mask =
+      (static_cast<carrier_uint>(1) << num_significand_bits<T>()) - 1;
+  carrier_uint significand = (br & significand_mask);
+  int exponent =
+      static_cast<int>((br & exponent_mask<T>()) >> num_significand_bits<T>());
+
+  if (exponent != 0) {  // Check if normal.
+    exponent -= exponent_bias<T>() + num_significand_bits<T>();
+
+    // Shorter interval case; proceed like Schubfach.
+    // In fact, when exponent == 1 and significand == 0, the interval is
+    // regular. However, it can be shown that the end-results are anyway same.
+    if (significand == 0) return shorter_interval_case<T>(exponent);
+
+    significand |= (static_cast<carrier_uint>(1) << num_significand_bits<T>());
+  } else {
+    // Subnormal case; the interval is always regular.
+    if (significand == 0) return {0, 0};
+    exponent =
+        std::numeric_limits<T>::min_exponent - num_significand_bits<T>() - 1;
+  }
+
+  const bool include_left_endpoint = (significand % 2 == 0);
+  const bool include_right_endpoint = include_left_endpoint;
+
+  // Compute k and beta.
+  const int minus_k = floor_log10_pow2(exponent) - float_info<T>::kappa;
+  const cache_entry_type cache = cache_accessor<T>::get_cached_power(-minus_k);
+  const int beta = exponent + floor_log2_pow10(-minus_k);
+
+  // Compute zi and deltai.
+  // 10^kappa <= deltai < 10^(kappa + 1)
+  const uint32_t deltai = cache_accessor<T>::compute_delta(cache, beta);
+  const carrier_uint two_fc = significand << 1;
+
+  // For the case of binary32, the result of integer check is not correct for
+  // 29711844 * 2^-82
+  // = 6.1442653300000000008655037797566933477355632930994033813476... * 10^-18
+  // and 29711844 * 2^-81
+  // = 1.2288530660000000001731007559513386695471126586198806762695... * 10^-17,
+  // and they are the unique counterexamples. However, since 29711844 is even,
+  // this does not cause any problem for the endpoints calculations; it can only
+  // cause a problem when we need to perform integer check for the center.
+  // Fortunately, with these inputs, that branch is never executed, so we are
+  // fine.
+  const typename cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_result z_mul =
+      cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul((two_fc | 1) << beta, cache);
+
+  // Step 2: Try larger divisor; remove trailing zeros if necessary.
+
+  // Using an upper bound on zi, we might be able to optimize the division
+  // better than the compiler; we are computing zi / big_divisor here.
+  decimal_fp<T> ret_value;
+  ret_value.significand = divide_by_10_to_kappa_plus_1(z_mul.result);
+  uint32_t r = static_cast<uint32_t>(z_mul.result - float_info<T>::big_divisor *
+                                                        ret_value.significand);
+
+  if (r < deltai) {
+    // Exclude the right endpoint if necessary.
+    if (r == 0 && z_mul.is_integer && !include_right_endpoint) {
+      --ret_value.significand;
+      r = float_info<T>::big_divisor;
+      goto small_divisor_case_label;
+    }
+  } else if (r > deltai) {
+    goto small_divisor_case_label;
+  } else {
+    // r == deltai; compare fractional parts.
+    const carrier_uint two_fl = two_fc - 1;
+
+    if (!include_left_endpoint ||
+        exponent < float_info<T>::case_fc_pm_half_lower_threshold ||
+        exponent > float_info<T>::divisibility_check_by_5_threshold) {
+      // If the left endpoint is not included, the condition for
+      // success is z^(f) < delta^(f) (odd parity).
+      // Otherwise, the inequalities on exponent ensure that
+      // x is not an integer, so if z^(f) >= delta^(f) (even parity), we in fact
+      // have strict inequality.
+      if (!cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fl, cache, beta).parity) {
+        goto small_divisor_case_label;
+      }
+    } else {
+      const typename cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity_result x_mul =
+          cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fl, cache, beta);
+      if (!x_mul.parity && !x_mul.is_integer) {
+        goto small_divisor_case_label;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  ret_value.exponent = minus_k + float_info<T>::kappa + 1;
+
+  // We may need to remove trailing zeros.
+  ret_value.exponent += remove_trailing_zeros(ret_value.significand);
+  return ret_value;
+
+  // Step 3: Find the significand with the smaller divisor.
+
+small_divisor_case_label:
+  ret_value.significand *= 10;
+  ret_value.exponent = minus_k + float_info<T>::kappa;
+
+  uint32_t dist = r - (deltai / 2) + (float_info<T>::small_divisor / 2);
+  const bool approx_y_parity =
+      ((dist ^ (float_info<T>::small_divisor / 2)) & 1) != 0;
+
+  // Is dist divisible by 10^kappa?
+  const bool divisible_by_small_divisor =
+      check_divisibility_and_divide_by_pow10<float_info<T>::kappa>(dist);
+
+  // Add dist / 10^kappa to the significand.
+  ret_value.significand += dist;
+
+  if (!divisible_by_small_divisor) return ret_value;
+
+  // Check z^(f) >= epsilon^(f).
+  // We have either yi == zi - epsiloni or yi == (zi - epsiloni) - 1,
+  // where yi == zi - epsiloni if and only if z^(f) >= epsilon^(f).
+  // Since there are only 2 possibilities, we only need to care about the
+  // parity. Also, zi and r should have the same parity since the divisor
+  // is an even number.
+  const auto y_mul = cache_accessor<T>::compute_mul_parity(two_fc, cache, beta);
+
+  // If z^(f) >= epsilon^(f), we might have a tie when z^(f) == epsilon^(f),
+  // or equivalently, when y is an integer.
+  if (y_mul.parity != approx_y_parity)
+    --ret_value.significand;
+  else if (y_mul.is_integer && ret_value.significand % 2 != 0)
+    --ret_value.significand;
+  return ret_value;
+}
+}  // namespace dragonbox
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+FMT_FUNC auto fmt_snprintf(char* buf, size_t size, const char* fmt, ...)
+    -> int {
+  auto args = va_list();
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  int result = vsnprintf_s(buf, size, _TRUNCATE, fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+  return result;
+}
+#endif
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <> struct formatter<detail::bigint> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx)
+      -> format_parse_context::iterator {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const detail::bigint& n, FormatContext& ctx) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    bool first = true;
+    for (auto i = n.bigits_.size(); i > 0; --i) {
+      auto value = n.bigits_[i - 1u];
+      if (first) {
+        out = format_to(out, FMT_STRING("{:x}"), value);
+        first = false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      out = format_to(out, FMT_STRING("{:08x}"), value);
+    }
+    if (n.exp_ > 0)
+      out = format_to(out, FMT_STRING("p{}"),
+                      n.exp_ * detail::bigint::bigit_bits);
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_FUNC detail::utf8_to_utf16::utf8_to_utf16(string_view s) {
+  for_each_codepoint(s, [this](uint32_t cp, string_view) {
+    if (cp == invalid_code_point) FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error("invalid utf8"));
+    if (cp <= 0xFFFF) {
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(cp));
+    } else {
+      cp -= 0x10000;
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xD800 + (cp >> 10)));
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<wchar_t>(0xDC00 + (cp & 0x3FF)));
+    }
+    return true;
+  });
+  buffer_.push_back(0);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void format_system_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
+  FMT_TRY {
+    auto ec = std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category());
+    write(std::back_inserter(out), std::system_error(ec, message).what());
+    return;
+  }
+  FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void report_system_error(int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
+  report_error(format_system_error, error_code, message);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC std::string vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  // Don't optimize the "{}" case to keep the binary size small and because it
+  // can be better optimized in fmt::format anyway.
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  return to_string(buffer);
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+namespace detail {
+using dword = conditional_t<sizeof(long) == 4, unsigned long, unsigned>;
+extern "C" __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall WriteConsoleW(  //
+    void*, const void*, dword, dword*, void*);
+}  // namespace detail
+#endif
+
+namespace detail {
+FMT_FUNC void print(std::FILE* f, string_view text) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  auto fd = _fileno(f);
+  if (_isatty(fd)) {
+    detail::utf8_to_utf16 u16(string_view(text.data(), text.size()));
+    auto written = detail::dword();
+    if (detail::WriteConsoleW(reinterpret_cast<void*>(_get_osfhandle(fd)),
+                              u16.c_str(), static_cast<uint32_t>(u16.size()),
+                              &written, nullptr)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Fallback to fwrite on failure. It can happen if the output has been
+    // redirected to NUL.
+  }
+#endif
+  detail::fwrite_fully(text.data(), 1, text.size(), f);
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_FUNC void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view format_str, format_args args) {
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  detail::print(f, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// Print assuming legacy (non-Unicode) encoding.
+FMT_FUNC void detail::vprint_mojibake(std::FILE* f, string_view format_str,
+                                      format_args args) {
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str,
+                     basic_format_args<buffer_context<char>>(args));
+  fwrite_fully(buffer.data(), 1, buffer.size(), f);
+}
+#endif
+
+FMT_FUNC void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args) {
+  vprint(stdout, format_str, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+struct singleton {
+  unsigned char upper;
+  unsigned char lower_count;
+};
+
+inline auto is_printable(uint16_t x, const singleton* singletons,
+                         size_t singletons_size,
+                         const unsigned char* singleton_lowers,
+                         const unsigned char* normal, size_t normal_size)
+    -> bool {
+  auto upper = x >> 8;
+  auto lower_start = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < singletons_size; ++i) {
+    auto s = singletons[i];
+    auto lower_end = lower_start + s.lower_count;
+    if (upper < s.upper) break;
+    if (upper == s.upper) {
+      for (auto j = lower_start; j < lower_end; ++j) {
+        if (singleton_lowers[j] == (x & 0xff)) return false;
+      }
+    }
+    lower_start = lower_end;
+  }
+
+  auto xsigned = static_cast<int>(x);
+  auto current = true;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < normal_size; ++i) {
+    auto v = static_cast<int>(normal[i]);
+    auto len = (v & 0x80) != 0 ? (v & 0x7f) << 8 | normal[++i] : v;
+    xsigned -= len;
+    if (xsigned < 0) break;
+    current = !current;
+  }
+  return current;
+}
+
+// This code is generated by support/printable.py.
+FMT_FUNC auto is_printable(uint32_t cp) -> bool {
+  static constexpr singleton singletons0[] = {
+      {0x00, 1},  {0x03, 5},  {0x05, 6},  {0x06, 3},  {0x07, 6},  {0x08, 8},
+      {0x09, 17}, {0x0a, 28}, {0x0b, 25}, {0x0c, 20}, {0x0d, 16}, {0x0e, 13},
+      {0x0f, 4},  {0x10, 3},  {0x12, 18}, {0x13, 9},  {0x16, 1},  {0x17, 5},
+      {0x18, 2},  {0x19, 3},  {0x1a, 7},  {0x1c, 2},  {0x1d, 1},  {0x1f, 22},
+      {0x20, 3},  {0x2b, 3},  {0x2c, 2},  {0x2d, 11}, {0x2e, 1},  {0x30, 3},
+      {0x31, 2},  {0x32, 1},  {0xa7, 2},  {0xa9, 2},  {0xaa, 4},  {0xab, 8},
+      {0xfa, 2},  {0xfb, 5},  {0xfd, 4},  {0xfe, 3},  {0xff, 9},
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char singletons0_lower[] = {
+      0xad, 0x78, 0x79, 0x8b, 0x8d, 0xa2, 0x30, 0x57, 0x58, 0x8b, 0x8c, 0x90,
+      0x1c, 0x1d, 0xdd, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0x3f,
+      0x5c, 0x5d, 0x5f, 0xb5, 0xe2, 0x84, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x91, 0x92, 0xa9, 0xb1,
+      0xba, 0xbb, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xde, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xff, 0x00, 0x04,
+      0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x37, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3d, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x5d,
+      0x84, 0x8e, 0x92, 0xa9, 0xb1, 0xb4, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xc6, 0xca, 0xce, 0xcf,
+      0xe4, 0xe5, 0x00, 0x04, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x3a,
+      0x3b, 0x45, 0x46, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x5e, 0x64, 0x65, 0x84, 0x91, 0x9b, 0x9d,
+      0xc9, 0xce, 0xcf, 0x0d, 0x11, 0x29, 0x45, 0x49, 0x57, 0x64, 0x65, 0x8d,
+      0x91, 0xa9, 0xb4, 0xba, 0xbb, 0xc5, 0xc9, 0xdf, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xf0, 0x0d,
+      0x11, 0x45, 0x49, 0x64, 0x65, 0x80, 0x84, 0xb2, 0xbc, 0xbe, 0xbf, 0xd5,
+      0xd7, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0x83, 0x85, 0x8b, 0xa4, 0xa6, 0xbe, 0xbf, 0xc5, 0xc7,
+      0xce, 0xcf, 0xda, 0xdb, 0x48, 0x98, 0xbd, 0xcd, 0xc6, 0xce, 0xcf, 0x49,
+      0x4e, 0x4f, 0x57, 0x59, 0x5e, 0x5f, 0x89, 0x8e, 0x8f, 0xb1, 0xb6, 0xb7,
+      0xbf, 0xc1, 0xc6, 0xc7, 0xd7, 0x11, 0x16, 0x17, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0xf6, 0xf7,
+      0xfe, 0xff, 0x80, 0x0d, 0x6d, 0x71, 0xde, 0xdf, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x6e,
+      0x6f, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x5f, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0xae, 0xaf, 0xbb, 0xbc, 0xfa, 0x16,
+      0x17, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x46, 0x47, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x58, 0x5a, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x7e,
+      0x7f, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0xdc, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf5, 0x72, 0x73, 0x8f,
+      0x74, 0x75, 0x96, 0x2f, 0x5f, 0x26, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0xa7, 0xaf, 0xb7, 0xbf,
+      0xc7, 0xcf, 0xd7, 0xdf, 0x9a, 0x40, 0x97, 0x98, 0x30, 0x8f, 0x1f, 0xc0,
+      0xc1, 0xce, 0xff, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0x07, 0x08, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x27,
+      0x2f, 0xee, 0xef, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x37, 0x3d, 0x3f, 0x42, 0x45, 0x90, 0x91,
+      0xfe, 0xff, 0x53, 0x67, 0x75, 0xc8, 0xc9, 0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd8, 0xd9, 0xe7,
+      0xfe, 0xff,
+  };
+  static constexpr singleton singletons1[] = {
+      {0x00, 6},  {0x01, 1}, {0x03, 1},  {0x04, 2}, {0x08, 8},  {0x09, 2},
+      {0x0a, 5},  {0x0b, 2}, {0x0e, 4},  {0x10, 1}, {0x11, 2},  {0x12, 5},
+      {0x13, 17}, {0x14, 1}, {0x15, 2},  {0x17, 2}, {0x19, 13}, {0x1c, 5},
+      {0x1d, 8},  {0x24, 1}, {0x6a, 3},  {0x6b, 2}, {0xbc, 2},  {0xd1, 2},
+      {0xd4, 12}, {0xd5, 9}, {0xd6, 2},  {0xd7, 2}, {0xda, 1},  {0xe0, 5},
+      {0xe1, 2},  {0xe8, 2}, {0xee, 32}, {0xf0, 4}, {0xf8, 2},  {0xf9, 2},
+      {0xfa, 2},  {0xfb, 1},
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char singletons1_lower[] = {
+      0x0c, 0x27, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x9e, 0x9f, 0x06, 0x07,
+      0x09, 0x36, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x56, 0xf3, 0xd0, 0xd1, 0x04, 0x14, 0x18, 0x36,
+      0x37, 0x56, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xaa, 0xae, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0x35, 0xe0, 0x12, 0x87,
+      0x89, 0x8e, 0x9e, 0x04, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x11, 0x12, 0x29, 0x31, 0x34, 0x3a,
+      0x45, 0x46, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4e, 0x4f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x5c, 0xb6, 0xb7, 0x1b,
+      0x1c, 0x07, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x14, 0x17, 0x36, 0x39, 0x3a, 0xa8, 0xa9,
+      0xd8, 0xd9, 0x09, 0x37, 0x90, 0x91, 0xa8, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x66,
+      0x69, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x6f, 0x5f, 0xee, 0xef, 0x5a, 0x62, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x27,
+      0x28, 0x55, 0x9d, 0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa7, 0xa8, 0xad, 0xba, 0xbc,
+      0xc4, 0x06, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x15, 0x1d, 0x3a, 0x3f, 0x45, 0x51, 0xa6, 0xa7,
+      0xcc, 0xcd, 0xa0, 0x07, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x22, 0x25, 0x3e, 0x3f, 0xc5, 0xc6,
+      0x04, 0x20, 0x23, 0x25, 0x26, 0x28, 0x33, 0x38, 0x3a, 0x48, 0x4a, 0x4c,
+      0x50, 0x53, 0x55, 0x56, 0x58, 0x5a, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x60, 0x63, 0x65, 0x66,
+      0x6b, 0x73, 0x78, 0x7d, 0x7f, 0x8a, 0xa4, 0xaa, 0xaf, 0xb0, 0xc0, 0xd0,
+      0xae, 0xaf, 0x79, 0xcc, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x93,
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char normal0[] = {
+      0x00, 0x20, 0x5f, 0x22, 0x82, 0xdf, 0x04, 0x82, 0x44, 0x08, 0x1b, 0x04,
+      0x06, 0x11, 0x81, 0xac, 0x0e, 0x80, 0xab, 0x35, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x80, 0xe0,
+      0x03, 0x19, 0x08, 0x01, 0x04, 0x2f, 0x04, 0x34, 0x04, 0x07, 0x03, 0x01,
+      0x07, 0x06, 0x07, 0x11, 0x0a, 0x50, 0x0f, 0x12, 0x07, 0x55, 0x07, 0x03,
+      0x04, 0x1c, 0x0a, 0x09, 0x03, 0x08, 0x03, 0x07, 0x03, 0x02, 0x03, 0x03,
+      0x03, 0x0c, 0x04, 0x05, 0x03, 0x0b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x0e, 0x15, 0x05, 0x3a,
+      0x03, 0x11, 0x07, 0x06, 0x05, 0x10, 0x07, 0x57, 0x07, 0x02, 0x07, 0x15,
+      0x0d, 0x50, 0x04, 0x43, 0x03, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x01, 0x04, 0x11, 0x06, 0x0f,
+      0x0c, 0x3a, 0x04, 0x1d, 0x25, 0x5f, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x04, 0x6a, 0x25, 0x80,
+      0xc8, 0x05, 0x82, 0xb0, 0x03, 0x1a, 0x06, 0x82, 0xfd, 0x03, 0x59, 0x07,
+      0x15, 0x0b, 0x17, 0x09, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x6a, 0x06, 0x0a, 0x06,
+      0x1a, 0x06, 0x59, 0x07, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x46, 0x0a, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x04,
+      0x01, 0x03, 0x31, 0x0b, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x1a, 0x06, 0x0b, 0x03, 0x80, 0xac,
+      0x06, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x21, 0x3f, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x74, 0x08, 0x3c,
+      0x03, 0x0f, 0x03, 0x3c, 0x07, 0x38, 0x08, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x82, 0xff, 0x11,
+      0x18, 0x08, 0x2f, 0x11, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x20, 0x10, 0x21, 0x0f, 0x80, 0x8c,
+      0x04, 0x82, 0x97, 0x19, 0x0b, 0x15, 0x88, 0x94, 0x05, 0x2f, 0x05, 0x3b,
+      0x07, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x18, 0x09, 0x80, 0xb3, 0x2d, 0x74, 0x0c, 0x80, 0xd6,
+      0x1a, 0x0c, 0x05, 0x80, 0xff, 0x05, 0x80, 0xdf, 0x0c, 0xee, 0x0d, 0x03,
+      0x84, 0x8d, 0x03, 0x37, 0x09, 0x81, 0x5c, 0x14, 0x80, 0xb8, 0x08, 0x80,
+      0xcb, 0x2a, 0x38, 0x03, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x38, 0x08, 0x46, 0x08, 0x0c, 0x06,
+      0x74, 0x0b, 0x1e, 0x03, 0x5a, 0x04, 0x59, 0x09, 0x80, 0x83, 0x18, 0x1c,
+      0x0a, 0x16, 0x09, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x80, 0x8a, 0x06, 0xab, 0xa4, 0x0c, 0x17,
+      0x04, 0x31, 0xa1, 0x04, 0x81, 0xda, 0x26, 0x07, 0x0c, 0x05, 0x05, 0x80,
+      0xa5, 0x11, 0x81, 0x6d, 0x10, 0x78, 0x28, 0x2a, 0x06, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x80,
+      0x8d, 0x04, 0x80, 0xbe, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x03, 0x0f, 0x0d,
+  };
+  static constexpr unsigned char normal1[] = {
+      0x5e, 0x22, 0x7b, 0x05, 0x03, 0x04, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x66, 0x03, 0x01, 0x2f,
+      0x2e, 0x80, 0x82, 0x1d, 0x03, 0x31, 0x0f, 0x1c, 0x04, 0x24, 0x09, 0x1e,
+      0x05, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x44, 0x04, 0x0e, 0x2a, 0x80, 0xaa, 0x06, 0x24, 0x04,
+      0x24, 0x04, 0x28, 0x08, 0x34, 0x0b, 0x01, 0x80, 0x90, 0x81, 0x37, 0x09,
+      0x16, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x80, 0x98, 0x39, 0x03, 0x63, 0x08, 0x09, 0x30, 0x16,
+      0x05, 0x21, 0x03, 0x1b, 0x05, 0x01, 0x40, 0x38, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x05, 0x2f,
+      0x04, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x09, 0x07, 0x40, 0x20, 0x27, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x09, 0x36,
+      0x03, 0x3a, 0x05, 0x1a, 0x07, 0x04, 0x0c, 0x07, 0x50, 0x49, 0x37, 0x33,
+      0x0d, 0x33, 0x07, 0x2e, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x81, 0x26, 0x52, 0x4e, 0x28, 0x08,
+      0x2a, 0x56, 0x1c, 0x14, 0x17, 0x09, 0x4e, 0x04, 0x1e, 0x0f, 0x43, 0x0e,
+      0x19, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x48, 0x08, 0x27, 0x09, 0x75, 0x0b, 0x3f, 0x41,
+      0x2a, 0x06, 0x3b, 0x05, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x51, 0x06, 0x01, 0x05, 0x10, 0x03,
+      0x05, 0x80, 0x8b, 0x62, 0x1e, 0x48, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x80, 0xa6, 0x5e, 0x22,
+      0x45, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x0d, 0x13, 0x39, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x36, 0x2c, 0x04,
+      0x10, 0x80, 0xc0, 0x3c, 0x64, 0x53, 0x0c, 0x48, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x46, 0x45,
+      0x1b, 0x48, 0x08, 0x53, 0x1d, 0x39, 0x81, 0x07, 0x46, 0x0a, 0x1d, 0x03,
+      0x47, 0x49, 0x37, 0x03, 0x0e, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x39, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x81,
+      0x36, 0x19, 0x80, 0xb7, 0x01, 0x0f, 0x32, 0x0d, 0x83, 0x9b, 0x66, 0x75,
+      0x0b, 0x80, 0xc4, 0x8a, 0xbc, 0x84, 0x2f, 0x8f, 0xd1, 0x82, 0x47, 0xa1,
+      0xb9, 0x82, 0x39, 0x07, 0x2a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x60, 0x26, 0x0a, 0x46, 0x0a,
+      0x28, 0x05, 0x13, 0x82, 0xb0, 0x5b, 0x65, 0x4b, 0x04, 0x39, 0x07, 0x11,
+      0x40, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x97, 0xf8, 0x08, 0x84, 0xd6, 0x2a, 0x09,
+      0xa2, 0xf7, 0x81, 0x1f, 0x31, 0x03, 0x11, 0x04, 0x08, 0x81, 0x8c, 0x89,
+      0x04, 0x6b, 0x05, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x09, 0x07, 0x10, 0x93, 0x60, 0x80, 0xf6,
+      0x0a, 0x73, 0x08, 0x6e, 0x17, 0x46, 0x80, 0x9a, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x57, 0x09,
+      0x19, 0x80, 0x87, 0x81, 0x47, 0x03, 0x85, 0x42, 0x0f, 0x15, 0x85, 0x50,
+      0x2b, 0x80, 0xd5, 0x2d, 0x03, 0x1a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x81, 0x70, 0x3a, 0x05,
+      0x01, 0x85, 0x00, 0x80, 0xd7, 0x29, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x02, 0x83,
+      0x11, 0x44, 0x4c, 0x3d, 0x80, 0xc2, 0x3c, 0x06, 0x01, 0x04, 0x55, 0x05,
+      0x1b, 0x34, 0x02, 0x81, 0x0e, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x64, 0x0c, 0x56, 0x0a, 0x80,
+      0xae, 0x38, 0x1d, 0x0d, 0x2c, 0x04, 0x09, 0x07, 0x02, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x80,
+      0x9a, 0x83, 0xd8, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x0d, 0x03, 0x74, 0x0c, 0x59, 0x07,
+      0x0c, 0x14, 0x0c, 0x04, 0x38, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x28, 0x08, 0x22, 0x4e,
+      0x81, 0x54, 0x0c, 0x15, 0x03, 0x03, 0x05, 0x07, 0x09, 0x19, 0x07, 0x07,
+      0x09, 0x03, 0x0d, 0x07, 0x29, 0x80, 0xcb, 0x25, 0x0a, 0x84, 0x06,
+  };
+  auto lower = static_cast<uint16_t>(cp);
+  if (cp < 0x10000) {
+    return is_printable(lower, singletons0,
+                        sizeof(singletons0) / sizeof(*singletons0),
+                        singletons0_lower, normal0, sizeof(normal0));
+  }
+  if (cp < 0x20000) {
+    return is_printable(lower, singletons1,
+                        sizeof(singletons1) / sizeof(*singletons1),
+                        singletons1_lower, normal1, sizeof(normal1));
+  }
+  if (0x2a6de <= cp && cp < 0x2a700) return false;
+  if (0x2b735 <= cp && cp < 0x2b740) return false;
+  if (0x2b81e <= cp && cp < 0x2b820) return false;
+  if (0x2cea2 <= cp && cp < 0x2ceb0) return false;
+  if (0x2ebe1 <= cp && cp < 0x2f800) return false;
+  if (0x2fa1e <= cp && cp < 0x30000) return false;
+  if (0x3134b <= cp && cp < 0xe0100) return false;
+  if (0xe01f0 <= cp && cp < 0x110000) return false;
+  return cp < 0x110000;
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/format.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/format.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0bd2fdb182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/format.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4192 @@
+/*
+  Formatting library for C++
+
+  Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+
+  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+  a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+  "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+  without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+  permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+  the following conditions:
+
+  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+  included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+  EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+  MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+  LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+  OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+  WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+  --- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+  As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+  of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+  source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+  without including the above copyright and permission notices.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_H_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_H_
+
+#include <cmath>         // std::signbit
+#include <cstdint>       // uint32_t
+#include <cstring>       // std::memcpy
+#include <limits>        // std::numeric_limits
+#include <memory>        // std::uninitialized_copy
+#include <stdexcept>     // std::runtime_error
+#include <system_error>  // std::system_error
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_bit_cast
+#  include <bit>  // std::bitcast
+#endif
+
+#include "core.h"
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION
+#  define FMT_GCC_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN __attribute__((visibility("hidden")))
+#else
+#  define FMT_GCC_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __NVCC__
+#  define FMT_CUDA_VERSION (__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ * 100 + __CUDACC_VER_MINOR__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_CUDA_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_builtin
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+#else
+#  define FMT_NOINLINE
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  define FMT_MSC_DEFAULT = default
+#else
+#  define FMT_MSC_DEFAULT
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_THROW
+#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#    if FMT_MSC_VERSION || defined(__NVCC__)
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+template <typename Exception> inline void do_throw(const Exception& x) {
+  // Silence unreachable code warnings in MSVC and NVCC because these
+  // are nearly impossible to fix in a generic code.
+  volatile bool b = true;
+  if (b) throw x;
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) detail::do_throw(x)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define FMT_THROW(x)               \
+      do {                             \
+        FMT_ASSERT(false, (x).what()); \
+      } while (false)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  define FMT_TRY try
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_TRY if (true)
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
+#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
+#  else
+#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+// EDG based compilers (Intel, NVIDIA, Elbrus, etc), GCC and MSVC support UDLs.
+#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_user_literals) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 407 || \
+       FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900) &&                                     \
+      (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= /* UDL feature */ 480)
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Defining FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS to 1, will reduce the number of
+// integer formatter template instantiations to just one by only using the
+// largest integer type. This results in a reduction in binary size but will
+// cause a decrease in integer formatting performance.
+#if !defined(FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS)
+#  define FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS 0
+#endif
+
+// __builtin_clz is broken in clang with Microsoft CodeGen:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) __builtin_clz(n)
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) __builtin_clzll(n)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// __builtin_ctz is broken in Intel Compiler Classic on Windows:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/2510.
+#ifndef __ICL
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ctz) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_ICC_VERSION || \
+      defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n) __builtin_ctz(n)
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ctzll) || FMT_GCC_VERSION || \
+      FMT_ICC_VERSION || defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#    define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n) __builtin_ctzll(n)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#  include <intrin.h>  // _BitScanReverse[64], _BitScanForward[64], _umul128
+#endif
+
+// Some compilers masquerade as both MSVC and GCC-likes or otherwise support
+// __builtin_clz and __builtin_clzll, so only define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ using the
+// MSVC intrinsics if the clz and clzll builtins are not available.
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL) && \
+    !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL)
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+// Avoid Clang with Microsoft CodeGen's -Wunknown-pragmas warning.
+#  if !defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward)
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
+#    if defined(_WIN64)
+#      pragma intrinsic(_BitScanForward64)
+#      pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
+#    endif
+#  endif
+
+inline auto clz(uint32_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  _BitScanReverse(&r, x);
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
+  // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
+  // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)
+  return 31 ^ static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) detail::clz(n)
+
+inline auto clzll(uint64_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+#  ifdef _WIN64
+  _BitScanReverse64(&r, x);
+#  else
+  // Scan the high 32 bits.
+  if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32))) return 63 ^ (r + 32);
+  // Scan the low 32 bits.
+  _BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
+#  endif
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+  return 63 ^ static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) detail::clzll(n)
+
+inline auto ctz(uint32_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  _BitScanForward(&r, x);
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+  return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZ(n) detail::ctz(n)
+
+inline auto ctzll(uint64_t x) -> int {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 6102)  // Suppress a bogus static analysis warning.
+#  ifdef _WIN64
+  _BitScanForward64(&r, x);
+#  else
+  // Scan the low 32 bits.
+  if (_BitScanForward(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x))) return static_cast<int>(r);
+  // Scan the high 32 bits.
+  _BitScanForward(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32));
+  r += 32;
+#  endif
+  return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CTZLL(n) detail::ctzll(n)
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void abort_fuzzing_if(bool condition) {
+  ignore_unused(condition);
+#ifdef FMT_FUZZ
+  if (condition) throw std::runtime_error("fuzzing limit reached");
+#endif
+}
+
+template <typename Streambuf> class formatbuf : public Streambuf {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Streambuf::char_type;
+  using streamsize = decltype(std::declval<Streambuf>().sputn(nullptr, 0));
+  using int_type = typename Streambuf::int_type;
+  using traits_type = typename Streambuf::traits_type;
+
+  buffer<char_type>& buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit formatbuf(buffer<char_type>& buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
+
+ protected:
+  // The put area is always empty. This makes the implementation simpler and has
+  // the advantage that the streambuf and the buffer are always in sync and
+  // sputc never writes into uninitialized memory. A disadvantage is that each
+  // call to sputc always results in a (virtual) call to overflow. There is no
+  // disadvantage here for sputn since this always results in a call to xsputn.
+
+  auto overflow(int_type ch) -> int_type override {
+    if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(ch, traits_type::eof()))
+      buffer_.push_back(static_cast<char_type>(ch));
+    return ch;
+  }
+
+  auto xsputn(const char_type* s, streamsize count) -> streamsize override {
+    buffer_.append(s, s + count);
+    return count;
+  }
+};
+
+// Implementation of std::bit_cast for pre-C++20.
+template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(To) == sizeof(From))>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto bit_cast(const From& from) -> To {
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_bit_cast
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return std::bit_cast<To>(from);
+#endif
+  auto to = To();
+  std::memcpy(&to, &from, sizeof(to));
+  return to;
+}
+
+inline auto is_big_endian() -> bool {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  return false;
+#elif defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__)
+  return true;
+#elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
+  return __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__;
+#else
+  struct bytes {
+    char data[sizeof(int)];
+  };
+  return bit_cast<bytes>(1).data[0] == 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+class uint128_fallback {
+ private:
+  uint64_t lo_, hi_;
+
+  friend uint128_fallback umul128(uint64_t x, uint64_t y) noexcept;
+
+ public:
+  constexpr uint128_fallback(uint64_t hi, uint64_t lo) : lo_(lo), hi_(hi) {}
+  constexpr uint128_fallback(uint64_t value = 0) : lo_(value), hi_(0) {}
+
+  constexpr uint64_t high() const noexcept { return hi_; }
+  constexpr uint64_t low() const noexcept { return lo_; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  constexpr explicit operator T() const {
+    return static_cast<T>(lo_);
+  }
+
+  friend constexpr auto operator==(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                   const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.hi_ == rhs.hi_ && lhs.lo_ == rhs.lo_;
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator!=(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                   const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator>(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.hi_ != rhs.hi_ ? lhs.hi_ > rhs.hi_ : lhs.lo_ > rhs.lo_;
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator|(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ | rhs.hi_, lhs.lo_ | rhs.lo_};
+  }
+  friend constexpr auto operator&(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                                  const uint128_fallback& rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ & rhs.hi_, lhs.lo_ & rhs.lo_};
+  }
+  friend auto operator+(const uint128_fallback& lhs,
+                        const uint128_fallback& rhs) -> uint128_fallback {
+    auto result = uint128_fallback(lhs);
+    result += rhs;
+    return result;
+  }
+  friend auto operator*(const uint128_fallback& lhs, uint32_t rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    FMT_ASSERT(lhs.hi_ == 0, "");
+    uint64_t hi = (lhs.lo_ >> 32) * rhs;
+    uint64_t lo = (lhs.lo_ & ~uint32_t()) * rhs;
+    uint64_t new_lo = (hi << 32) + lo;
+    return {(hi >> 32) + (new_lo < lo ? 1 : 0), new_lo};
+  }
+  friend auto operator-(const uint128_fallback& lhs, uint64_t rhs)
+      -> uint128_fallback {
+    return {lhs.hi_ - (lhs.lo_ < rhs ? 1 : 0), lhs.lo_ - rhs};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator>>(int shift) const -> uint128_fallback {
+    if (shift == 64) return {0, hi_};
+    return {hi_ >> shift, (hi_ << (64 - shift)) | (lo_ >> shift)};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator<<(int shift) const -> uint128_fallback {
+    if (shift == 64) return {lo_, 0};
+    return {hi_ << shift | (lo_ >> (64 - shift)), (lo_ << shift)};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator>>=(int shift) -> uint128_fallback& {
+    return *this = *this >> shift;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator+=(uint128_fallback n) {
+    uint64_t new_lo = lo_ + n.lo_;
+    uint64_t new_hi = hi_ + n.hi_ + (new_lo < lo_ ? 1 : 0);
+    FMT_ASSERT(new_hi >= hi_, "");
+    lo_ = new_lo;
+    hi_ = new_hi;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 uint128_fallback& operator+=(uint64_t n) noexcept {
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      lo_ += n;
+      hi_ += (lo_ < n ? 1 : 0);
+      return *this;
+    }
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_addcll)
+    unsigned long long carry;
+    lo_ = __builtin_addcll(lo_, n, 0, &carry);
+    hi_ += carry;
+#elif FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_ia32_addcarryx_u64)
+    unsigned long long result;
+    auto carry = __builtin_ia32_addcarryx_u64(0, lo_, n, &result);
+    lo_ = result;
+    hi_ += carry;
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
+    auto carry = _addcarry_u64(0, lo_, n, &lo_);
+    _addcarry_u64(carry, hi_, 0, &hi_);
+#else
+    lo_ += n;
+    hi_ += (lo_ < n ? 1 : 0);
+#endif
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+
+using uint128_t = conditional_t<FMT_USE_INT128, uint128_opt, uint128_fallback>;
+
+#ifdef UINTPTR_MAX
+using uintptr_t = ::uintptr_t;
+#else
+using uintptr_t = uint128_t;
+#endif
+
+// Returns the largest possible value for type T. Same as
+// std::numeric_limits<T>::max() but shorter and not affected by the max macro.
+template <typename T> constexpr auto max_value() -> T {
+  return (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+}
+template <typename T> constexpr auto num_bits() -> int {
+  return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits;
+}
+// std::numeric_limits<T>::digits may return 0 for 128-bit ints.
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<int128_opt>() -> int { return 128; }
+template <> constexpr auto num_bits<uint128_t>() -> int { return 128; }
+
+// A heterogeneous bit_cast used for converting 96-bit long double to uint128_t
+// and 128-bit pointers to uint128_fallback.
+template <typename To, typename From, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(To) > sizeof(From))>
+inline auto bit_cast(const From& from) -> To {
+  constexpr auto size = static_cast<int>(sizeof(From) / sizeof(unsigned));
+  struct data_t {
+    unsigned value[static_cast<unsigned>(size)];
+  } data = bit_cast<data_t>(from);
+  auto result = To();
+  if (const_check(is_big_endian())) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+      result = (result << num_bits<unsigned>()) | data.value[i];
+  } else {
+    for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+      result = (result << num_bits<unsigned>()) | data.value[i];
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+FMT_INLINE void assume(bool condition) {
+  (void)condition;
+#if FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume) && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
+  __builtin_assume(condition);
+#endif
+}
+
+// An approximation of iterator_t for pre-C++20 systems.
+template <typename T>
+using iterator_t = decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T&>()));
+template <typename T> using sentinel_t = decltype(std::end(std::declval<T&>()));
+
+// A workaround for std::string not having mutable data() until C++17.
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto get_data(std::basic_string<Char>& s) -> Char* {
+  return &s[0];
+}
+template <typename Container>
+inline auto get_data(Container& c) -> typename Container::value_type* {
+  return c.data();
+}
+
+#if defined(_SECURE_SCL) && _SECURE_SCL
+// Make a checked iterator to avoid MSVC warnings.
+template <typename T> using checked_ptr = stdext::checked_array_iterator<T*>;
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto make_checked(T* p, size_t size) -> checked_ptr<T> {
+  return {p, size};
+}
+#else
+template <typename T> using checked_ptr = T*;
+template <typename T> constexpr auto make_checked(T* p, size_t) -> T* {
+  return p;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Attempts to reserve space for n extra characters in the output range.
+// Returns a pointer to the reserved range or a reference to it.
+template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 307 && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
+__attribute__((no_sanitize("undefined")))
+#endif
+inline auto
+reserve(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it, size_t n)
+    -> checked_ptr<typename Container::value_type> {
+  Container& c = get_container(it);
+  size_t size = c.size();
+  c.resize(size + n);
+  return make_checked(get_data(c) + size, n);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline auto reserve(buffer_appender<T> it, size_t n) -> buffer_appender<T> {
+  buffer<T>& buf = get_container(it);
+  buf.try_reserve(buf.size() + n);
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+constexpr auto reserve(Iterator& it, size_t) -> Iterator& {
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+using reserve_iterator =
+    remove_reference_t<decltype(reserve(std::declval<OutputIt&>(), 0))>;
+
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+constexpr auto to_pointer(OutputIt, size_t) -> T* {
+  return nullptr;
+}
+template <typename T> auto to_pointer(buffer_appender<T> it, size_t n) -> T* {
+  buffer<T>& buf = get_container(it);
+  auto size = buf.size();
+  if (buf.capacity() < size + n) return nullptr;
+  buf.try_resize(size + n);
+  return buf.data() + size;
+}
+
+template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+inline auto base_iterator(std::back_insert_iterator<Container>& it,
+                          checked_ptr<typename Container::value_type>)
+    -> std::back_insert_iterator<Container> {
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+constexpr auto base_iterator(Iterator, Iterator it) -> Iterator {
+  return it;
+}
+
+// <algorithm> is spectacularly slow to compile in C++20 so use a simple fill_n
+// instead (#1998).
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Size, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fill_n(OutputIt out, Size count, const T& value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  for (Size i = 0; i < count; ++i) *out++ = value;
+  return out;
+}
+template <typename T, typename Size>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto fill_n(T* out, Size count, char value) -> T* {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return fill_n<T*, Size, T>(out, count, value);
+  }
+  std::memset(out, value, to_unsigned(count));
+  return out + count;
+}
+
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+using char8_type = char8_t;
+#else
+enum char8_type : unsigned char {};
+#endif
+
+template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto copy_str_noinline(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+                                                  OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy_str<OutChar>(begin, end, out);
+}
+
+// A public domain branchless UTF-8 decoder by Christopher Wellons:
+// https://github.com/skeeto/branchless-utf8
+/* Decode the next character, c, from s, reporting errors in e.
+ *
+ * Since this is a branchless decoder, four bytes will be read from the
+ * buffer regardless of the actual length of the next character. This
+ * means the buffer _must_ have at least three bytes of zero padding
+ * following the end of the data stream.
+ *
+ * Errors are reported in e, which will be non-zero if the parsed
+ * character was somehow invalid: invalid byte sequence, non-canonical
+ * encoding, or a surrogate half.
+ *
+ * The function returns a pointer to the next character. When an error
+ * occurs, this pointer will be a guess that depends on the particular
+ * error, but it will always advance at least one byte.
+ */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto utf8_decode(const char* s, uint32_t* c, int* e)
+    -> const char* {
+  constexpr const int masks[] = {0x00, 0x7f, 0x1f, 0x0f, 0x07};
+  constexpr const uint32_t mins[] = {4194304, 0, 128, 2048, 65536};
+  constexpr const int shiftc[] = {0, 18, 12, 6, 0};
+  constexpr const int shifte[] = {0, 6, 4, 2, 0};
+
+  int len = code_point_length(s);
+  const char* next = s + len;
+
+  // Assume a four-byte character and load four bytes. Unused bits are
+  // shifted out.
+  *c = uint32_t(s[0] & masks[len]) << 18;
+  *c |= uint32_t(s[1] & 0x3f) << 12;
+  *c |= uint32_t(s[2] & 0x3f) << 6;
+  *c |= uint32_t(s[3] & 0x3f) << 0;
+  *c >>= shiftc[len];
+
+  // Accumulate the various error conditions.
+  using uchar = unsigned char;
+  *e = (*c < mins[len]) << 6;       // non-canonical encoding
+  *e |= ((*c >> 11) == 0x1b) << 7;  // surrogate half?
+  *e |= (*c > 0x10FFFF) << 8;       // out of range?
+  *e |= (uchar(s[1]) & 0xc0) >> 2;
+  *e |= (uchar(s[2]) & 0xc0) >> 4;
+  *e |= uchar(s[3]) >> 6;
+  *e ^= 0x2a;  // top two bits of each tail byte correct?
+  *e >>= shifte[len];
+
+  return next;
+}
+
+constexpr uint32_t invalid_code_point = ~uint32_t();
+
+// Invokes f(cp, sv) for every code point cp in s with sv being the string view
+// corresponding to the code point. cp is invalid_code_point on error.
+template <typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each_codepoint(string_view s, F f) {
+  auto decode = [f](const char* buf_ptr, const char* ptr) {
+    auto cp = uint32_t();
+    auto error = 0;
+    auto end = utf8_decode(buf_ptr, &cp, &error);
+    bool result = f(error ? invalid_code_point : cp,
+                    string_view(ptr, to_unsigned(end - buf_ptr)));
+    return result ? end : nullptr;
+  };
+  auto p = s.data();
+  const size_t block_size = 4;  // utf8_decode always reads blocks of 4 chars.
+  if (s.size() >= block_size) {
+    for (auto end = p + s.size() - block_size + 1; p < end;) {
+      p = decode(p, p);
+      if (!p) return;
+    }
+  }
+  if (auto num_chars_left = s.data() + s.size() - p) {
+    char buf[2 * block_size - 1] = {};
+    copy_str<char>(p, p + num_chars_left, buf);
+    const char* buf_ptr = buf;
+    do {
+      auto end = decode(buf_ptr, p);
+      if (!end) return;
+      p += end - buf_ptr;
+      buf_ptr = end;
+    } while (buf_ptr - buf < num_chars_left);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto compute_width(basic_string_view<Char> s) -> size_t {
+  return s.size();
+}
+
+// Computes approximate display width of a UTF-8 string.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline size_t compute_width(string_view s) {
+  size_t num_code_points = 0;
+  // It is not a lambda for compatibility with C++14.
+  struct count_code_points {
+    size_t* count;
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(uint32_t cp, string_view) const -> bool {
+      *count += detail::to_unsigned(
+          1 +
+          (cp >= 0x1100 &&
+           (cp <= 0x115f ||  // Hangul Jamo init. consonants
+            cp == 0x2329 ||  // LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
+            cp == 0x232a ||  // RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET
+            // CJK ... Yi except IDEOGRAPHIC HALF FILL SPACE:
+            (cp >= 0x2e80 && cp <= 0xa4cf && cp != 0x303f) ||
+            (cp >= 0xac00 && cp <= 0xd7a3) ||    // Hangul Syllables
+            (cp >= 0xf900 && cp <= 0xfaff) ||    // CJK Compatibility Ideographs
+            (cp >= 0xfe10 && cp <= 0xfe19) ||    // Vertical Forms
+            (cp >= 0xfe30 && cp <= 0xfe6f) ||    // CJK Compatibility Forms
+            (cp >= 0xff00 && cp <= 0xff60) ||    // Fullwidth Forms
+            (cp >= 0xffe0 && cp <= 0xffe6) ||    // Fullwidth Forms
+            (cp >= 0x20000 && cp <= 0x2fffd) ||  // CJK
+            (cp >= 0x30000 && cp <= 0x3fffd) ||
+            // Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs + Emoticons:
+            (cp >= 0x1f300 && cp <= 0x1f64f) ||
+            // Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs:
+            (cp >= 0x1f900 && cp <= 0x1f9ff))));
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+  for_each_codepoint(s, count_code_points{&num_code_points});
+  return num_code_points;
+}
+
+inline auto compute_width(basic_string_view<char8_type> s) -> size_t {
+  return compute_width(
+      string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.data()), s.size()));
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto code_point_index(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t n) -> size_t {
+  size_t size = s.size();
+  return n < size ? n : size;
+}
+
+// Calculates the index of the nth code point in a UTF-8 string.
+inline auto code_point_index(string_view s, size_t n) -> size_t {
+  const char* data = s.data();
+  size_t num_code_points = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0, size = s.size(); i != size; ++i) {
+    if ((data[i] & 0xc0) != 0x80 && ++num_code_points > n) return i;
+  }
+  return s.size();
+}
+
+inline auto code_point_index(basic_string_view<char8_type> s, size_t n)
+    -> size_t {
+  return code_point_index(
+      string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.data()), s.size()), n);
+}
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+#  ifdef __SIZEOF_FLOAT128__
+#    define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_FLOAT128 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_FLOAT128
+using float128 = __float128;
+#else
+using float128 = void;
+#endif
+template <typename T> using is_float128 = std::is_same<T, float128>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_floating_point =
+    bool_constant<std::is_floating_point<T>::value || is_float128<T>::value>;
+
+template <typename T, bool = std::is_floating_point<T>::value>
+struct is_fast_float : bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_iec559 &&
+                                     sizeof(T) <= sizeof(double)> {};
+template <typename T> struct is_fast_float<T, false> : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_double_double = bool_constant<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 106>;
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX
+#  define FMT_USE_FULL_CACHE_DRAGONBOX 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename U>
+void buffer<T>::append(const U* begin, const U* end) {
+  while (begin != end) {
+    auto count = to_unsigned(end - begin);
+    try_reserve(size_ + count);
+    auto free_cap = capacity_ - size_;
+    if (free_cap < count) count = free_cap;
+    std::uninitialized_copy_n(begin, count, make_checked(ptr_ + size_, count));
+    size_ += count;
+    begin += count;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct is_locale : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_locale<T, void_t<decltype(T::classic())>> : std::true_type {};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+// The number of characters to store in the basic_memory_buffer object itself
+// to avoid dynamic memory allocation.
+enum { inline_buffer_size = 500 };
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamically growing memory buffer for trivially copyable/constructible types
+  with the first ``SIZE`` elements stored in the object itself.
+
+  You can use the ``memory_buffer`` type alias for ``char`` instead.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+     auto out = fmt::memory_buffer();
+     format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "The answer is {}.", 42);
+
+  This will append the following output to the ``out`` object:
+
+  .. code-block:: none
+
+     The answer is 42.
+
+  The output can be converted to an ``std::string`` with ``to_string(out)``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
+          typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
+class basic_memory_buffer final : public detail::buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  T store_[SIZE];
+
+  // Don't inherit from Allocator avoid generating type_info for it.
+  Allocator alloc_;
+
+  // Deallocate memory allocated by the buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void deallocate() {
+    T* data = this->data();
+    if (data != store_) alloc_.deallocate(data, this->capacity());
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t size) override;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 explicit basic_memory_buffer(
+      const Allocator& alloc = Allocator())
+      : alloc_(alloc) {
+    this->set(store_, SIZE);
+    if (detail::is_constant_evaluated()) detail::fill_n(store_, SIZE, T());
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 ~basic_memory_buffer() { deallocate(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Move data from other to this buffer.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void move(basic_memory_buffer& other) {
+    alloc_ = std::move(other.alloc_);
+    T* data = other.data();
+    size_t size = other.size(), capacity = other.capacity();
+    if (data == other.store_) {
+      this->set(store_, capacity);
+      detail::copy_str<T>(other.store_, other.store_ + size,
+                          detail::make_checked(store_, capacity));
+    } else {
+      this->set(data, capacity);
+      // Set pointer to the inline array so that delete is not called
+      // when deallocating.
+      other.set(other.store_, 0);
+      other.clear();
+    }
+    this->resize(size);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a :class:`fmt::basic_memory_buffer` object moving the content
+    of the other object to it.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 basic_memory_buffer(basic_memory_buffer&& other) noexcept {
+    move(other);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Moves the content of the other ``basic_memory_buffer`` object to this one.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  auto operator=(basic_memory_buffer&& other) noexcept -> basic_memory_buffer& {
+    FMT_ASSERT(this != &other, "");
+    deallocate();
+    move(other);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Returns a copy of the allocator associated with this buffer.
+  auto get_allocator() const -> Allocator { return alloc_; }
+
+  /**
+    Resizes the buffer to contain *count* elements. If T is a POD type new
+    elements may not be initialized.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void resize(size_t count) { this->try_resize(count); }
+
+  /** Increases the buffer capacity to *new_capacity*. */
+  void reserve(size_t new_capacity) { this->try_reserve(new_capacity); }
+
+  // Directly append data into the buffer
+  using detail::buffer<T>::append;
+  template <typename ContiguousRange>
+  void append(const ContiguousRange& range) {
+    append(range.data(), range.data() + range.size());
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>::grow(
+    size_t size) {
+  detail::abort_fuzzing_if(size > 5000);
+  const size_t max_size = std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::max_size(alloc_);
+  size_t old_capacity = this->capacity();
+  size_t new_capacity = old_capacity + old_capacity / 2;
+  if (size > new_capacity)
+    new_capacity = size;
+  else if (new_capacity > max_size)
+    new_capacity = size > max_size ? size : max_size;
+  T* old_data = this->data();
+  T* new_data =
+      std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(alloc_, new_capacity);
+  // The following code doesn't throw, so the raw pointer above doesn't leak.
+  std::uninitialized_copy(old_data, old_data + this->size(),
+                          detail::make_checked(new_data, new_capacity));
+  this->set(new_data, new_capacity);
+  // deallocate must not throw according to the standard, but even if it does,
+  // the buffer already uses the new storage and will deallocate it in
+  // destructor.
+  if (old_data != store_) alloc_.deallocate(old_data, old_capacity);
+}
+
+using memory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<char>;
+
+template <typename T, size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
+struct is_contiguous<basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>> : std::true_type {
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+FMT_API void print(std::FILE*, string_view);
+}
+
+/** A formatting error such as invalid format string. */
+FMT_CLASS_API
+class FMT_API format_error : public std::runtime_error {
+ public:
+  explicit format_error(const char* message) : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+  explicit format_error(const std::string& message)
+      : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+  format_error(const format_error&) = default;
+  format_error& operator=(const format_error&) = default;
+  format_error(format_error&&) = default;
+  format_error& operator=(format_error&&) = default;
+  ~format_error() noexcept override FMT_MSC_DEFAULT;
+};
+
+namespace detail_exported {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename Char, size_t N> struct fixed_string {
+  constexpr fixed_string(const Char (&str)[N]) {
+    detail::copy_str<Char, const Char*, Char*>(static_cast<const Char*>(str),
+                                               str + N, data);
+  }
+  Char data[N] = {};
+};
+#endif
+
+// Converts a compile-time string to basic_string_view.
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(const Char (&s)[N])
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  // Remove trailing NUL character if needed. Won't be present if this is used
+  // with a raw character array (i.e. not defined as a string).
+  return {s, N - (std::char_traits<Char>::to_int_type(s[N - 1]) == 0 ? 1 : 0)};
+}
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr auto compile_string_to_view(detail::std_string_view<Char> s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return {s.data(), s.size()};
+}
+}  // namespace detail_exported
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename T> struct is_integral : std::is_integral<T> {};
+template <> struct is_integral<int128_opt> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_integral<uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_signed =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ||
+                                     std::is_same<T, int128_opt>::value>;
+
+// Returns true if value is negative, false otherwise.
+// Same as `value < 0` but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_signed<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto is_negative(T value) -> bool {
+  return value < 0;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_signed<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto is_negative(T) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto is_supported_floating_point(T) -> bool {
+  if (std::is_same<T, float>()) return FMT_USE_FLOAT;
+  if (std::is_same<T, double>()) return FMT_USE_DOUBLE;
+  if (std::is_same<T, long double>()) return FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE;
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Smallest of uint32_t, uint64_t, uint128_t that is large enough to
+// represent all values of an integral type T.
+template <typename T>
+using uint32_or_64_or_128_t =
+    conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 32 && !FMT_REDUCE_INT_INSTANTIATIONS,
+                  uint32_t,
+                  conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 64, uint64_t, uint128_t>>;
+template <typename T>
+using uint64_or_128_t = conditional_t<num_bits<T>() <= 64, uint64_t, uint128_t>;
+
+#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor)                                             \
+  factor * 10, (factor)*100, (factor)*1000, (factor)*10000, (factor)*100000, \
+      (factor)*1000000, (factor)*10000000, (factor)*100000000,               \
+      (factor)*1000000000
+
+// Converts value in the range [0, 100) to a string.
+constexpr const char* digits2(size_t value) {
+  // GCC generates slightly better code when value is pointer-size.
+  return &"0001020304050607080910111213141516171819"
+         "2021222324252627282930313233343536373839"
+         "4041424344454647484950515253545556575859"
+         "6061626364656667686970717273747576777879"
+         "8081828384858687888990919293949596979899"[value * 2];
+}
+
+// Sign is a template parameter to workaround a bug in gcc 4.8.
+template <typename Char, typename Sign> constexpr Char sign(Sign s) {
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 604
+  static_assert(std::is_same<Sign, sign_t>::value, "");
+#endif
+  return static_cast<Char>("\0-+ "[s]);
+}
+
+template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count_digits_fallback(T n) -> int {
+  int count = 1;
+  for (;;) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of four digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    if (n < 10) return count;
+    if (n < 100) return count + 1;
+    if (n < 1000) return count + 2;
+    if (n < 10000) return count + 3;
+    n /= 10000u;
+    count += 4;
+  }
+}
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto count_digits(uint128_opt n) -> int {
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of count_digits to workaround
+// the lack of static constexpr in constexpr functions.
+inline auto do_count_digits(uint64_t n) -> int {
+  // This has comparable performance to the version by Kendall Willets
+  // (https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/digits10)
+  // but uses smaller tables.
+  // Maps bsr(n) to ceil(log10(pow(2, bsr(n) + 1) - 1)).
+  static constexpr uint8_t bsr2log10[] = {
+      1,  1,  1,  2,  2,  2,  3,  3,  3,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  5,  5,
+      6,  6,  6,  7,  7,  7,  7,  8,  8,  8,  9,  9,  9,  10, 10, 10,
+      10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15,
+      15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20};
+  auto t = bsr2log10[FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n | 1) ^ 63];
+  static constexpr const uint64_t zero_or_powers_of_10[] = {
+      0, 0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1U), FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ULL),
+      10000000000000000000ULL};
+  return t - (n < zero_or_powers_of_10[t]);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Returns the number of decimal digits in n. Leading zeros are not counted
+// except for n == 0 in which case count_digits returns 1.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto count_digits(uint64_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_count_digits(n);
+  }
+#endif
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+
+// Counts the number of digits in n. BITS = log2(radix).
+template <int BITS, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto count_digits(UInt n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && num_bits<UInt>() == 32)
+    return (FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(static_cast<uint32_t>(n) | 1) ^ 31) / BITS + 1;
+#endif
+  // Lambda avoids unreachable code warnings from NVHPC.
+  return [](UInt m) {
+    int num_digits = 0;
+    do {
+      ++num_digits;
+    } while ((m >>= BITS) != 0);
+    return num_digits;
+  }(n);
+}
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of count_digits to workaround
+// the lack of static constexpr in constexpr functions.
+FMT_INLINE auto do_count_digits(uint32_t n) -> int {
+// An optimization by Kendall Willets from https://bit.ly/3uOIQrB.
+// This increments the upper 32 bits (log10(T) - 1) when >= T is added.
+#  define FMT_INC(T) (((sizeof(#  T) - 1ull) << 32) - T)
+  static constexpr uint64_t table[] = {
+      FMT_INC(0),          FMT_INC(0),          FMT_INC(0),           // 8
+      FMT_INC(10),         FMT_INC(10),         FMT_INC(10),          // 64
+      FMT_INC(100),        FMT_INC(100),        FMT_INC(100),         // 512
+      FMT_INC(1000),       FMT_INC(1000),       FMT_INC(1000),        // 4096
+      FMT_INC(10000),      FMT_INC(10000),      FMT_INC(10000),       // 32k
+      FMT_INC(100000),     FMT_INC(100000),     FMT_INC(100000),      // 256k
+      FMT_INC(1000000),    FMT_INC(1000000),    FMT_INC(1000000),     // 2048k
+      FMT_INC(10000000),   FMT_INC(10000000),   FMT_INC(10000000),    // 16M
+      FMT_INC(100000000),  FMT_INC(100000000),  FMT_INC(100000000),   // 128M
+      FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000),  // 1024M
+      FMT_INC(1000000000), FMT_INC(1000000000)                        // 4B
+  };
+  auto inc = table[FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n | 1) ^ 31];
+  return static_cast<int>((n + inc) >> 32);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline auto count_digits(uint32_t n) -> int {
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_count_digits(n);
+  }
+#endif
+  return count_digits_fallback(n);
+}
+
+template <typename Int> constexpr auto digits10() noexcept -> int {
+  return std::numeric_limits<Int>::digits10;
+}
+template <> constexpr auto digits10<int128_opt>() noexcept -> int { return 38; }
+template <> constexpr auto digits10<uint128_t>() noexcept -> int { return 38; }
+
+template <typename Char> struct thousands_sep_result {
+  std::string grouping;
+  Char thousands_sep;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char>;
+template <typename Char>
+inline auto thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<Char> {
+  auto result = thousands_sep_impl<char>(loc);
+  return {result.grouping, Char(result.thousands_sep)};
+}
+template <>
+inline auto thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t> {
+  return thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) -> Char;
+template <typename Char> inline auto decimal_point(locale_ref loc) -> Char {
+  return Char(decimal_point_impl<char>(loc));
+}
+template <> inline auto decimal_point(locale_ref loc) -> wchar_t {
+  return decimal_point_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+// Compares two characters for equality.
+template <typename Char> auto equal2(const Char* lhs, const char* rhs) -> bool {
+  return lhs[0] == Char(rhs[0]) && lhs[1] == Char(rhs[1]);
+}
+inline auto equal2(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) -> bool {
+  return memcmp(lhs, rhs, 2) == 0;
+}
+
+// Copies two characters from src to dst.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 FMT_INLINE void copy2(Char* dst, const char* src) {
+  if (!is_constant_evaluated() && sizeof(Char) == sizeof(char)) {
+    memcpy(dst, src, 2);
+    return;
+  }
+  *dst++ = static_cast<Char>(*src++);
+  *dst = static_cast<Char>(*src);
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator> struct format_decimal_result {
+  Iterator begin;
+  Iterator end;
+};
+
+// Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing into out pointing to a
+// buffer of specified size. The caller must ensure that the buffer is large
+// enough.
+template <typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_decimal(Char* out, UInt value, int size)
+    -> format_decimal_result<Char*> {
+  FMT_ASSERT(size >= count_digits(value), "invalid digit count");
+  out += size;
+  Char* end = out;
+  while (value >= 100) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    out -= 2;
+    copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(value % 100)));
+    value /= 100;
+  }
+  if (value < 10) {
+    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + value);
+    return {out, end};
+  }
+  out -= 2;
+  copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<size_t>(value)));
+  return {out, end};
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename UInt, typename Iterator,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<Iterator>>::value)>
+inline auto format_decimal(Iterator out, UInt value, int size)
+    -> format_decimal_result<Iterator> {
+  // Buffer is large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1).
+  Char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 1];
+  auto end = format_decimal(buffer, value, size).end;
+  return {out, detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out)};
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename UInt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format_uint(Char* buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                               bool upper = false) -> Char* {
+  buffer += num_digits;
+  Char* end = buffer;
+  do {
+    const char* digits = upper ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : "0123456789abcdef";
+    unsigned digit = static_cast<unsigned>(value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(BASE_BITS < 4 ? static_cast<char>('0' + digit)
+                                                : digits[digit]);
+  } while ((value >>= BASE_BITS) != 0);
+  return end;
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename It, typename UInt>
+inline auto format_uint(It out, UInt value, int num_digits, bool upper = false)
+    -> It {
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(out, to_unsigned(num_digits))) {
+    format_uint<BASE_BITS>(ptr, value, num_digits, upper);
+    return out;
+  }
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits / BASE_BITS + 1).
+  char buffer[num_bits<UInt>() / BASE_BITS + 1];
+  format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, num_digits, upper);
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, buffer + num_digits, out);
+}
+
+// A converter from UTF-8 to UTF-16.
+class utf8_to_utf16 {
+ private:
+  basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t> buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_API explicit utf8_to_utf16(string_view s);
+  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+  auto size() const -> size_t { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  auto c_str() const -> const wchar_t* { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  auto str() const -> std::wstring { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+};
+
+namespace dragonbox {
+
+// Type-specific information that Dragonbox uses.
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void> struct float_info;
+
+template <> struct float_info<float> {
+  using carrier_uint = uint32_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 8;
+  static const int kappa = 1;
+  static const int big_divisor = 100;
+  static const int small_divisor = 10;
+  static const int min_k = -31;
+  static const int max_k = 46;
+  static const int divisibility_check_by_5_threshold = 39;
+  static const int case_fc_pm_half_lower_threshold = -1;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold = -35;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold = -35;
+};
+
+template <> struct float_info<double> {
+  using carrier_uint = uint64_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 11;
+  static const int kappa = 2;
+  static const int big_divisor = 1000;
+  static const int small_divisor = 100;
+  static const int min_k = -292;
+  static const int max_k = 326;
+  static const int divisibility_check_by_5_threshold = 86;
+  static const int case_fc_pm_half_lower_threshold = -2;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_lower_threshold = -77;
+  static const int shorter_interval_tie_upper_threshold = -77;
+};
+
+// An 80- or 128-bit floating point number.
+template <typename T>
+struct float_info<T, enable_if_t<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 64 ||
+                                 std::numeric_limits<T>::digits == 113 ||
+                                 is_float128<T>::value>> {
+  using carrier_uint = detail::uint128_t;
+  static const int exponent_bits = 15;
+};
+
+// A double-double floating point number.
+template <typename T>
+struct float_info<T, enable_if_t<is_double_double<T>::value>> {
+  using carrier_uint = detail::uint128_t;
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct decimal_fp {
+  using significand_type = typename float_info<T>::carrier_uint;
+  significand_type significand;
+  int exponent;
+};
+
+template <typename T> FMT_API auto to_decimal(T x) noexcept -> decimal_fp<T>;
+}  // namespace dragonbox
+
+// Returns true iff Float has the implicit bit which is not stored.
+template <typename Float> constexpr bool has_implicit_bit() {
+  // An 80-bit FP number has a 64-bit significand an no implicit bit.
+  return std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits != 64;
+}
+
+// Returns the number of significand bits stored in Float. The implicit bit is
+// not counted since it is not stored.
+template <typename Float> constexpr int num_significand_bits() {
+  // std::numeric_limits may not support __float128.
+  return is_float128<Float>() ? 112
+                              : (std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits -
+                                 (has_implicit_bit<Float>() ? 1 : 0));
+}
+
+template <typename Float>
+constexpr auto exponent_mask() ->
+    typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint {
+  using uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint;
+  return ((uint(1) << dragonbox::float_info<Float>::exponent_bits) - 1)
+         << num_significand_bits<Float>();
+}
+template <typename Float> constexpr auto exponent_bias() -> int {
+  // std::numeric_limits may not support __float128.
+  return is_float128<Float>() ? 16383
+                              : std::numeric_limits<Float>::max_exponent - 1;
+}
+
+// Writes the exponent exp in the form "[+-]d{2,3}" to buffer.
+template <typename Char, typename It>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_exponent(int exp, It it) -> It {
+  FMT_ASSERT(-10000 < exp && exp < 10000, "exponent out of range");
+  if (exp < 0) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    exp = -exp;
+  } else {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('+');
+  }
+  if (exp >= 100) {
+    const char* top = digits2(to_unsigned(exp / 100));
+    if (exp >= 1000) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[0]);
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[1]);
+    exp %= 100;
+  }
+  const char* d = digits2(to_unsigned(exp));
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[0]);
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[1]);
+  return it;
+}
+
+// A floating-point number f * pow(2, e) where F is an unsigned type.
+template <typename F> struct basic_fp {
+  F f;
+  int e;
+
+  static constexpr const int num_significand_bits =
+      static_cast<int>(sizeof(F) * num_bits<unsigned char>());
+
+  constexpr basic_fp() : f(0), e(0) {}
+  constexpr basic_fp(uint64_t f_val, int e_val) : f(f_val), e(e_val) {}
+
+  // Constructs fp from an IEEE754 floating-point number.
+  template <typename Float> FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_fp(Float n) { assign(n); }
+
+  // Assigns n to this and return true iff predecessor is closer than successor.
+  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto assign(Float n) -> bool {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits <= 113, "unsupported FP");
+    // Assume Float is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
+    using carrier_uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<Float>::carrier_uint;
+    const auto num_float_significand_bits =
+        detail::num_significand_bits<Float>();
+    const auto implicit_bit = carrier_uint(1) << num_float_significand_bits;
+    const auto significand_mask = implicit_bit - 1;
+    auto u = bit_cast<carrier_uint>(n);
+    f = static_cast<F>(u & significand_mask);
+    auto biased_e = static_cast<int>((u & exponent_mask<Float>()) >>
+                                     num_float_significand_bits);
+    // The predecessor is closer if n is a normalized power of 2 (f == 0)
+    // other than the smallest normalized number (biased_e > 1).
+    auto is_predecessor_closer = f == 0 && biased_e > 1;
+    if (biased_e == 0)
+      biased_e = 1;  // Subnormals use biased exponent 1 (min exponent).
+    else if (has_implicit_bit<Float>())
+      f += static_cast<F>(implicit_bit);
+    e = biased_e - exponent_bias<Float>() - num_float_significand_bits;
+    if (!has_implicit_bit<Float>()) ++e;
+    return is_predecessor_closer;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Float, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_double_double<Float>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto assign(Float n) -> bool {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559, "unsupported FP");
+    return assign(static_cast<double>(n));
+  }
+};
+
+using fp = basic_fp<unsigned long long>;
+
+// Normalizes the value converted from double and multiplied by (1 << SHIFT).
+template <int SHIFT = 0, typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_fp<F> normalize(basic_fp<F> value) {
+  // Handle subnormals.
+  const auto implicit_bit = F(1) << num_significand_bits<double>();
+  const auto shifted_implicit_bit = implicit_bit << SHIFT;
+  while ((value.f & shifted_implicit_bit) == 0) {
+    value.f <<= 1;
+    --value.e;
+  }
+  // Subtract 1 to account for hidden bit.
+  const auto offset = basic_fp<F>::num_significand_bits -
+                      num_significand_bits<double>() - SHIFT - 1;
+  value.f <<= offset;
+  value.e -= offset;
+  return value;
+}
+
+// Computes lhs * rhs / pow(2, 64) rounded to nearest with half-up tie breaking.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline uint64_t multiply(uint64_t lhs, uint64_t rhs) {
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto product = static_cast<__uint128_t>(lhs) * rhs;
+  auto f = static_cast<uint64_t>(product >> 64);
+  return (static_cast<uint64_t>(product) & (1ULL << 63)) != 0 ? f + 1 : f;
+#else
+  // Multiply 32-bit parts of significands.
+  uint64_t mask = (1ULL << 32) - 1;
+  uint64_t a = lhs >> 32, b = lhs & mask;
+  uint64_t c = rhs >> 32, d = rhs & mask;
+  uint64_t ac = a * c, bc = b * c, ad = a * d, bd = b * d;
+  // Compute mid 64-bit of result and round.
+  uint64_t mid = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask) + (1U << 31);
+  return ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (mid >> 32);
+#endif
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline fp operator*(fp x, fp y) {
+  return {multiply(x.f, y.f), x.e + y.e + 64};
+}
+
+template <typename T = void> struct basic_data {
+  // Normalized 64-bit significands of pow(10, k), for k = -348, -340, ..., 340.
+  // These are generated by support/compute-powers.py.
+  static constexpr uint64_t pow10_significands[87] = {
+      0xfa8fd5a0081c0288, 0xbaaee17fa23ebf76, 0x8b16fb203055ac76,
+      0xcf42894a5dce35ea, 0x9a6bb0aa55653b2d, 0xe61acf033d1a45df,
+      0xab70fe17c79ac6ca, 0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0xbe5691ef416bd60c,
+      0x8dd01fad907ffc3c, 0xd3515c2831559a83, 0x9d71ac8fada6c9b5,
+      0xea9c227723ee8bcb, 0xaecc49914078536d, 0x823c12795db6ce57,
+      0xc21094364dfb5637, 0x9096ea6f3848984f, 0xd77485cb25823ac7,
+      0xa086cfcd97bf97f4, 0xef340a98172aace5, 0xb23867fb2a35b28e,
+      0x84c8d4dfd2c63f3b, 0xc5dd44271ad3cdba, 0x936b9fcebb25c996,
+      0xdbac6c247d62a584, 0xa3ab66580d5fdaf6, 0xf3e2f893dec3f126,
+      0xb5b5ada8aaff80b8, 0x87625f056c7c4a8b, 0xc9bcff6034c13053,
+      0x964e858c91ba2655, 0xdff9772470297ebd, 0xa6dfbd9fb8e5b88f,
+      0xf8a95fcf88747d94, 0xb94470938fa89bcf, 0x8a08f0f8bf0f156b,
+      0xcdb02555653131b6, 0x993fe2c6d07b7fac, 0xe45c10c42a2b3b06,
+      0xaa242499697392d3, 0xfd87b5f28300ca0e, 0xbce5086492111aeb,
+      0x8cbccc096f5088cc, 0xd1b71758e219652c, 0x9c40000000000000,
+      0xe8d4a51000000000, 0xad78ebc5ac620000, 0x813f3978f8940984,
+      0xc097ce7bc90715b3, 0x8f7e32ce7bea5c70, 0xd5d238a4abe98068,
+      0x9f4f2726179a2245, 0xed63a231d4c4fb27, 0xb0de65388cc8ada8,
+      0x83c7088e1aab65db, 0xc45d1df942711d9a, 0x924d692ca61be758,
+      0xda01ee641a708dea, 0xa26da3999aef774a, 0xf209787bb47d6b85,
+      0xb454e4a179dd1877, 0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0xc83553c5c8965d3d,
+      0x952ab45cfa97a0b3, 0xde469fbd99a05fe3, 0xa59bc234db398c25,
+      0xf6c69a72a3989f5c, 0xb7dcbf5354e9bece, 0x88fcf317f22241e2,
+      0xcc20ce9bd35c78a5, 0x98165af37b2153df, 0xe2a0b5dc971f303a,
+      0xa8d9d1535ce3b396, 0xfb9b7cd9a4a7443c, 0xbb764c4ca7a44410,
+      0x8bab8eefb6409c1a, 0xd01fef10a657842c, 0x9b10a4e5e9913129,
+      0xe7109bfba19c0c9d, 0xac2820d9623bf429, 0x80444b5e7aa7cf85,
+      0xbf21e44003acdd2d, 0x8e679c2f5e44ff8f, 0xd433179d9c8cb841,
+      0x9e19db92b4e31ba9, 0xeb96bf6ebadf77d9, 0xaf87023b9bf0ee6b,
+  };
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+#  pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wnarrowing"
+#endif
+  // Binary exponents of pow(10, k), for k = -348, -340, ..., 340, corresponding
+  // to significands above.
+  static constexpr int16_t pow10_exponents[87] = {
+      -1220, -1193, -1166, -1140, -1113, -1087, -1060, -1034, -1007, -980, -954,
+      -927,  -901,  -874,  -847,  -821,  -794,  -768,  -741,  -715,  -688, -661,
+      -635,  -608,  -582,  -555,  -529,  -502,  -475,  -449,  -422,  -396, -369,
+      -343,  -316,  -289,  -263,  -236,  -210,  -183,  -157,  -130,  -103, -77,
+      -50,   -24,   3,     30,    56,    83,    109,   136,   162,   189,  216,
+      242,   269,   295,   322,   348,   375,   402,   428,   455,   481,  508,
+      534,   561,   588,   614,   641,   667,   694,   720,   747,   774,  800,
+      827,   853,   880,   907,   933,   960,   986,   1013,  1039,  1066};
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+#  pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+  static constexpr uint64_t power_of_10_64[20] = {
+      1, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1ULL), FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ULL),
+      10000000000000000000ULL};
+};
+
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS < 201703L
+template <typename T> constexpr uint64_t basic_data<T>::pow10_significands[];
+template <typename T> constexpr int16_t basic_data<T>::pow10_exponents[];
+template <typename T> constexpr uint64_t basic_data<T>::power_of_10_64[];
+#endif
+
+// This is a struct rather than an alias to avoid shadowing warnings in gcc.
+struct data : basic_data<> {};
+
+// Returns a cached power of 10 `c_k = c_k.f * pow(2, c_k.e)` such that its
+// (binary) exponent satisfies `min_exponent <= c_k.e <= min_exponent + 28`.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline fp get_cached_power(int min_exponent,
+                                         int& pow10_exponent) {
+  const int shift = 32;
+  // log10(2) = 0x0.4d104d427de7fbcc...
+  const int64_t significand = 0x4d104d427de7fbcc;
+  int index = static_cast<int>(
+      ((min_exponent + fp::num_significand_bits - 1) * (significand >> shift) +
+       ((int64_t(1) << shift) - 1))  // ceil
+      >> 32                          // arithmetic shift
+  );
+  // Decimal exponent of the first (smallest) cached power of 10.
+  const int first_dec_exp = -348;
+  // Difference between 2 consecutive decimal exponents in cached powers of 10.
+  const int dec_exp_step = 8;
+  index = (index - first_dec_exp - 1) / dec_exp_step + 1;
+  pow10_exponent = first_dec_exp + index * dec_exp_step;
+  return {data::pow10_significands[index], data::pow10_exponents[index]};
+}
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_SNPRINTF snprintf
+#else
+FMT_API auto fmt_snprintf(char* buf, size_t size, const char* fmt, ...) -> int;
+#  define FMT_SNPRINTF fmt_snprintf
+#endif  // _MSC_VER
+
+// Formats a floating-point number with snprintf using the hexfloat format.
+template <typename T>
+auto snprintf_float(T value, int precision, float_specs specs,
+                    buffer<char>& buf) -> int {
+  // Buffer capacity must be non-zero, otherwise MSVC's vsnprintf_s will fail.
+  FMT_ASSERT(buf.capacity() > buf.size(), "empty buffer");
+  FMT_ASSERT(specs.format == float_format::hex, "");
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<T, float>::value, "");
+
+  // Build the format string.
+  char format[7];  // The longest format is "%#.*Le".
+  char* format_ptr = format;
+  *format_ptr++ = '%';
+  if (specs.showpoint) *format_ptr++ = '#';
+  if (precision >= 0) {
+    *format_ptr++ = '.';
+    *format_ptr++ = '*';
+  }
+  if (std::is_same<T, long double>()) *format_ptr++ = 'L';
+  *format_ptr++ = specs.upper ? 'A' : 'a';
+  *format_ptr = '\0';
+
+  // Format using snprintf.
+  auto offset = buf.size();
+  for (;;) {
+    auto begin = buf.data() + offset;
+    auto capacity = buf.capacity() - offset;
+    abort_fuzzing_if(precision > 100000);
+    // Suppress the warning about a nonliteral format string.
+    // Cannot use auto because of a bug in MinGW (#1532).
+    int (*snprintf_ptr)(char*, size_t, const char*, ...) = FMT_SNPRINTF;
+    int result = precision >= 0
+                     ? snprintf_ptr(begin, capacity, format, precision, value)
+                     : snprintf_ptr(begin, capacity, format, value);
+    if (result < 0) {
+      // The buffer will grow exponentially.
+      buf.try_reserve(buf.capacity() + 1);
+      continue;
+    }
+    auto size = to_unsigned(result);
+    // Size equal to capacity means that the last character was truncated.
+    if (size < capacity) {
+      buf.try_resize(size + offset);
+      return 0;
+    }
+    buf.try_reserve(size + offset + 1);  // Add 1 for the terminating '\0'.
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+using convert_float_result =
+    conditional_t<std::is_same<T, float>::value || sizeof(T) == sizeof(double),
+                  double, T>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr auto convert_float(T value) -> convert_float_result<T> {
+  return static_cast<convert_float_result<T>>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+FMT_NOINLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR auto fill(OutputIt it, size_t n,
+                                     const fill_t<Char>& fill) -> OutputIt {
+  auto fill_size = fill.size();
+  if (fill_size == 1) return detail::fill_n(it, n, fill[0]);
+  auto data = fill.data();
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    it = copy_str<Char>(data, data + fill_size, it);
+  return it;
+}
+
+// Writes the output of f, padded according to format specifications in specs.
+// size: output size in code units.
+// width: output display width in (terminal) column positions.
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_padded(OutputIt out,
+                                const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                size_t size, size_t width, F&& f) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(align == align::left || align == align::right, "");
+  unsigned spec_width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+  size_t padding = spec_width > width ? spec_width - width : 0;
+  // Shifts are encoded as string literals because static constexpr is not
+  // supported in constexpr functions.
+  auto* shifts = align == align::left ? "\x1f\x1f\x00\x01" : "\x00\x1f\x00\x01";
+  size_t left_padding = padding >> shifts[specs.align];
+  size_t right_padding = padding - left_padding;
+  auto it = reserve(out, size + padding * specs.fill.size());
+  if (left_padding != 0) it = fill(it, left_padding, specs.fill);
+  it = f(it);
+  if (right_padding != 0) it = fill(it, right_padding, specs.fill);
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename OutputIt, typename Char,
+          typename F>
+constexpr auto write_padded(OutputIt out, const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                            size_t size, F&& f) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_padded<align>(out, specs, size, size, f);
+}
+
+template <align::type align = align::left, typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_bytes(OutputIt out, string_view bytes,
+                               const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return write_padded<align>(
+      out, specs, bytes.size(), [bytes](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        const char* data = bytes.data();
+        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + bytes.size(), it);
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UIntPtr>
+auto write_ptr(OutputIt out, UIntPtr value,
+               const basic_format_specs<Char>* specs) -> OutputIt {
+  int num_digits = count_digits<4>(value);
+  auto size = to_unsigned(num_digits) + size_t(2);
+  auto write = [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('0');
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('x');
+    return format_uint<4, Char>(it, value, num_digits);
+  };
+  return specs ? write_padded<align::right>(out, *specs, size, write)
+               : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, size)));
+}
+
+// Returns true iff the code point cp is printable.
+FMT_API auto is_printable(uint32_t cp) -> bool;
+
+inline auto needs_escape(uint32_t cp) -> bool {
+  return cp < 0x20 || cp == 0x7f || cp == '"' || cp == '\\' ||
+         !is_printable(cp);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct find_escape_result {
+  const Char* begin;
+  const Char* end;
+  uint32_t cp;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+using make_unsigned_char =
+    typename conditional_t<std::is_integral<Char>::value,
+                           std::make_unsigned<Char>,
+                           type_identity<uint32_t>>::type;
+
+template <typename Char>
+auto find_escape(const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+    -> find_escape_result<Char> {
+  for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
+    uint32_t cp = static_cast<make_unsigned_char<Char>>(*begin);
+    if (const_check(sizeof(Char) == 1) && cp >= 0x80) continue;
+    if (needs_escape(cp)) return {begin, begin + 1, cp};
+  }
+  return {begin, nullptr, 0};
+}
+
+inline auto find_escape(const char* begin, const char* end)
+    -> find_escape_result<char> {
+  if (!is_utf8()) return find_escape<char>(begin, end);
+  auto result = find_escape_result<char>{end, nullptr, 0};
+  for_each_codepoint(string_view(begin, to_unsigned(end - begin)),
+                     [&](uint32_t cp, string_view sv) {
+                       if (needs_escape(cp)) {
+                         result = {sv.begin(), sv.end(), cp};
+                         return false;
+                       }
+                       return true;
+                     });
+  return result;
+}
+
+#define FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, base, explicit)                                 \
+  [] {                                                                     \
+    /* Use the hidden visibility as a workaround for a GCC bug (#1973). */ \
+    /* Use a macro-like name to avoid shadowing warnings. */               \
+    struct FMT_GCC_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN FMT_COMPILE_STRING : base {           \
+      using char_type = fmt::remove_cvref_t<decltype(s[0])>;               \
+      FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit                              \
+      operator fmt::basic_string_view<char_type>() const {                 \
+        return fmt::detail_exported::compile_string_to_view<char_type>(s); \
+      }                                                                    \
+    };                                                                     \
+    return FMT_COMPILE_STRING();                                           \
+  }()
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs a compile-time format string from a string literal *s*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // A compile-time error because 'd' is an invalid specifier for strings.
+    std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "foo");
+  \endrst
+ */
+#define FMT_STRING(s) FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, fmt::detail::compile_string, )
+
+template <size_t width, typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_codepoint(OutputIt out, char prefix, uint32_t cp) -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>(prefix);
+  Char buf[width];
+  fill_n(buf, width, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+  format_uint<4>(buf, cp, width);
+  return copy_str<Char>(buf, buf + width, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+auto write_escaped_cp(OutputIt out, const find_escape_result<Char>& escape)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto c = static_cast<Char>(escape.cp);
+  switch (escape.cp) {
+  case '\n':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('n');
+    break;
+  case '\r':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('r');
+    break;
+  case '\t':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    c = static_cast<Char>('t');
+    break;
+  case '"':
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case '\'':
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case '\\':
+    *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\\');
+    break;
+  default:
+    if (is_utf8()) {
+      if (escape.cp < 0x100) {
+        return write_codepoint<2, Char>(out, 'x', escape.cp);
+      }
+      if (escape.cp < 0x10000) {
+        return write_codepoint<4, Char>(out, 'u', escape.cp);
+      }
+      if (escape.cp < 0x110000) {
+        return write_codepoint<8, Char>(out, 'U', escape.cp);
+      }
+    }
+    for (Char escape_char : basic_string_view<Char>(
+             escape.begin, to_unsigned(escape.end - escape.begin))) {
+      out = write_codepoint<2, Char>(out, 'x',
+                                     static_cast<uint32_t>(escape_char) & 0xFF);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  *out++ = c;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_escaped_string(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> str)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('"');
+  auto begin = str.begin(), end = str.end();
+  do {
+    auto escape = find_escape(begin, end);
+    out = copy_str<Char>(begin, escape.begin, out);
+    begin = escape.end;
+    if (!begin) break;
+    out = write_escaped_cp<OutputIt, Char>(out, escape);
+  } while (begin != end);
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('"');
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_escaped_char(OutputIt out, Char v) -> OutputIt {
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\'');
+  if ((needs_escape(static_cast<uint32_t>(v)) && v != static_cast<Char>('"')) ||
+      v == static_cast<Char>('\'')) {
+    out = write_escaped_cp(
+        out, find_escape_result<Char>{&v, &v + 1, static_cast<uint32_t>(v)});
+  } else {
+    *out++ = v;
+  }
+  *out++ = static_cast<Char>('\'');
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_char(OutputIt out, Char value,
+                              const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  bool is_debug = specs.type == presentation_type::debug;
+  return write_padded(out, specs, 1, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    if (is_debug) return write_escaped_char(it, value);
+    *it++ = value;
+    return it;
+  });
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, Char value,
+                         const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                         locale_ref loc = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  return check_char_specs(specs)
+             ? write_char(out, value, specs)
+             : write(out, static_cast<int>(value), specs, loc);
+}
+
+// Data for write_int that doesn't depend on output iterator type. It is used to
+// avoid template code bloat.
+template <typename Char> struct write_int_data {
+  size_t size;
+  size_t padding;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR write_int_data(int num_digits, unsigned prefix,
+                               const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs)
+      : size((prefix >> 24) + to_unsigned(num_digits)), padding(0) {
+    if (specs.align == align::numeric) {
+      auto width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+      if (width > size) {
+        padding = width - size;
+        size = width;
+      }
+    } else if (specs.precision > num_digits) {
+      size = (prefix >> 24) + to_unsigned(specs.precision);
+      padding = to_unsigned(specs.precision - num_digits);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+// Writes an integer in the format
+//   <left-padding><prefix><numeric-padding><digits><right-padding>
+// where <digits> are written by write_digits(it).
+// prefix contains chars in three lower bytes and the size in the fourth byte.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename W>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write_int(OutputIt out, int num_digits,
+                                        unsigned prefix,
+                                        const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                        W write_digits) -> OutputIt {
+  // Slightly faster check for specs.width == 0 && specs.precision == -1.
+  if ((specs.width | (specs.precision + 1)) == 0) {
+    auto it = reserve(out, to_unsigned(num_digits) + (prefix >> 24));
+    if (prefix != 0) {
+      for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+        *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+    }
+    return base_iterator(out, write_digits(it));
+  }
+  auto data = write_int_data<Char>(num_digits, prefix, specs);
+  return write_padded<align::right>(
+      out, specs, data.size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        for (unsigned p = prefix & 0xffffff; p != 0; p >>= 8)
+          *it++ = static_cast<Char>(p & 0xff);
+        it = detail::fill_n(it, data.padding, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+        return write_digits(it);
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename Char> class digit_grouping {
+ private:
+  thousands_sep_result<Char> sep_;
+
+  struct next_state {
+    std::string::const_iterator group;
+    int pos;
+  };
+  next_state initial_state() const { return {sep_.grouping.begin(), 0}; }
+
+  // Returns the next digit group separator position.
+  int next(next_state& state) const {
+    if (!sep_.thousands_sep) return max_value<int>();
+    if (state.group == sep_.grouping.end())
+      return state.pos += sep_.grouping.back();
+    if (*state.group <= 0 || *state.group == max_value<char>())
+      return max_value<int>();
+    state.pos += *state.group++;
+    return state.pos;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit digit_grouping(locale_ref loc, bool localized = true) {
+    if (localized)
+      sep_ = thousands_sep<Char>(loc);
+    else
+      sep_.thousands_sep = Char();
+  }
+  explicit digit_grouping(thousands_sep_result<Char> sep) : sep_(sep) {}
+
+  Char separator() const { return sep_.thousands_sep; }
+
+  int count_separators(int num_digits) const {
+    int count = 0;
+    auto state = initial_state();
+    while (num_digits > next(state)) ++count;
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  // Applies grouping to digits and write the output to out.
+  template <typename Out, typename C>
+  Out apply(Out out, basic_string_view<C> digits) const {
+    auto num_digits = static_cast<int>(digits.size());
+    auto separators = basic_memory_buffer<int>();
+    separators.push_back(0);
+    auto state = initial_state();
+    while (int i = next(state)) {
+      if (i >= num_digits) break;
+      separators.push_back(i);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0, sep_index = static_cast<int>(separators.size() - 1);
+         i < num_digits; ++i) {
+      if (num_digits - i == separators[sep_index]) {
+        *out++ = separator();
+        --sep_index;
+      }
+      *out++ = static_cast<Char>(digits[to_unsigned(i)]);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char>
+auto write_int_localized(OutputIt out, UInt value, unsigned prefix,
+                         const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                         const digit_grouping<Char>& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<uint64_or_128_t<UInt>, UInt>::value, "");
+  int num_digits = count_digits(value);
+  char digits[40];
+  format_decimal(digits, value, num_digits);
+  unsigned size = to_unsigned((prefix != 0 ? 1 : 0) + num_digits +
+                              grouping.count_separators(num_digits));
+  return write_padded<align::right>(
+      out, specs, size, size, [&](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+        if (prefix != 0) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(prefix);
+        return grouping.apply(it, string_view(digits, to_unsigned(num_digits)));
+      });
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char>
+auto write_int_localized(OutputIt& out, UInt value, unsigned prefix,
+                         const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> bool {
+  auto grouping = digit_grouping<Char>(loc);
+  out = write_int_localized(out, value, prefix, specs, grouping);
+  return true;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline void prefix_append(unsigned& prefix, unsigned value) {
+  prefix |= prefix != 0 ? value << 8 : value;
+  prefix += (1u + (value > 0xff ? 1 : 0)) << 24;
+}
+
+template <typename UInt> struct write_int_arg {
+  UInt abs_value;
+  unsigned prefix;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_write_int_arg(T value, sign_t sign)
+    -> write_int_arg<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>> {
+  auto prefix = 0u;
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+  if (is_negative(value)) {
+    prefix = 0x01000000 | '-';
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+  } else {
+    constexpr const unsigned prefixes[4] = {0, 0, 0x1000000u | '+',
+                                            0x1000000u | ' '};
+    prefix = prefixes[sign];
+  }
+  return {abs_value, prefix};
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write_int(OutputIt out, write_int_arg<T> arg,
+                                        const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                        locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<T, uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>::value, "");
+  auto abs_value = arg.abs_value;
+  auto prefix = arg.prefix;
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case presentation_type::none:
+  case presentation_type::dec: {
+    if (specs.localized &&
+        write_int_localized(out, static_cast<uint64_or_128_t<T>>(abs_value),
+                            prefix, specs, loc)) {
+      return out;
+    }
+    auto num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+    return write_int(
+        out, num_digits, prefix, specs, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+          return format_decimal<Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits).end;
+        });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::hex_lower:
+  case presentation_type::hex_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::hex_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'X' : 'x') << 8 | '0');
+    int num_digits = count_digits<4>(abs_value);
+    return write_int(
+        out, num_digits, prefix, specs, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+          return format_uint<4, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits, upper);
+        });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::bin_lower:
+  case presentation_type::bin_upper: {
+    bool upper = specs.type == presentation_type::bin_upper;
+    if (specs.alt)
+      prefix_append(prefix, unsigned(upper ? 'B' : 'b') << 8 | '0');
+    int num_digits = count_digits<1>(abs_value);
+    return write_int(out, num_digits, prefix, specs,
+                     [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                       return format_uint<1, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+                     });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::oct: {
+    int num_digits = count_digits<3>(abs_value);
+    // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+    // is not greater than the number of digits.
+    if (specs.alt && specs.precision <= num_digits && abs_value != 0)
+      prefix_append(prefix, '0');
+    return write_int(out, num_digits, prefix, specs,
+                     [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                       return format_uint<3, Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+                     });
+  }
+  case presentation_type::chr:
+    return write_char(out, static_cast<Char>(abs_value), specs);
+  default:
+    throw_format_error("invalid type specifier");
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_NOINLINE auto write_int_noinline(
+    OutputIt out, write_int_arg<T> arg, const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_int(out, arg, specs, loc);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        std::is_same<OutputIt, buffer_appender<Char>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                    const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_int_noinline(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign), specs,
+                            loc);
+}
+// An inlined version of write used in format string compilation.
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<OutputIt, buffer_appender<Char>>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                                    const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    locale_ref loc) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_int(out, make_write_int_arg(value, specs.sign), specs, loc);
+}
+
+// An output iterator that counts the number of objects written to it and
+// discards them.
+class counting_iterator {
+ private:
+  size_t count_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(counting_iterator);
+
+  struct value_type {
+    template <typename T> void operator=(const T&) {}
+  };
+
+  counting_iterator() : count_(0) {}
+
+  size_t count() const { return count_; }
+
+  counting_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++count_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  counting_iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  friend counting_iterator operator+(counting_iterator it, difference_type n) {
+    it.count_ += static_cast<size_t>(n);
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  value_type operator*() const { return {}; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> s,
+                         const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs) -> OutputIt {
+  auto data = s.data();
+  auto size = s.size();
+  if (specs.precision >= 0 && to_unsigned(specs.precision) < size)
+    size = code_point_index(s, to_unsigned(specs.precision));
+  bool is_debug = specs.type == presentation_type::debug;
+  size_t width = 0;
+  if (specs.width != 0) {
+    if (is_debug)
+      width = write_escaped_string(counting_iterator{}, s).count();
+    else
+      width = compute_width(basic_string_view<Char>(data, size));
+  }
+  return write_padded(out, specs, size, width,
+                      [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+                        if (is_debug) return write_escaped_string(it, s);
+                        return copy_str<Char>(data, data + size, it);
+                      });
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out,
+                         basic_string_view<type_identity_t<Char>> s,
+                         const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  check_string_type_spec(specs.type);
+  return write(out, s, specs);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const Char* s,
+                         const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs, locale_ref)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return check_cstring_type_spec(specs.type)
+             ? write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(s), specs, {})
+             : write_ptr<Char>(out, bit_cast<uintptr_t>(s), &specs);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<T, Char>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+  bool negative = is_negative(value);
+  // Don't do -abs_value since it trips unsigned-integer-overflow sanitizer.
+  if (negative) abs_value = ~abs_value + 1;
+  int num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+  auto size = (negative ? 1 : 0) + static_cast<size_t>(num_digits);
+  auto it = reserve(out, size);
+  if (auto ptr = to_pointer<Char>(it, size)) {
+    if (negative) *ptr++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    format_decimal<Char>(ptr, abs_value, num_digits);
+    return out;
+  }
+  if (negative) *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+  it = format_decimal<Char>(it, abs_value, num_digits).end;
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_nonfinite(OutputIt out, bool isnan,
+                                     basic_format_specs<Char> specs,
+                                     const float_specs& fspecs) -> OutputIt {
+  auto str =
+      isnan ? (fspecs.upper ? "NAN" : "nan") : (fspecs.upper ? "INF" : "inf");
+  constexpr size_t str_size = 3;
+  auto sign = fspecs.sign;
+  auto size = str_size + (sign ? 1 : 0);
+  // Replace '0'-padding with space for non-finite values.
+  const bool is_zero_fill =
+      specs.fill.size() == 1 && *specs.fill.data() == static_cast<Char>('0');
+  if (is_zero_fill) specs.fill[0] = static_cast<Char>(' ');
+  return write_padded(out, specs, size, [=](reserve_iterator<OutputIt> it) {
+    if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+    return copy_str<Char>(str, str + str_size, it);
+  });
+}
+
+// A decimal floating-point number significand * pow(10, exp).
+struct big_decimal_fp {
+  const char* significand;
+  int significand_size;
+  int exponent;
+};
+
+constexpr auto get_significand_size(const big_decimal_fp& f) -> int {
+  return f.significand_size;
+}
+template <typename T>
+inline auto get_significand_size(const dragonbox::decimal_fp<T>& f) -> int {
+  return count_digits(f.significand);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+constexpr auto write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
+                                 int significand_size) -> OutputIt {
+  return copy_str<Char>(significand, significand + significand_size, out);
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename UInt>
+inline auto write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
+                              int significand_size) -> OutputIt {
+  return format_decimal<Char>(out, significand, significand_size).end;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Grouping>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_significand(OutputIt out, T significand,
+                                       int significand_size, int exponent,
+                                       const Grouping& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  if (!grouping.separator()) {
+    out = write_significand<Char>(out, significand, significand_size);
+    return detail::fill_n(out, exponent, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+  }
+  auto buffer = memory_buffer();
+  write_significand<char>(appender(buffer), significand, significand_size);
+  detail::fill_n(appender(buffer), exponent, '0');
+  return grouping.apply(out, string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename UInt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<UInt>::value)>
+inline auto write_significand(Char* out, UInt significand, int significand_size,
+                              int integral_size, Char decimal_point) -> Char* {
+  if (!decimal_point)
+    return format_decimal(out, significand, significand_size).end;
+  out += significand_size + 1;
+  Char* end = out;
+  int floating_size = significand_size - integral_size;
+  for (int i = floating_size / 2; i > 0; --i) {
+    out -= 2;
+    copy2(out, digits2(static_cast<std::size_t>(significand % 100)));
+    significand /= 100;
+  }
+  if (floating_size % 2 != 0) {
+    *--out = static_cast<Char>('0' + significand % 10);
+    significand /= 10;
+  }
+  *--out = decimal_point;
+  format_decimal(out - integral_size, significand, integral_size);
+  return end;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename UInt, typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_pointer<remove_cvref_t<OutputIt>>::value)>
+inline auto write_significand(OutputIt out, UInt significand,
+                              int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                              Char decimal_point) -> OutputIt {
+  // Buffer is large enough to hold digits (digits10 + 1) and a decimal point.
+  Char buffer[digits10<UInt>() + 2];
+  auto end = write_significand(buffer, significand, significand_size,
+                               integral_size, decimal_point);
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer, end, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write_significand(OutputIt out, const char* significand,
+                                     int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                                     Char decimal_point) -> OutputIt {
+  out = detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(significand,
+                                        significand + integral_size, out);
+  if (!decimal_point) return out;
+  *out++ = decimal_point;
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(significand + integral_size,
+                                         significand + significand_size, out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename T, typename Grouping>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_significand(OutputIt out, T significand,
+                                       int significand_size, int integral_size,
+                                       Char decimal_point,
+                                       const Grouping& grouping) -> OutputIt {
+  if (!grouping.separator()) {
+    return write_significand(out, significand, significand_size, integral_size,
+                             decimal_point);
+  }
+  auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  write_significand(buffer_appender<Char>(buffer), significand,
+                    significand_size, integral_size, decimal_point);
+  grouping.apply(
+      out, basic_string_view<Char>(buffer.data(), to_unsigned(integral_size)));
+  return detail::copy_str_noinline<Char>(buffer.data() + integral_size,
+                                         buffer.end(), out);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename DecimalFP, typename Char,
+          typename Grouping = digit_grouping<Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto do_write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                    const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                    float_specs fspecs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto significand = f.significand;
+  int significand_size = get_significand_size(f);
+  const Char zero = static_cast<Char>('0');
+  auto sign = fspecs.sign;
+  size_t size = to_unsigned(significand_size) + (sign ? 1 : 0);
+  using iterator = reserve_iterator<OutputIt>;
+
+  Char decimal_point =
+      fspecs.locale ? detail::decimal_point<Char>(loc) : static_cast<Char>('.');
+
+  int output_exp = f.exponent + significand_size - 1;
+  auto use_exp_format = [=]() {
+    if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) return true;
+    if (fspecs.format != float_format::general) return false;
+    // Use the fixed notation if the exponent is in [exp_lower, exp_upper),
+    // e.g. 0.0001 instead of 1e-04. Otherwise use the exponent notation.
+    const int exp_lower = -4, exp_upper = 16;
+    return output_exp < exp_lower ||
+           output_exp >= (fspecs.precision > 0 ? fspecs.precision : exp_upper);
+  };
+  if (use_exp_format()) {
+    int num_zeros = 0;
+    if (fspecs.showpoint) {
+      num_zeros = fspecs.precision - significand_size;
+      if (num_zeros < 0) num_zeros = 0;
+      size += to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+    } else if (significand_size == 1) {
+      decimal_point = Char();
+    }
+    auto abs_output_exp = output_exp >= 0 ? output_exp : -output_exp;
+    int exp_digits = 2;
+    if (abs_output_exp >= 100) exp_digits = abs_output_exp >= 1000 ? 4 : 3;
+
+    size += to_unsigned((decimal_point ? 1 : 0) + 2 + exp_digits);
+    char exp_char = fspecs.upper ? 'E' : 'e';
+    auto write = [=](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
+      it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, 1,
+                             decimal_point);
+      if (num_zeros > 0) it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero);
+      *it++ = static_cast<Char>(exp_char);
+      return write_exponent<Char>(output_exp, it);
+    };
+    return specs.width > 0 ? write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, write)
+                           : base_iterator(out, write(reserve(out, size)));
+  }
+
+  int exp = f.exponent + significand_size;
+  if (f.exponent >= 0) {
+    // 1234e5 -> 123400000[.0+]
+    size += to_unsigned(f.exponent);
+    int num_zeros = fspecs.precision - exp;
+    abort_fuzzing_if(num_zeros > 5000);
+    if (fspecs.showpoint) {
+      ++size;
+      if (num_zeros <= 0 && fspecs.format != float_format::fixed) num_zeros = 1;
+      if (num_zeros > 0) size += to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+    }
+    auto grouping = Grouping(loc, fspecs.locale);
+    size += to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(exp));
+    return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      it = write_significand<Char>(it, significand, significand_size,
+                                   f.exponent, grouping);
+      if (!fspecs.showpoint) return it;
+      *it++ = decimal_point;
+      return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero) : it;
+    });
+  } else if (exp > 0) {
+    // 1234e-2 -> 12.34[0+]
+    int num_zeros = fspecs.showpoint ? fspecs.precision - significand_size : 0;
+    size += 1 + to_unsigned(num_zeros > 0 ? num_zeros : 0);
+    auto grouping = Grouping(loc, fspecs.locale);
+    size += to_unsigned(grouping.count_separators(significand_size));
+    return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+      it = write_significand(it, significand, significand_size, exp,
+                             decimal_point, grouping);
+      return num_zeros > 0 ? detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero) : it;
+    });
+  }
+  // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
+  int num_zeros = -exp;
+  if (significand_size == 0 && fspecs.precision >= 0 &&
+      fspecs.precision < num_zeros) {
+    num_zeros = fspecs.precision;
+  }
+  bool pointy = num_zeros != 0 || significand_size != 0 || fspecs.showpoint;
+  size += 1 + (pointy ? 1 : 0) + to_unsigned(num_zeros);
+  return write_padded<align::right>(out, specs, size, [&](iterator it) {
+    if (sign) *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(sign);
+    *it++ = zero;
+    if (!pointy) return it;
+    *it++ = decimal_point;
+    it = detail::fill_n(it, num_zeros, zero);
+    return write_significand<Char>(it, significand, significand_size);
+  });
+}
+
+template <typename Char> class fallback_digit_grouping {
+ public:
+  constexpr fallback_digit_grouping(locale_ref, bool) {}
+
+  constexpr Char separator() const { return Char(); }
+
+  constexpr int count_separators(int) const { return 0; }
+
+  template <typename Out, typename C>
+  constexpr Out apply(Out out, basic_string_view<C>) const {
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename DecimalFP, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write_float(OutputIt out, const DecimalFP& f,
+                                 const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                                 float_specs fspecs, locale_ref loc)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return do_write_float<OutputIt, DecimalFP, Char,
+                          fallback_digit_grouping<Char>>(out, f, specs, fspecs,
+                                                         loc);
+  } else {
+    return do_write_float(out, f, specs, fspecs, loc);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T> constexpr bool isnan(T value) {
+  return !(value >= value);  // std::isnan doesn't support __float128.
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_isfinite : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_isfinite<T, enable_if_t<sizeof(std::isfinite(T())) != 0>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value&&
+                                        has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 bool isfinite(T value) {
+  constexpr T inf = T(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  if (is_constant_evaluated())
+    return !detail::isnan(value) && value != inf && value != -inf;
+  return std::isfinite(value);
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_isfinite<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool isfinite(T value) {
+  T inf = T(std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
+  // std::isfinite doesn't support __float128.
+  return !detail::isnan(value) && value != inf && value != -inf;
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR bool signbit(T value) {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) {
+#ifdef __cpp_if_constexpr
+    if constexpr (std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559) {
+      auto bits = detail::bit_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<double>(value));
+      return (bits >> (num_bits<uint64_t>() - 1)) != 0;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  return std::signbit(static_cast<double>(value));
+}
+
+enum class round_direction { unknown, up, down };
+
+// Given the divisor (normally a power of 10), the remainder = v % divisor for
+// some number v and the error, returns whether v should be rounded up, down, or
+// whether the rounding direction can't be determined due to error.
+// error should be less than divisor / 2.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline round_direction get_round_direction(uint64_t divisor,
+                                                         uint64_t remainder,
+                                                         uint64_t error) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(remainder < divisor, "");  // divisor - remainder won't overflow.
+  FMT_ASSERT(error < divisor, "");      // divisor - error won't overflow.
+  FMT_ASSERT(error < divisor - error, "");  // error * 2 won't overflow.
+  // Round down if (remainder + error) * 2 <= divisor.
+  if (remainder <= divisor - remainder && error * 2 <= divisor - remainder * 2)
+    return round_direction::down;
+  // Round up if (remainder - error) * 2 >= divisor.
+  if (remainder >= error &&
+      remainder - error >= divisor - (remainder - error)) {
+    return round_direction::up;
+  }
+  return round_direction::unknown;
+}
+
+namespace digits {
+enum result {
+  more,  // Generate more digits.
+  done,  // Done generating digits.
+  error  // Digit generation cancelled due to an error.
+};
+}
+
+struct gen_digits_handler {
+  char* buf;
+  int size;
+  int precision;
+  int exp10;
+  bool fixed;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR digits::result on_digit(char digit, uint64_t divisor,
+                                        uint64_t remainder, uint64_t error,
+                                        bool integral) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(remainder < divisor, "");
+    buf[size++] = digit;
+    if (!integral && error >= remainder) return digits::error;
+    if (size < precision) return digits::more;
+    if (!integral) {
+      // Check if error * 2 < divisor with overflow prevention.
+      // The check is not needed for the integral part because error = 1
+      // and divisor > (1 << 32) there.
+      if (error >= divisor || error >= divisor - error) return digits::error;
+    } else {
+      FMT_ASSERT(error == 1 && divisor > 2, "");
+    }
+    auto dir = get_round_direction(divisor, remainder, error);
+    if (dir != round_direction::up)
+      return dir == round_direction::down ? digits::done : digits::error;
+    ++buf[size - 1];
+    for (int i = size - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] > '9'; --i) {
+      buf[i] = '0';
+      ++buf[i - 1];
+    }
+    if (buf[0] > '9') {
+      buf[0] = '1';
+      if (fixed)
+        buf[size++] = '0';
+      else
+        ++exp10;
+    }
+    return digits::done;
+  }
+};
+
+inline FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void adjust_precision(int& precision, int exp10) {
+  // Adjust fixed precision by exponent because it is relative to decimal
+  // point.
+  if (exp10 > 0 && precision > max_value<int>() - exp10)
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+  precision += exp10;
+}
+
+// Generates output using the Grisu digit-gen algorithm.
+// error: the size of the region (lower, upper) outside of which numbers
+// definitely do not round to value (Delta in Grisu3).
+FMT_INLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto grisu_gen_digits(fp value, uint64_t error,
+                                                 int& exp,
+                                                 gen_digits_handler& handler)
+    -> digits::result {
+  const fp one(1ULL << -value.e, value.e);
+  // The integral part of scaled value (p1 in Grisu) = value / one. It cannot be
+  // zero because it contains a product of two 64-bit numbers with MSB set (due
+  // to normalization) - 1, shifted right by at most 60 bits.
+  auto integral = static_cast<uint32_t>(value.f >> -one.e);
+  FMT_ASSERT(integral != 0, "");
+  FMT_ASSERT(integral == value.f >> -one.e, "");
+  // The fractional part of scaled value (p2 in Grisu) c = value % one.
+  uint64_t fractional = value.f & (one.f - 1);
+  exp = count_digits(integral);  // kappa in Grisu.
+  // Non-fixed formats require at least one digit and no precision adjustment.
+  if (handler.fixed) {
+    adjust_precision(handler.precision, exp + handler.exp10);
+    // Check if precision is satisfied just by leading zeros, e.g.
+    // format("{:.2f}", 0.001) gives "0.00" without generating any digits.
+    if (handler.precision <= 0) {
+      if (handler.precision < 0) return digits::done;
+      // Divide by 10 to prevent overflow.
+      uint64_t divisor = data::power_of_10_64[exp - 1] << -one.e;
+      auto dir = get_round_direction(divisor, value.f / 10, error * 10);
+      if (dir == round_direction::unknown) return digits::error;
+      handler.buf[handler.size++] = dir == round_direction::up ? '1' : '0';
+      return digits::done;
+    }
+  }
+  // Generate digits for the integral part. This can produce up to 10 digits.
+  do {
+    uint32_t digit = 0;
+    auto divmod_integral = [&](uint32_t divisor) {
+      digit = integral / divisor;
+      integral %= divisor;
+    };
+    // This optimization by Milo Yip reduces the number of integer divisions by
+    // one per iteration.
+    switch (exp) {
+    case 10:
+      divmod_integral(1000000000);
+      break;
+    case 9:
+      divmod_integral(100000000);
+      break;
+    case 8:
+      divmod_integral(10000000);
+      break;
+    case 7:
+      divmod_integral(1000000);
+      break;
+    case 6:
+      divmod_integral(100000);
+      break;
+    case 5:
+      divmod_integral(10000);
+      break;
+    case 4:
+      divmod_integral(1000);
+      break;
+    case 3:
+      divmod_integral(100);
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      divmod_integral(10);
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      digit = integral;
+      integral = 0;
+      break;
+    default:
+      FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid number of digits");
+    }
+    --exp;
+    auto remainder = (static_cast<uint64_t>(integral) << -one.e) + fractional;
+    auto result = handler.on_digit(static_cast<char>('0' + digit),
+                                   data::power_of_10_64[exp] << -one.e,
+                                   remainder, error, true);
+    if (result != digits::more) return result;
+  } while (exp > 0);
+  // Generate digits for the fractional part.
+  for (;;) {
+    fractional *= 10;
+    error *= 10;
+    char digit = static_cast<char>('0' + (fractional >> -one.e));
+    fractional &= one.f - 1;
+    --exp;
+    auto result = handler.on_digit(digit, one.f, fractional, error, false);
+    if (result != digits::more) return result;
+  }
+}
+
+class bigint {
+ private:
+  // A bigint is stored as an array of bigits (big digits), with bigit at index
+  // 0 being the least significant one.
+  using bigit = uint32_t;
+  using double_bigit = uint64_t;
+  enum { bigits_capacity = 32 };
+  basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> bigits_;
+  int exp_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 bigit operator[](int index) const {
+    return bigits_[to_unsigned(index)];
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 bigit& operator[](int index) {
+    return bigits_[to_unsigned(index)];
+  }
+
+  static constexpr const int bigit_bits = num_bits<bigit>();
+
+  friend struct formatter<bigint>;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void subtract_bigits(int index, bigit other, bigit& borrow) {
+    auto result = static_cast<double_bigit>((*this)[index]) - other - borrow;
+    (*this)[index] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+    borrow = static_cast<bigit>(result >> (bigit_bits * 2 - 1));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void remove_leading_zeros() {
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    while (num_bigits > 0 && (*this)[num_bigits] == 0) --num_bigits;
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + 1));
+  }
+
+  // Computes *this -= other assuming aligned bigints and *this >= other.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void subtract_aligned(const bigint& other) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(other.exp_ >= exp_, "unaligned bigints");
+    FMT_ASSERT(compare(*this, other) >= 0, "");
+    bigit borrow = 0;
+    int i = other.exp_ - exp_;
+    for (size_t j = 0, n = other.bigits_.size(); j != n; ++i, ++j)
+      subtract_bigits(i, other.bigits_[j], borrow);
+    while (borrow > 0) subtract_bigits(i, 0, borrow);
+    remove_leading_zeros();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void multiply(uint32_t value) {
+    const double_bigit wide_value = value;
+    bigit carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      double_bigit result = bigits_[i] * wide_value + carry;
+      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+      carry = static_cast<bigit>(result >> bigit_bits);
+    }
+    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
+  }
+
+  template <typename UInt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<UInt, uint64_t>::value ||
+                                         std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void multiply(UInt value) {
+    using half_uint =
+        conditional_t<std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value, uint64_t, uint32_t>;
+    const int shift = num_bits<half_uint>() - bigit_bits;
+    const UInt lower = static_cast<half_uint>(value);
+    const UInt upper = value >> num_bits<half_uint>();
+    UInt carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      UInt result = lower * bigits_[i] + static_cast<bigit>(carry);
+      carry = (upper * bigits_[i] << shift) + (result >> bigit_bits) +
+              (carry >> bigit_bits);
+      bigits_[i] = static_cast<bigit>(result);
+    }
+    while (carry != 0) {
+      bigits_.push_back(static_cast<bigit>(carry));
+      carry >>= bigit_bits;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename UInt, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<UInt, uint64_t>::value ||
+                                         std::is_same<UInt, uint128_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign(UInt n) {
+    size_t num_bigits = 0;
+    do {
+      bigits_[num_bigits++] = static_cast<bigit>(n);
+      n >>= bigit_bits;
+    } while (n != 0);
+    bigits_.resize(num_bigits);
+    exp_ = 0;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 bigint() : exp_(0) {}
+  explicit bigint(uint64_t n) { assign(n); }
+
+  bigint(const bigint&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const bigint&) = delete;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign(const bigint& other) {
+    auto size = other.bigits_.size();
+    bigits_.resize(size);
+    auto data = other.bigits_.data();
+    std::copy(data, data + size, make_checked(bigits_.data(), size));
+    exp_ = other.exp_;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void operator=(Int n) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(n > 0, "");
+    assign(uint64_or_128_t<Int>(n));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 int num_bigits() const {
+    return static_cast<int>(bigits_.size()) + exp_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_NOINLINE FMT_CONSTEXPR20 bigint& operator<<=(int shift) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(shift >= 0, "");
+    exp_ += shift / bigit_bits;
+    shift %= bigit_bits;
+    if (shift == 0) return *this;
+    bigit carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = bigits_.size(); i < n; ++i) {
+      bigit c = bigits_[i] >> (bigit_bits - shift);
+      bigits_[i] = (bigits_[i] << shift) + carry;
+      carry = c;
+    }
+    if (carry != 0) bigits_.push_back(carry);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> FMT_CONSTEXPR20 bigint& operator*=(Int value) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(value > 0, "");
+    multiply(uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>(value));
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR20 int compare(const bigint& lhs, const bigint& rhs) {
+    int num_lhs_bigits = lhs.num_bigits(), num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
+    if (num_lhs_bigits != num_rhs_bigits)
+      return num_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits ? 1 : -1;
+    int i = static_cast<int>(lhs.bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    int j = static_cast<int>(rhs.bigits_.size()) - 1;
+    int end = i - j;
+    if (end < 0) end = 0;
+    for (; i >= end; --i, --j) {
+      bigit lhs_bigit = lhs[i], rhs_bigit = rhs[j];
+      if (lhs_bigit != rhs_bigit) return lhs_bigit > rhs_bigit ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    if (i != j) return i > j ? 1 : -1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Returns compare(lhs1 + lhs2, rhs).
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR20 int add_compare(const bigint& lhs1, const bigint& lhs2,
+                                         const bigint& rhs) {
+    auto minimum = [](int a, int b) { return a < b ? a : b; };
+    auto maximum = [](int a, int b) { return a > b ? a : b; };
+    int max_lhs_bigits = maximum(lhs1.num_bigits(), lhs2.num_bigits());
+    int num_rhs_bigits = rhs.num_bigits();
+    if (max_lhs_bigits + 1 < num_rhs_bigits) return -1;
+    if (max_lhs_bigits > num_rhs_bigits) return 1;
+    auto get_bigit = [](const bigint& n, int i) -> bigit {
+      return i >= n.exp_ && i < n.num_bigits() ? n[i - n.exp_] : 0;
+    };
+    double_bigit borrow = 0;
+    int min_exp = minimum(minimum(lhs1.exp_, lhs2.exp_), rhs.exp_);
+    for (int i = num_rhs_bigits - 1; i >= min_exp; --i) {
+      double_bigit sum =
+          static_cast<double_bigit>(get_bigit(lhs1, i)) + get_bigit(lhs2, i);
+      bigit rhs_bigit = get_bigit(rhs, i);
+      if (sum > rhs_bigit + borrow) return 1;
+      borrow = rhs_bigit + borrow - sum;
+      if (borrow > 1) return -1;
+      borrow <<= bigit_bits;
+    }
+    return borrow != 0 ? -1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  // Assigns pow(10, exp) to this bigint.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void assign_pow10(int exp) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(exp >= 0, "");
+    if (exp == 0) return *this = 1;
+    // Find the top bit.
+    int bitmask = 1;
+    while (exp >= bitmask) bitmask <<= 1;
+    bitmask >>= 1;
+    // pow(10, exp) = pow(5, exp) * pow(2, exp). First compute pow(5, exp) by
+    // repeated squaring and multiplication.
+    *this = 5;
+    bitmask >>= 1;
+    while (bitmask != 0) {
+      square();
+      if ((exp & bitmask) != 0) *this *= 5;
+      bitmask >>= 1;
+    }
+    *this <<= exp;  // Multiply by pow(2, exp) by shifting.
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void square() {
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
+    int num_result_bigits = 2 * num_bigits;
+    basic_memory_buffer<bigit, bigits_capacity> n(std::move(bigits_));
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_result_bigits));
+    auto sum = uint128_t();
+    for (int bigit_index = 0; bigit_index < num_bigits; ++bigit_index) {
+      // Compute bigit at position bigit_index of the result by adding
+      // cross-product terms n[i] * n[j] such that i + j == bigit_index.
+      for (int i = 0, j = bigit_index; j >= 0; ++i, --j) {
+        // Most terms are multiplied twice which can be optimized in the future.
+        sum += static_cast<double_bigit>(n[i]) * n[j];
+      }
+      (*this)[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
+      sum >>= num_bits<bigit>();  // Compute the carry.
+    }
+    // Do the same for the top half.
+    for (int bigit_index = num_bigits; bigit_index < num_result_bigits;
+         ++bigit_index) {
+      for (int j = num_bigits - 1, i = bigit_index - j; i < num_bigits;)
+        sum += static_cast<double_bigit>(n[i++]) * n[j--];
+      (*this)[bigit_index] = static_cast<bigit>(sum);
+      sum >>= num_bits<bigit>();
+    }
+    remove_leading_zeros();
+    exp_ *= 2;
+  }
+
+  // If this bigint has a bigger exponent than other, adds trailing zero to make
+  // exponents equal. This simplifies some operations such as subtraction.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void align(const bigint& other) {
+    int exp_difference = exp_ - other.exp_;
+    if (exp_difference <= 0) return;
+    int num_bigits = static_cast<int>(bigits_.size());
+    bigits_.resize(to_unsigned(num_bigits + exp_difference));
+    for (int i = num_bigits - 1, j = i + exp_difference; i >= 0; --i, --j)
+      bigits_[j] = bigits_[i];
+    std::uninitialized_fill_n(bigits_.data(), exp_difference, 0);
+    exp_ -= exp_difference;
+  }
+
+  // Divides this bignum by divisor, assigning the remainder to this and
+  // returning the quotient.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 int divmod_assign(const bigint& divisor) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(this != &divisor, "");
+    if (compare(*this, divisor) < 0) return 0;
+    FMT_ASSERT(divisor.bigits_[divisor.bigits_.size() - 1u] != 0, "");
+    align(divisor);
+    int quotient = 0;
+    do {
+      subtract_aligned(divisor);
+      ++quotient;
+    } while (compare(*this, divisor) >= 0);
+    return quotient;
+  }
+};
+
+// format_dragon flags.
+enum dragon {
+  predecessor_closer = 1,
+  fixup = 2,  // Run fixup to correct exp10 which can be off by one.
+  fixed = 4,
+};
+
+// Formats a floating-point number using a variation of the Fixed-Precision
+// Positive Floating-Point Printout ((FPP)^2) algorithm by Steele & White:
+// https://fmt.dev/papers/p372-steele.pdf.
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 inline void format_dragon(basic_fp<uint128_t> value,
+                                          unsigned flags, int num_digits,
+                                          buffer<char>& buf, int& exp10) {
+  bigint numerator;    // 2 * R in (FPP)^2.
+  bigint denominator;  // 2 * S in (FPP)^2.
+  // lower and upper are differences between value and corresponding boundaries.
+  bigint lower;             // (M^- in (FPP)^2).
+  bigint upper_store;       // upper's value if different from lower.
+  bigint* upper = nullptr;  // (M^+ in (FPP)^2).
+  // Shift numerator and denominator by an extra bit or two (if lower boundary
+  // is closer) to make lower and upper integers. This eliminates multiplication
+  // by 2 during later computations.
+  bool is_predecessor_closer = (flags & dragon::predecessor_closer) != 0;
+  int shift = is_predecessor_closer ? 2 : 1;
+  if (value.e >= 0) {
+    numerator = value.f;
+    numerator <<= value.e + shift;
+    lower = 1;
+    lower <<= value.e;
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store = 1;
+      upper_store <<= value.e + 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
+    denominator <<= shift;
+  } else if (exp10 < 0) {
+    numerator.assign_pow10(-exp10);
+    lower.assign(numerator);
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store.assign(numerator);
+      upper_store <<= 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+    numerator *= value.f;
+    numerator <<= shift;
+    denominator = 1;
+    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
+  } else {
+    numerator = value.f;
+    numerator <<= shift;
+    denominator.assign_pow10(exp10);
+    denominator <<= shift - value.e;
+    lower = 1;
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) {
+      upper_store = 1ULL << 1;
+      upper = &upper_store;
+    }
+  }
+  bool even = (value.f & 1) == 0;
+  if (!upper) upper = &lower;
+  if ((flags & dragon::fixup) != 0) {
+    if (add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even <= 0) {
+      --exp10;
+      numerator *= 10;
+      if (num_digits < 0) {
+        lower *= 10;
+        if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
+      }
+    }
+    if ((flags & dragon::fixed) != 0) adjust_precision(num_digits, exp10 + 1);
+  }
+  // Invariant: value == (numerator / denominator) * pow(10, exp10).
+  if (num_digits < 0) {
+    // Generate the shortest representation.
+    num_digits = 0;
+    char* data = buf.data();
+    for (;;) {
+      int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+      bool low = compare(numerator, lower) - even < 0;  // numerator <[=] lower.
+      // numerator + upper >[=] pow10:
+      bool high = add_compare(numerator, *upper, denominator) + even > 0;
+      data[num_digits++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+      if (low || high) {
+        if (!low) {
+          ++data[num_digits - 1];
+        } else if (high) {
+          int result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
+          // Round half to even.
+          if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0))
+            ++data[num_digits - 1];
+        }
+        buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
+        exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
+        return;
+      }
+      numerator *= 10;
+      lower *= 10;
+      if (upper != &lower) *upper *= 10;
+    }
+  }
+  // Generate the given number of digits.
+  exp10 -= num_digits - 1;
+  if (num_digits == 0) {
+    denominator *= 10;
+    auto digit = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator) > 0 ? '1' : '0';
+    buf.push_back(digit);
+    return;
+  }
+  buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(num_digits));
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_digits - 1; ++i) {
+    int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+    buf[i] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    numerator *= 10;
+  }
+  int digit = numerator.divmod_assign(denominator);
+  auto result = add_compare(numerator, numerator, denominator);
+  if (result > 0 || (result == 0 && (digit % 2) != 0)) {
+    if (digit == 9) {
+      const auto overflow = '0' + 10;
+      buf[num_digits - 1] = overflow;
+      // Propagate the carry.
+      for (int i = num_digits - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] == overflow; --i) {
+        buf[i] = '0';
+        ++buf[i - 1];
+      }
+      if (buf[0] == overflow) {
+        buf[0] = '1';
+        ++exp10;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    ++digit;
+  }
+  buf[num_digits - 1] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+}
+
+template <typename Float>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto format_float(Float value, int precision, float_specs specs,
+                                  buffer<char>& buf) -> int {
+  // float is passed as double to reduce the number of instantiations.
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<Float, float>::value, "");
+  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "value is negative");
+  auto converted_value = convert_float(value);
+
+  const bool fixed = specs.format == float_format::fixed;
+  if (value <= 0) {  // <= instead of == to silence a warning.
+    if (precision <= 0 || !fixed) {
+      buf.push_back('0');
+      return 0;
+    }
+    buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(precision));
+    fill_n(buf.data(), precision, '0');
+    return -precision;
+  }
+
+  int exp = 0;
+  bool use_dragon = true;
+  unsigned dragon_flags = 0;
+  if (!is_fast_float<Float>()) {
+    const auto inv_log2_10 = 0.3010299956639812;  // 1 / log2(10)
+    using info = dragonbox::float_info<decltype(converted_value)>;
+    const auto f = basic_fp<typename info::carrier_uint>(converted_value);
+    // Compute exp, an approximate power of 10, such that
+    //   10^(exp - 1) <= value < 10^exp or 10^exp <= value < 10^(exp + 1).
+    // This is based on log10(value) == log2(value) / log2(10) and approximation
+    // of log2(value) by e + num_fraction_bits idea from double-conversion.
+    exp = static_cast<int>(
+        std::ceil((f.e + count_digits<1>(f.f) - 1) * inv_log2_10 - 1e-10));
+    dragon_flags = dragon::fixup;
+  } else if (!is_constant_evaluated() && precision < 0) {
+    // Use Dragonbox for the shortest format.
+    if (specs.binary32) {
+      auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<float>(value));
+      write<char>(buffer_appender<char>(buf), dec.significand);
+      return dec.exponent;
+    }
+    auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<double>(value));
+    write<char>(buffer_appender<char>(buf), dec.significand);
+    return dec.exponent;
+  } else {
+    // Use Grisu + Dragon4 for the given precision:
+    // https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/florian-loitsch/printf.pdf.
+    const int min_exp = -60;  // alpha in Grisu.
+    int cached_exp10 = 0;     // K in Grisu.
+    fp normalized = normalize(fp(converted_value));
+    const auto cached_pow = get_cached_power(
+        min_exp - (normalized.e + fp::num_significand_bits), cached_exp10);
+    normalized = normalized * cached_pow;
+    gen_digits_handler handler{buf.data(), 0, precision, -cached_exp10, fixed};
+    if (grisu_gen_digits(normalized, 1, exp, handler) != digits::error &&
+        !is_constant_evaluated()) {
+      exp += handler.exp10;
+      buf.try_resize(to_unsigned(handler.size));
+      use_dragon = false;
+    } else {
+      exp += handler.size - cached_exp10 - 1;
+      precision = handler.precision;
+    }
+  }
+  if (use_dragon) {
+    auto f = basic_fp<uint128_t>();
+    bool is_predecessor_closer = specs.binary32
+                                     ? f.assign(static_cast<float>(value))
+                                     : f.assign(converted_value);
+    if (is_predecessor_closer) dragon_flags |= dragon::predecessor_closer;
+    if (fixed) dragon_flags |= dragon::fixed;
+    // Limit precision to the maximum possible number of significant digits in
+    // an IEEE754 double because we don't need to generate zeros.
+    const int max_double_digits = 767;
+    if (precision > max_double_digits) precision = max_double_digits;
+    format_dragon(f, dragon_flags, precision, buf, exp);
+  }
+  if (!fixed && !specs.showpoint) {
+    // Remove trailing zeros.
+    auto num_digits = buf.size();
+    while (num_digits > 0 && buf[num_digits - 1] == '0') {
+      --num_digits;
+      ++exp;
+    }
+    buf.try_resize(num_digits);
+  }
+  return exp;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                           basic_format_specs<Char> specs, locale_ref loc = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) return out;
+  float_specs fspecs = parse_float_type_spec(specs);
+  fspecs.sign = specs.sign;
+  if (detail::signbit(value)) {  // value < 0 is false for NaN so use signbit.
+    fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
+    value = -value;
+  } else if (fspecs.sign == sign::minus) {
+    fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+  }
+
+  if (!detail::isfinite(value))
+    return write_nonfinite(out, detail::isnan(value), specs, fspecs);
+
+  if (specs.align == align::numeric && fspecs.sign) {
+    auto it = reserve(out, 1);
+    *it++ = detail::sign<Char>(fspecs.sign);
+    out = base_iterator(out, it);
+    fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+    if (specs.width != 0) --specs.width;
+  }
+
+  memory_buffer buffer;
+  if (fspecs.format == float_format::hex) {
+    if (fspecs.sign) buffer.push_back(detail::sign<char>(fspecs.sign));
+    snprintf_float(convert_float(value), specs.precision, fspecs, buffer);
+    return write_bytes<align::right>(out, {buffer.data(), buffer.size()},
+                                     specs);
+  }
+  int precision = specs.precision >= 0 || specs.type == presentation_type::none
+                      ? specs.precision
+                      : 6;
+  if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) {
+    if (precision == max_value<int>())
+      throw_format_error("number is too big");
+    else
+      ++precision;
+  } else if (fspecs.format != float_format::fixed && precision == 0) {
+    precision = 1;
+  }
+  if (const_check(std::is_same<T, float>())) fspecs.binary32 = true;
+  int exp = format_float(convert_float(value), precision, fspecs, buffer);
+  fspecs.precision = precision;
+  auto f = big_decimal_fp{buffer.data(), static_cast<int>(buffer.size()), exp};
+  return write_float(out, f, specs, fspecs, loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_fast_float<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR20 auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated())
+    return write(out, value, basic_format_specs<Char>());
+  if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) return out;
+
+  auto fspecs = float_specs();
+  if (detail::signbit(value)) {
+    fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
+    value = -value;
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto specs = basic_format_specs<Char>();
+  using floaty = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, long double>::value, double, T>;
+  using uint = typename dragonbox::float_info<floaty>::carrier_uint;
+  uint mask = exponent_mask<floaty>();
+  if ((bit_cast<uint>(value) & mask) == mask)
+    return write_nonfinite(out, std::isnan(value), specs, fspecs);
+
+  auto dec = dragonbox::to_decimal(static_cast<floaty>(value));
+  return write_float(out, dec, specs, fspecs, {});
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_floating_point<T>::value &&
+                        !is_fast_float<T>::value)>
+inline auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write(out, value, basic_format_specs<Char>());
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write(OutputIt out, monostate, basic_format_specs<Char> = {},
+           locale_ref = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  FMT_ASSERT(false, "");
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto it = reserve(out, value.size());
+  it = copy_str_noinline<Char>(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value)>
+constexpr auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, to_string_view(value));
+}
+
+// FMT_ENABLE_IF() condition separated to workaround an MSVC bug.
+template <
+    typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+    bool check =
+        std::is_enum<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
+        mapped_type_constant<T, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>::value !=
+            type::custom_type,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(check)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value) -> OutputIt {
+  return write<Char>(out, static_cast<underlying_t<T>>(value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, bool>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, T value,
+                         const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs = {},
+                         locale_ref = {}) -> OutputIt {
+  return specs.type != presentation_type::none &&
+                 specs.type != presentation_type::string
+             ? write(out, value ? 1 : 0, specs, {})
+             : write_bytes(out, value ? "true" : "false", specs);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, Char value) -> OutputIt {
+  auto it = reserve(out, 1);
+  *it++ = value;
+  return base_iterator(out, it);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto write(OutputIt out, const Char* value)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  if (!value) {
+    throw_format_error("string pointer is null");
+  } else {
+    out = write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(value));
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, void>::value)>
+auto write(OutputIt out, const T* value,
+           const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs = {}, locale_ref = {})
+    -> OutputIt {
+  check_pointer_type_spec(specs.type, error_handler());
+  return write_ptr<Char>(out, bit_cast<uintptr_t>(value), &specs);
+}
+
+// A write overload that handles implicit conversions.
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          typename Context = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value) -> enable_if_t<
+    std::is_class<T>::value && !is_string<T>::value &&
+        !is_floating_point<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
+        !std::is_same<const T&,
+                      decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(value))>::value,
+    OutputIt> {
+  return write<Char>(out, arg_mapper<Context>().map(value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          typename Context = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto write(OutputIt out, const T& value)
+    -> enable_if_t<mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value == type::custom_type,
+                   OutputIt> {
+  using formatter_type =
+      conditional_t<has_formatter<T, Context>::value,
+                    typename Context::template formatter_type<T>,
+                    fallback_formatter<T, Char>>;
+  auto ctx = Context(out, {}, {});
+  return formatter_type().format(value, ctx);
+}
+
+// An argument visitor that formats the argument and writes it via the output
+// iterator. It's a class and not a generic lambda for compatibility with C++11.
+template <typename Char> struct default_arg_formatter {
+  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+
+  iterator out;
+  basic_format_args<context> args;
+  locale_ref loc;
+
+  template <typename T> auto operator()(T value) -> iterator {
+    return write<Char>(out, value);
+  }
+  auto operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle h) -> iterator {
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_ctx({});
+    context format_ctx(out, args, loc);
+    h.format(parse_ctx, format_ctx);
+    return format_ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct arg_formatter {
+  using iterator = buffer_appender<Char>;
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+
+  iterator out;
+  const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs;
+  locale_ref locale;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto operator()(T value) -> iterator {
+    return detail::write(out, value, specs, locale);
+  }
+  auto operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context>::handle) -> iterator {
+    // User-defined types are handled separately because they require access
+    // to the parse context.
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct custom_formatter {
+  basic_format_parse_context<Char>& parse_ctx;
+  buffer_context<Char>& ctx;
+
+  void operator()(
+      typename basic_format_arg<buffer_context<Char>>::handle h) const {
+    h.format(parse_ctx, ctx);
+  }
+  template <typename T> void operator()(T) const {}
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_integer =
+    bool_constant<is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, char>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value>;
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class width_checker {
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR width_checker(ErrorHandler& eh) : handler_(eh) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned long long {
+    if (is_negative(value)) handler_.on_error("negative width");
+    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T) -> unsigned long long {
+    handler_.on_error("width is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ErrorHandler& handler_;
+};
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class precision_checker {
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR precision_checker(ErrorHandler& eh) : handler_(eh) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T value) -> unsigned long long {
+    if (is_negative(value)) handler_.on_error("negative precision");
+    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(T) -> unsigned long long {
+    handler_.on_error("precision is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ErrorHandler& handler_;
+};
+
+template <template <typename> class Handler, typename FormatArg,
+          typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_dynamic_spec(FormatArg arg, ErrorHandler eh) -> int {
+  unsigned long long value = visit_format_arg(Handler<ErrorHandler>(eh), arg);
+  if (value > to_unsigned(max_value<int>())) eh.on_error("number is too big");
+  return static_cast<int>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename ID>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg(Context& ctx, ID id) ->
+    typename Context::format_arg {
+  auto arg = ctx.arg(id);
+  if (!arg) ctx.on_error("argument not found");
+  return arg;
+}
+
+// The standard format specifier handler with checking.
+template <typename Char> class specs_handler : public specs_setter<Char> {
+ private:
+  basic_format_parse_context<Char>& parse_context_;
+  buffer_context<Char>& context_;
+
+  // This is only needed for compatibility with gcc 4.4.
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<buffer_context<Char>>;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg(auto_id) -> format_arg {
+    return detail::get_arg(context_, parse_context_.next_arg_id());
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg(int arg_id) -> format_arg {
+    parse_context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    return detail::get_arg(context_, arg_id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg(basic_string_view<Char> arg_id) -> format_arg {
+    parse_context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    return detail::get_arg(context_, arg_id);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_handler(basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                              basic_format_parse_context<Char>& parse_ctx,
+                              buffer_context<Char>& ctx)
+      : specs_setter<Char>(specs), parse_context_(parse_ctx), context_(ctx) {}
+
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
+    this->specs_.width = get_dynamic_spec<width_checker>(
+        get_arg(arg_id), context_.error_handler());
+  }
+
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
+    this->specs_.precision = get_dynamic_spec<precision_checker>(
+        get_arg(arg_id), context_.error_handler());
+  }
+
+  void on_error(const char* message) { context_.on_error(message); }
+};
+
+template <template <typename> class Handler, typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_dynamic_spec(int& value,
+                                       arg_ref<typename Context::char_type> ref,
+                                       Context& ctx) {
+  switch (ref.kind) {
+  case arg_id_kind::none:
+    break;
+  case arg_id_kind::index:
+    value = detail::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(ctx.arg(ref.val.index),
+                                              ctx.error_handler());
+    break;
+  case arg_id_kind::name:
+    value = detail::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(ctx.arg(ref.val.name),
+                                              ctx.error_handler());
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+template <typename Char> struct udl_formatter {
+  basic_string_view<Char> str;
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  auto operator()(T&&... args) const -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+    return vformat(str, fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct statically_named_arg : view {
+  static constexpr auto name = Str.data;
+
+  const T& value;
+  statically_named_arg(const T& v) : value(v) {}
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct is_named_arg<statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct is_statically_named_arg<statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N,
+          fmt::detail_exported::fixed_string<Char, N> Str>
+struct udl_arg {
+  template <typename T> auto operator=(T&& value) const {
+    return statically_named_arg<T, Char, N, Str>(std::forward<T>(value));
+  }
+};
+#  else
+template <typename Char> struct udl_arg {
+  const Char* str;
+
+  template <typename T> auto operator=(T&& value) const -> named_arg<Char, T> {
+    return {str, std::forward<T>(value)};
+  }
+};
+#  endif
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+
+template <typename Locale, typename Char>
+auto vformat(const Locale& loc, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+             basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return {buffer.data(), buffer.size()};
+}
+
+using format_func = void (*)(detail::buffer<char>&, int, const char*);
+
+FMT_API void format_error_code(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                               string_view message) noexcept;
+
+FMT_API void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                          const char* message) noexcept;
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+FMT_API auto vsystem_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
+                           format_args args) -> std::system_error;
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Constructs :class:`std::system_error` with a message formatted with
+ ``fmt::format(fmt, args...)``.
+  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+
+ **Example**::
+
+   // This throws std::system_error with the description
+   //   cannot open file 'madeup': No such file or directory
+   // or similar (system message may vary).
+   const char* filename = "madeup";
+   std::FILE* file = std::fopen(filename, "r");
+   if (!file)
+     throw fmt::system_error(errno, "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+ \endrst
+*/
+template <typename... T>
+auto system_error(int error_code, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::system_error {
+  return vsystem_error(error_code, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats an error message for an error returned by an operating system or a
+  language runtime, for example a file opening error, and writes it to *out*.
+  The format is the same as the one used by ``std::system_error(ec, message)``
+  where ``ec`` is ``std::error_code(error_code, std::generic_category()})``.
+  It is implementation-defined but normally looks like:
+
+  .. parsed-literal::
+     *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+  where *<message>* is the passed message and *<system-message>* is the system
+  message corresponding to the error code.
+  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API void format_system_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                 const char* message) noexcept;
+
+// Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_system_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept;
+
+/** Fast integer formatter. */
+class format_int {
+ private:
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1),
+  // a sign and a null character.
+  enum { buffer_size = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits10 + 3 };
+  mutable char buffer_[buffer_size];
+  char* str_;
+
+  template <typename UInt> auto format_unsigned(UInt value) -> char* {
+    auto n = static_cast<detail::uint32_or_64_or_128_t<UInt>>(value);
+    return detail::format_decimal(buffer_, n, buffer_size - 1).begin;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Int> auto format_signed(Int value) -> char* {
+    auto abs_value = static_cast<detail::uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>>(value);
+    bool negative = value < 0;
+    if (negative) abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    auto begin = format_unsigned(abs_value);
+    if (negative) *--begin = '-';
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit format_int(int value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(long value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(long long value) : str_(format_signed(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned value) : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned long value) : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned long long value)
+      : str_(format_unsigned(value)) {}
+
+  /** Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer. */
+  auto size() const -> size_t {
+    return detail::to_unsigned(buffer_ - str_ + buffer_size - 1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+    character is appended.
+   */
+  auto data() const -> const char* { return str_; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+    character appended.
+   */
+  auto c_str() const -> const char* {
+    buffer_[buffer_size - 1] = '\0';
+    return str_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Returns the content of the output buffer as an ``std::string``.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  auto str() const -> std::string { return std::string(str_, size()); }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+template <typename FormatContext>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto
+formatter<T, Char,
+          enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                      detail::type::custom_type>>::format(const T& val,
+                                                          FormatContext& ctx)
+    const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  if (specs_.width_ref.kind != detail::arg_id_kind::none ||
+      specs_.precision_ref.kind != detail::arg_id_kind::none) {
+    auto specs = specs_;
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs.width,
+                                                       specs.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+        specs.precision, specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs, ctx.locale());
+  }
+  return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs_, ctx.locale());
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<void*, Char> : formatter<const void*, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(void* val, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<const void*, Char>::format(val, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+struct formatter<Char[N], Char> : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const Char* val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(val, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+// A formatter for types known only at run time such as variant alternatives.
+//
+// Usage:
+//   using variant = std::variant<int, std::string>;
+//   template <>
+//   struct formatter<variant>: dynamic_formatter<> {
+//     auto format(const variant& v, format_context& ctx) {
+//       return visit([&](const auto& val) {
+//           return dynamic_formatter<>::format(val, ctx);
+//       }, v);
+//     }
+//   };
+template <typename Char = char> class dynamic_formatter {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+  const Char* format_str_;
+
+  struct null_handler : detail::error_handler {
+    void on_align(align_t) {}
+    void on_sign(sign_t) {}
+    void on_hash() {}
+  };
+
+  template <typename Context> void handle_specs(Context& ctx) {
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
+                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    format_str_ = ctx.begin();
+    // Checks are deferred to formatting time when the argument type is known.
+    detail::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext> handler(specs_, ctx);
+    return detail::parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    handle_specs(ctx);
+    detail::specs_checker<null_handler> checker(
+        null_handler(), detail::mapped_type_constant<T, FormatContext>::value);
+    checker.on_align(specs_.align);
+    if (specs_.sign != sign::none) checker.on_sign(specs_.sign);
+    if (specs_.alt) checker.on_hash();
+    if (specs_.precision >= 0) checker.end_precision();
+    return detail::write<Char>(ctx.out(), val, specs_, ctx.locale());
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts ``p`` to ``const void*`` for pointer formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::ptr(p));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> auto ptr(T p) -> const void* {
+  static_assert(std::is_pointer<T>::value, "");
+  return detail::bit_cast<const void*>(p);
+}
+template <typename T> auto ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T>& p) -> const void* {
+  return p.get();
+}
+template <typename T> auto ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T>& p) -> const void* {
+  return p.get();
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts ``e`` to the underlying type.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    enum class color { red, green, blue };
+    auto s = fmt::format("{}", fmt::underlying(color::red));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Enum>
+constexpr auto underlying(Enum e) noexcept -> underlying_t<Enum> {
+  return static_cast<underlying_t<Enum>>(e);
+}
+
+namespace enums {
+template <typename Enum, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<Enum>::value)>
+constexpr auto format_as(Enum e) noexcept -> underlying_t<Enum> {
+  return static_cast<underlying_t<Enum>>(e);
+}
+}  // namespace enums
+
+class bytes {
+ private:
+  string_view data_;
+  friend struct formatter<bytes>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit bytes(string_view data) : data_(data) {}
+};
+
+template <> struct formatter<bytes> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<char> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    using handler_type = detail::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext>;
+    detail::specs_checker<handler_type> handler(handler_type(specs_, ctx),
+                                                detail::type::string_type);
+    auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
+    detail::check_string_type_spec(specs_.type, ctx.error_handler());
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(bytes b, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
+                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+    return detail::write_bytes(ctx.out(), b.data_, specs_);
+  }
+};
+
+// group_digits_view is not derived from view because it copies the argument.
+template <typename T> struct group_digits_view { T value; };
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a view that formats an integer value using ',' as a locale-independent
+  thousands separator.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::group_digits(12345));
+    // Output: "12,345"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> auto group_digits(T value) -> group_digits_view<T> {
+  return {value};
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct formatter<group_digits_view<T>> : formatter<T> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<char> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    using handler_type = detail::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext>;
+    detail::specs_checker<handler_type> handler(handler_type(specs_, ctx),
+                                                detail::type::int_type);
+    auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
+    detail::check_string_type_spec(specs_.type, ctx.error_handler());
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(group_digits_view<T> t, FormatContext& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::width_checker>(specs_.width,
+                                                       specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    detail::handle_dynamic_spec<detail::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+    return detail::write_int_localized(
+        ctx.out(), static_cast<detail::uint64_or_128_t<T>>(t.value), 0, specs_,
+        detail::digit_grouping<char>({"\3", ','}));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char = char>
+struct join_view : detail::view {
+  It begin;
+  Sentinel end;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  join_view(It b, Sentinel e, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : begin(b), end(e), sep(s) {}
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char>
+struct formatter<join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>, Char> {
+ private:
+  using value_type =
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_ranges
+      std::iter_value_t<It>;
+#else
+      typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type;
+#endif
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+  using mapper = detail::arg_mapper<context>;
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_formatter<T, context>::value)>
+  static auto map(const T& value) -> const T& {
+    return value;
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_formatter<T, context>::value)>
+  static auto map(const T& value) -> decltype(mapper().map(value)) {
+    return mapper().map(value);
+  }
+
+  using formatter_type =
+      conditional_t<is_formattable<value_type, Char>::value,
+                    formatter<remove_cvref_t<decltype(map(
+                                  std::declval<const value_type&>()))>,
+                              Char>,
+                    detail::fallback_formatter<value_type, Char>>;
+
+  formatter_type value_formatter_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return value_formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>& value,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto it = value.begin;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    if (it != value.end) {
+      out = value_formatter_.format(map(*it), ctx);
+      ++it;
+      while (it != value.end) {
+        out = detail::copy_str<Char>(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+        ctx.advance_to(out);
+        out = value_formatter_.format(map(*it), ctx);
+        ++it;
+      }
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  Returns a view that formats the iterator range `[begin, end)` with elements
+  separated by `sep`.
+ */
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
+auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, string_view sep) -> join_view<It, Sentinel> {
+  return {begin, end, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a view that formats `range` with elements separated by `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+
+  ``fmt::join`` applies passed format specifiers to the range elements::
+
+    fmt::print("{:02}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "01, 02, 03"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Range>
+auto join(Range&& range, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>> {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts *value* to ``std::string`` using the default format for type *T*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline auto to_string(const T& value) -> std::string {
+  auto result = std::string();
+  detail::write<char>(std::back_inserter(result), value);
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+FMT_NODISCARD inline auto to_string(T value) -> std::string {
+  // The buffer should be large enough to store the number including the sign
+  // or "false" for bool.
+  constexpr int max_size = detail::digits10<T>() + 2;
+  char buffer[max_size > 5 ? static_cast<unsigned>(max_size) : 5];
+  char* begin = buffer;
+  return std::string(begin, detail::write<char>(begin, value));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, size_t SIZE>
+FMT_NODISCARD auto to_string(const basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE>& buf)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  auto size = buf.size();
+  detail::assume(size < std::basic_string<Char>().max_size());
+  return std::basic_string<Char>(buf.data(), size);
+}
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(
+    buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+    basic_format_args<FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(type_identity_t<Char>)> args,
+    locale_ref loc) {
+  // workaround for msvc bug regarding name-lookup in module
+  // link names into function scope
+  using detail::arg_formatter;
+  using detail::buffer_appender;
+  using detail::custom_formatter;
+  using detail::default_arg_formatter;
+  using detail::get_arg;
+  using detail::locale_ref;
+  using detail::parse_format_specs;
+  using detail::specs_checker;
+  using detail::specs_handler;
+  using detail::to_unsigned;
+  using detail::type;
+  using detail::write;
+  auto out = buffer_appender<Char>(buf);
+  if (fmt.size() == 2 && equal2(fmt.data(), "{}")) {
+    auto arg = args.get(0);
+    if (!arg) error_handler().on_error("argument not found");
+    visit_format_arg(default_arg_formatter<Char>{out, args, loc}, arg);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  struct format_handler : error_handler {
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_context;
+    buffer_context<Char> context;
+
+    format_handler(buffer_appender<Char> p_out, basic_string_view<Char> str,
+                   basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> p_args,
+                   locale_ref p_loc)
+        : parse_context(str), context(p_out, p_args, p_loc) {}
+
+    void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+      auto text = basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(end - begin));
+      context.advance_to(write<Char>(context.out(), text));
+    }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int {
+      return parse_context.next_arg_id();
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
+      return parse_context.check_arg_id(id), id;
+    }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+      int arg_id = context.arg_id(id);
+      if (arg_id < 0) on_error("argument not found");
+      return arg_id;
+    }
+
+    FMT_INLINE void on_replacement_field(int id, const Char*) {
+      auto arg = get_arg(context, id);
+      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(
+          default_arg_formatter<Char>{context.out(), context.args(),
+                                      context.locale()},
+          arg));
+    }
+
+    auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char* end)
+        -> const Char* {
+      auto arg = get_arg(context, id);
+      if (arg.type() == type::custom_type) {
+        parse_context.advance_to(parse_context.begin() +
+                                 (begin - &*parse_context.begin()));
+        visit_format_arg(custom_formatter<Char>{parse_context, context}, arg);
+        return parse_context.begin();
+      }
+      auto specs = basic_format_specs<Char>();
+      specs_checker<specs_handler<Char>> handler(
+          specs_handler<Char>(specs, parse_context, context), arg.type());
+      begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, handler);
+      if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+        on_error("missing '}' in format string");
+      auto f = arg_formatter<Char>{context.out(), specs, context.locale()};
+      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(f, arg));
+      return begin;
+    }
+  };
+  detail::parse_format_string<false>(fmt, format_handler(out, fmt, args, loc));
+}
+
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+extern template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl<char>(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<char>;
+extern template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t>;
+extern template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> char;
+extern template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> wchar_t;
+#endif  // FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+inline namespace literals {
+/**
+  \rst
+  User-defined literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::arg`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", "s"_a=1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+#  if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <detail_exported::fixed_string Str> constexpr auto operator""_a() {
+  using char_t = remove_cvref_t<decltype(Str.data[0])>;
+  return detail::udl_arg<char_t, sizeof(Str.data) / sizeof(char_t), Str>();
+}
+#  else
+constexpr auto operator"" _a(const char* s, size_t) -> detail::udl_arg<char> {
+  return {s};
+}
+#  endif
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+
+template <typename Locale, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+inline auto vformat(const Locale& loc, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, fmt, args);
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+inline auto format(const Locale& loc, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return vformat(loc, string_view(fmt), fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, string_view fmt,
+                format_args args) -> OutputIt {
+  using detail::get_buffer;
+  auto&& buf = get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Locale, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc,
+                          format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, loc, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  define FMT_FUNC inline
+#  include "format-inl.h"
+#else
+#  define FMT_FUNC
+#endif
+
+#endif  // FMT_FORMAT_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/os.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/os.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d82be1125a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/os.h
@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional OS-specific functionality
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_OS_H_
+#define FMT_OS_H_
+
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <system_error>  // std::system_error
+
+#if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#  include <xlocale.h>  // for LC_NUMERIC_MASK on OS X
+#endif
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FCNTL
+// UWP doesn't provide _pipe.
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("winapifamily.h")
+#    include <winapifamily.h>
+#  endif
+#  if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<fcntl.h>) || defined(__APPLE__) || \
+       defined(__linux__)) &&                              \
+      (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) ||                          \
+       (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
+#    include <fcntl.h>  // for O_RDONLY
+#    define FMT_USE_FCNTL 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_FCNTL 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_POSIX
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+// Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
+#    define FMT_POSIX(call) _##call
+#  else
+#    define FMT_POSIX(call) call
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Calls to system functions are wrapped in FMT_SYSTEM for testability.
+#ifdef FMT_SYSTEM
+#  define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) FMT_SYSTEM(call)
+#else
+#  define FMT_SYSTEM(call) ::call
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+// Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
+#    define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::_##call
+#  else
+#    define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::call
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Retries the expression while it evaluates to error_result and errno
+// equals to EINTR.
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#  define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) \
+    do {                                                  \
+      (result) = (expression);                            \
+    } while ((result) == (error_result) && errno == EINTR)
+#else
+#  define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) result = (expression)
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_RETRY(result, expression) FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, -1)
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A reference to a null-terminated string. It can be constructed from a C
+  string or ``std::string``.
+
+  You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
+
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+  | Type          | Definition                  |
+  +===============+=============================+
+  | cstring_view  | basic_cstring_view<char>    |
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+  | wcstring_view | basic_cstring_view<wchar_t> |
+  +---------------+-----------------------------+
+
+  This class is most useful as a parameter type to allow passing
+  different types of strings to a function, for example::
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    std::string format(cstring_view format_str, const Args & ... args);
+
+    format("{}", 42);
+    format(std::string("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char> class basic_cstring_view {
+ private:
+  const Char* data_;
+
+ public:
+  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string. */
+  basic_cstring_view(const Char* s) : data_(s) {}
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a string reference from an ``std::string`` object.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  basic_cstring_view(const std::basic_string<Char>& s) : data_(s.c_str()) {}
+
+  /** Returns the pointer to a C string. */
+  const Char* c_str() const { return data_; }
+};
+
+using cstring_view = basic_cstring_view<char>;
+using wcstring_view = basic_cstring_view<wchar_t>;
+
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::error_code, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const std::error_code& ec, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::write_bytes(out, ec.category().name(),
+                              basic_format_specs<Char>());
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, Char(':'));
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, ec.value());
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() noexcept;
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+// A converter from UTF-16 to UTF-8.
+// It is only provided for Windows since other systems support UTF-8 natively.
+class utf16_to_utf8 {
+ private:
+  memory_buffer buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  utf16_to_utf8() {}
+  FMT_API explicit utf16_to_utf8(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s);
+  operator string_view() const { return string_view(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+  size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  const char* c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  std::string str() const { return std::string(&buffer_[0], size()); }
+
+  // Performs conversion returning a system error code instead of
+  // throwing exception on conversion error. This method may still throw
+  // in case of memory allocation error.
+  FMT_API int convert(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s);
+};
+
+FMT_API void format_windows_error(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) noexcept;
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+FMT_API std::system_error vwindows_error(int error_code, string_view format_str,
+                                         format_args args);
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Constructs a :class:`std::system_error` object with the description
+ of the form
+
+ .. parsed-literal::
+   *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+ where *<message>* is the formatted message and *<system-message>* is the
+ system message corresponding to the error code.
+ *error_code* is a Windows error code as given by ``GetLastError``.
+ If *error_code* is not a valid error code such as -1, the system message
+ will look like "error -1".
+
+ **Example**::
+
+   // This throws a system_error with the description
+   //   cannot open file 'madeup': The system cannot find the file specified.
+   // or similar (system message may vary).
+   const char *filename = "madeup";
+   LPOFSTRUCT of = LPOFSTRUCT();
+   HFILE file = OpenFile(filename, &of, OF_READ);
+   if (file == HFILE_ERROR) {
+     throw fmt::windows_error(GetLastError(),
+                              "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+   }
+ \endrst
+*/
+template <typename... Args>
+std::system_error windows_error(int error_code, string_view message,
+                                const Args&... args) {
+  return vwindows_error(error_code, message, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+// Reports a Windows error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_windows_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept;
+#else
+inline const std::error_category& system_category() noexcept {
+  return std::system_category();
+}
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+// std::system is not available on some platforms such as iOS (#2248).
+#ifdef __OSX__
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+void say(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  std::system(format("say \"{}\"", format(format_str, args...)).c_str());
+}
+#endif
+
+// A buffered file.
+class buffered_file {
+ private:
+  FILE* file_;
+
+  friend class file;
+
+  explicit buffered_file(FILE* f) : file_(f) {}
+
+ public:
+  buffered_file(const buffered_file&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffered_file&) = delete;
+
+  // Constructs a buffered_file object which doesn't represent any file.
+  buffered_file() noexcept : file_(nullptr) {}
+
+  // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
+  FMT_API ~buffered_file() noexcept;
+
+ public:
+  buffered_file(buffered_file&& other) noexcept : file_(other.file_) {
+    other.file_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
+  buffered_file& operator=(buffered_file&& other) {
+    close();
+    file_ = other.file_;
+    other.file_ = nullptr;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Opens a file.
+  FMT_API buffered_file(cstring_view filename, cstring_view mode);
+
+  // Closes the file.
+  FMT_API void close();
+
+  // Returns the pointer to a FILE object representing this file.
+  FILE* get() const noexcept { return file_; }
+
+  FMT_API int descriptor() const;
+
+  void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args) {
+    fmt::vprint(file_, format_str, args);
+  }
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  inline void print(string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
+    vprint(format_str, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+// A file. Closed file is represented by a file object with descriptor -1.
+// Methods that are not declared with noexcept may throw
+// fmt::system_error in case of failure. Note that some errors such as
+// closing the file multiple times will cause a crash on Windows rather
+// than an exception. You can get standard behavior by overriding the
+// invalid parameter handler with _set_invalid_parameter_handler.
+class FMT_API file {
+ private:
+  int fd_;  // File descriptor.
+
+  // Constructs a file object with a given descriptor.
+  explicit file(int fd) : fd_(fd) {}
+
+ public:
+  // Possible values for the oflag argument to the constructor.
+  enum {
+    RDONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_RDONLY),  // Open for reading only.
+    WRONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_WRONLY),  // Open for writing only.
+    RDWR = FMT_POSIX(O_RDWR),      // Open for reading and writing.
+    CREATE = FMT_POSIX(O_CREAT),   // Create if the file doesn't exist.
+    APPEND = FMT_POSIX(O_APPEND),  // Open in append mode.
+    TRUNC = FMT_POSIX(O_TRUNC)     // Truncate the content of the file.
+  };
+
+  // Constructs a file object which doesn't represent any file.
+  file() noexcept : fd_(-1) {}
+
+  // Opens a file and constructs a file object representing this file.
+  file(cstring_view path, int oflag);
+
+ public:
+  file(const file&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const file&) = delete;
+
+  file(file&& other) noexcept : fd_(other.fd_) { other.fd_ = -1; }
+
+  // Move assignment is not noexcept because close may throw.
+  file& operator=(file&& other) {
+    close();
+    fd_ = other.fd_;
+    other.fd_ = -1;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
+  ~file() noexcept;
+
+  // Returns the file descriptor.
+  int descriptor() const noexcept { return fd_; }
+
+  // Closes the file.
+  void close();
+
+  // Returns the file size. The size has signed type for consistency with
+  // stat::st_size.
+  long long size() const;
+
+  // Attempts to read count bytes from the file into the specified buffer.
+  size_t read(void* buffer, size_t count);
+
+  // Attempts to write count bytes from the specified buffer to the file.
+  size_t write(const void* buffer, size_t count);
+
+  // Duplicates a file descriptor with the dup function and returns
+  // the duplicate as a file object.
+  static file dup(int fd);
+
+  // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
+  // necessary.
+  void dup2(int fd);
+
+  // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
+  // necessary.
+  void dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) noexcept;
+
+  // Creates a pipe setting up read_end and write_end file objects for reading
+  // and writing respectively.
+  static void pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end);
+
+  // Creates a buffered_file object associated with this file and detaches
+  // this file object from the file.
+  buffered_file fdopen(const char* mode);
+};
+
+// Returns the memory page size.
+long getpagesize();
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+struct buffer_size {
+  buffer_size() = default;
+  size_t value = 0;
+  buffer_size operator=(size_t val) const {
+    auto bs = buffer_size();
+    bs.value = val;
+    return bs;
+  }
+};
+
+struct ostream_params {
+  int oflag = file::WRONLY | file::CREATE | file::TRUNC;
+  size_t buffer_size = BUFSIZ > 32768 ? BUFSIZ : 32768;
+
+  ostream_params() {}
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  ostream_params(T... params, int new_oflag) : ostream_params(params...) {
+    oflag = new_oflag;
+  }
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  ostream_params(T... params, detail::buffer_size bs)
+      : ostream_params(params...) {
+    this->buffer_size = bs.value;
+  }
+
+// Intel has a bug that results in failure to deduce a constructor
+// for empty parameter packs.
+#  if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __INTEL_COMPILER < 2000
+  ostream_params(int new_oflag) : oflag(new_oflag) {}
+  ostream_params(detail::buffer_size bs) : buffer_size(bs.value) {}
+#  endif
+};
+
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// Added {} below to work around default constructor error known to
+// occur in Xcode versions 7.2.1 and 8.2.1.
+constexpr detail::buffer_size buffer_size{};
+
+/** A fast output stream which is not thread-safe. */
+class FMT_API ostream final : private detail::buffer<char> {
+ private:
+  file file_;
+
+  void grow(size_t) override;
+
+  ostream(cstring_view path, const detail::ostream_params& params)
+      : file_(path, params.oflag) {
+    set(new char[params.buffer_size], params.buffer_size);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  ostream(ostream&& other)
+      : detail::buffer<char>(other.data(), other.size(), other.capacity()),
+        file_(std::move(other.file_)) {
+    other.clear();
+    other.set(nullptr, 0);
+  }
+  ~ostream() {
+    flush();
+    delete[] data();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    if (size() == 0) return;
+    file_.write(data(), size());
+    clear();
+  }
+
+  template <typename... T>
+  friend ostream output_file(cstring_view path, T... params);
+
+  void close() {
+    flush();
+    file_.close();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
+    output to the file.
+   */
+  template <typename... T> void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+    vformat_to(detail::buffer_appender<char>(*this), fmt,
+               fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Opens a file for writing. Supported parameters passed in *params*:
+
+  * ``<integer>``: Flags passed to `open
+    <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904875/functions/open.html>`_
+    (``file::WRONLY | file::CREATE | file::TRUNC`` by default)
+  * ``buffer_size=<integer>``: Output buffer size
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
+    out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline ostream output_file(cstring_view path, T... params) {
+  return {path, detail::ostream_params(params...)};
+}
+#endif  // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_OS_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..394d947c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/ostream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - std::ostream support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+#define FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+
+#include <fstream>
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context;
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Checks if T has a user-defined operator<<.
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+class is_streamable {
+ private:
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto test(int)
+      -> bool_constant<sizeof(std::declval<std::basic_ostream<Char>&>()
+                              << std::declval<U>()) != 0>;
+
+  template <typename> static auto test(...) -> std::false_type;
+
+  using result = decltype(test<T>(0));
+
+ public:
+  is_streamable() = default;
+
+  static const bool value = result::value;
+};
+
+// Formatting of built-in types and arrays is intentionally disabled because
+// it's handled by standard (non-ostream) formatters.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct is_streamable<
+    T, Char,
+    enable_if_t<
+        std::is_arithmetic<T>::value || std::is_array<T>::value ||
+        std::is_pointer<T>::value || std::is_same<T, char8_type>::value ||
+        std::is_convertible<T, fmt::basic_string_view<Char>>::value ||
+        std::is_same<T, std_string_view<Char>>::value ||
+        (std::is_convertible<T, int>::value && !std::is_enum<T>::value)>>
+    : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename Char> FILE* get_file(std::basic_filebuf<Char>&) {
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+struct dummy_filebuf {
+  FILE* _Myfile;
+};
+template <typename T, typename U = int> struct ms_filebuf {
+  using type = dummy_filebuf;
+};
+template <typename T> struct ms_filebuf<T, decltype(T::_Myfile, 0)> {
+  using type = T;
+};
+using filebuf_type = ms_filebuf<std::filebuf>::type;
+
+FILE* get_file(filebuf_type& buf);
+
+// Generate a unique explicit instantion in every translation unit using a tag
+// type in an anonymous namespace.
+namespace {
+struct filebuf_access_tag {};
+}  // namespace
+template <typename Tag, typename FileMemberPtr, FileMemberPtr file>
+class filebuf_access {
+  friend FILE* get_file(filebuf_type& buf) { return buf.*file; }
+};
+template class filebuf_access<filebuf_access_tag,
+                              decltype(&filebuf_type::_Myfile),
+                              &filebuf_type::_Myfile>;
+
+inline bool write(std::filebuf& buf, fmt::string_view data) {
+  FILE* f = get_file(buf);
+  if (!f) return false;
+  print(f, data);
+  return true;
+}
+inline bool write(std::wfilebuf&, fmt::basic_string_view<wchar_t>) {
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Write the content of buf to os.
+// It is a separate function rather than a part of vprint to simplify testing.
+template <typename Char>
+void write_buffer(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, buffer<Char>& buf) {
+  if (const_check(FMT_MSC_VERSION)) {
+    auto filebuf = dynamic_cast<std::basic_filebuf<Char>*>(os.rdbuf());
+    if (filebuf && write(*filebuf, {buf.data(), buf.size()})) return;
+  }
+  const Char* buf_data = buf.data();
+  using unsigned_streamsize = std::make_unsigned<std::streamsize>::type;
+  unsigned_streamsize size = buf.size();
+  unsigned_streamsize max_size = to_unsigned(max_value<std::streamsize>());
+  do {
+    unsigned_streamsize n = size <= max_size ? size : max_size;
+    os.write(buf_data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n));
+    buf_data += n;
+    size -= n;
+  } while (size != 0);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+void format_value(buffer<Char>& buf, const T& value,
+                  locale_ref loc = locale_ref()) {
+  auto&& format_buf = formatbuf<std::basic_streambuf<Char>>(buf);
+  auto&& output = std::basic_ostream<Char>(&format_buf);
+#if !defined(FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR)
+  if (loc) output.imbue(loc.get<std::locale>());
+#endif
+  output << value;
+  output.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit | std::ios_base::badbit);
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct streamed_view { const T& value; };
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// Formats an object of type T that has an overloaded ostream operator<<.
+template <typename Char>
+struct basic_ostream_formatter : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+  template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+  auto format(const T& value, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>& ctx) const
+      -> OutputIt {
+    auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    format_value(buffer, value, ctx.locale());
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(
+        {buffer.data(), buffer.size()}, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+using ostream_formatter = basic_ostream_formatter<char>;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct formatter<detail::streamed_view<T>> : ostream_formatter {
+  template <typename OutputIt>
+  auto format(detail::streamed_view<T> view,
+              basic_format_context<OutputIt, char>& ctx) const -> OutputIt {
+    return ostream_formatter::format(view.value, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a view that formats `value` via an ostream ``operator<<``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Current thread id: {}\n",
+               fmt::streamed(std::this_thread::get_id()));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T>
+auto streamed(const T& value) -> detail::streamed_view<T> {
+  return {value};
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Formats an object of type T that has an overloaded ostream operator<<.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct fallback_formatter<T, Char, enable_if_t<is_streamable<T, Char>::value>>
+    : basic_ostream_formatter<Char> {
+  using basic_ostream_formatter<Char>::format;
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT template <typename Char>
+void vprint(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os,
+            basic_string_view<type_identity_t<Char>> format_str,
+            basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  auto buffer = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  detail::write_buffer(os, buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT template <typename... T>
+void print(std::ostream& os, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  vprint(os, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT
+template <typename... Args>
+void print(std::wostream& os,
+           basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...> fmt,
+           Args&&... args) {
+  vprint(os, fmt, fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<wchar_t>>(args...));
+}
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_OSTREAM_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70a592dc26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/printf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - legacy printf implementation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_PRINTF_H_
+#define FMT_PRINTF_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>  // std::max
+#include <limits>     // std::numeric_limits
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+template <typename T> struct printf_formatter { printf_formatter() = delete; };
+
+template <typename Char>
+class basic_printf_parse_context : public basic_format_parse_context<Char> {
+  using basic_format_parse_context<Char>::basic_format_parse_context;
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context {
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args_;
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_printf_context>;
+  using parse_context_type = basic_printf_parse_context<Char>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = printf_formatter<T>;
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a ``printf_context`` object. References to the arguments are
+    stored in the context object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  basic_printf_context(OutputIt out,
+                       basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args)
+      : out_(out), args_(args) {}
+
+  OutputIt out() { return out_; }
+  void advance_to(OutputIt it) { out_ = it; }
+
+  detail::locale_ref locale() { return {}; }
+
+  format_arg arg(int id) const { return args_.get(id); }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    detail::error_handler().on_error(message);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+// Checks if a value fits in int - used to avoid warnings about comparing
+// signed and unsigned integers.
+template <bool IsSigned> struct int_checker {
+  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+    unsigned max = max_value<int>();
+    return value <= max;
+  }
+  static bool fits_in_int(bool) { return true; }
+};
+
+template <> struct int_checker<true> {
+  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+    return value >= (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() &&
+           value <= max_value<int>();
+  }
+  static bool fits_in_int(int) { return true; }
+};
+
+class printf_precision_handler {
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  int operator()(T value) {
+    if (!int_checker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::fits_in_int(value))
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+    return (std::max)(static_cast<int>(value), 0);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  int operator()(T) {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("precision is not integer"));
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// An argument visitor that returns true iff arg is a zero integer.
+class is_zero_int {
+ public:
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  bool operator()(T value) {
+    return value == 0;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  bool operator()(T) {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_bool : std::make_unsigned<T> {};
+
+template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<bool> { using type = bool; };
+
+template <typename T, typename Context> class arg_converter {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+  char_type type_;
+
+ public:
+  arg_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, char_type type)
+      : arg_(arg), type_(type) {}
+
+  void operator()(bool value) {
+    if (type_ != 's') operator()<bool>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U value) {
+    bool is_signed = type_ == 'd' || type_ == 'i';
+    using target_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, void>::value, U, T>;
+    if (const_check(sizeof(target_type) <= sizeof(int))) {
+      // Extra casts are used to silence warnings.
+      if (is_signed) {
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
+            static_cast<int>(static_cast<target_type>(value)));
+      } else {
+        using unsigned_type = typename make_unsigned_or_bool<target_type>::type;
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
+            static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value)));
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (is_signed) {
+        // glibc's printf doesn't sign extend arguments of smaller types:
+        //   std::printf("%lld", -42);  // prints "4294967254"
+        // but we don't have to do the same because it's a UB.
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(static_cast<long long>(value));
+      } else {
+        arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
+            static_cast<typename make_unsigned_or_bool<U>::type>(value));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
+};
+
+// Converts an integer argument to T for printf, if T is an integral type.
+// If T is void, the argument is converted to corresponding signed or unsigned
+// type depending on the type specifier: 'd' and 'i' - signed, other -
+// unsigned).
+template <typename T, typename Context, typename Char>
+void convert_arg(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, Char type) {
+  visit_format_arg(arg_converter<T, Context>(arg, type), arg);
+}
+
+// Converts an integer argument to char for printf.
+template <typename Context> class char_converter {
+ private:
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit char_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) : arg_(arg) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    arg_ = detail::make_arg<Context>(
+        static_cast<typename Context::char_type>(value));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
+};
+
+// An argument visitor that return a pointer to a C string if argument is a
+// string or null otherwise.
+template <typename Char> struct get_cstring {
+  template <typename T> const Char* operator()(T) { return nullptr; }
+  const Char* operator()(const Char* s) { return s; }
+};
+
+// Checks if an argument is a valid printf width specifier and sets
+// left alignment if it is negative.
+template <typename Char> class printf_width_handler {
+ private:
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<Char>;
+
+  format_specs& specs_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit printf_width_handler(format_specs& specs) : specs_(specs) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  unsigned operator()(T value) {
+    auto width = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<T>>(value);
+    if (detail::is_negative(value)) {
+      specs_.align = align::left;
+      width = 0 - width;
+    }
+    unsigned int_max = max_value<int>();
+    if (width > int_max) FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+    return static_cast<unsigned>(width);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  unsigned operator()(T) {
+    FMT_THROW(format_error("width is not integer"));
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// The ``printf`` argument formatter.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+class printf_arg_formatter : public arg_formatter<Char> {
+ private:
+  using base = arg_formatter<Char>;
+  using context_type = basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>;
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<Char>;
+
+  context_type& context_;
+
+  OutputIt write_null_pointer(bool is_string = false) {
+    auto s = this->specs;
+    s.type = presentation_type::none;
+    return write_bytes(this->out, is_string ? "(null)" : "(nil)", s);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  printf_arg_formatter(OutputIt iter, format_specs& s, context_type& ctx)
+      : base{iter, s, locale_ref()}, context_(ctx) {}
+
+  OutputIt operator()(monostate value) { return base::operator()(value); }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  OutputIt operator()(T value) {
+    // MSVC2013 fails to compile separate overloads for bool and Char so use
+    // std::is_same instead.
+    if (std::is_same<T, Char>::value) {
+      format_specs fmt_specs = this->specs;
+      if (fmt_specs.type != presentation_type::none &&
+          fmt_specs.type != presentation_type::chr) {
+        return (*this)(static_cast<int>(value));
+      }
+      fmt_specs.sign = sign::none;
+      fmt_specs.alt = false;
+      fmt_specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for char types.
+      // align::numeric needs to be overwritten here since the '0' flag is
+      // ignored for non-numeric types
+      if (fmt_specs.align == align::none || fmt_specs.align == align::numeric)
+        fmt_specs.align = align::right;
+      return write<Char>(this->out, static_cast<Char>(value), fmt_specs);
+    }
+    return base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  OutputIt operator()(T value) {
+    return base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a null-terminated C string. */
+  OutputIt operator()(const char* value) {
+    if (value) return base::operator()(value);
+    return write_null_pointer(this->specs.type != presentation_type::pointer);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a null-terminated wide C string. */
+  OutputIt operator()(const wchar_t* value) {
+    if (value) return base::operator()(value);
+    return write_null_pointer(this->specs.type != presentation_type::pointer);
+  }
+
+  OutputIt operator()(basic_string_view<Char> value) {
+    return base::operator()(value);
+  }
+
+  /** Formats a pointer. */
+  OutputIt operator()(const void* value) {
+    return value ? base::operator()(value) : write_null_pointer();
+  }
+
+  /** Formats an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. */
+  OutputIt operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
+    auto parse_ctx =
+        basic_printf_parse_context<Char>(basic_string_view<Char>());
+    handle.format(parse_ctx, context_);
+    return this->out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+void parse_flags(basic_format_specs<Char>& specs, const Char*& it,
+                 const Char* end) {
+  for (; it != end; ++it) {
+    switch (*it) {
+    case '-':
+      specs.align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '+':
+      specs.sign = sign::plus;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      break;
+    case ' ':
+      if (specs.sign != sign::plus) {
+        specs.sign = sign::space;
+      }
+      break;
+    case '#':
+      specs.alt = true;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename GetArg>
+int parse_header(const Char*& it, const Char* end,
+                 basic_format_specs<Char>& specs, GetArg get_arg) {
+  int arg_index = -1;
+  Char c = *it;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    // Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
+    // preceded with '0' flag(s).
+    int value = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, -1);
+    if (it != end && *it == '$') {  // value is an argument index
+      ++it;
+      arg_index = value != -1 ? value : max_value<int>();
+    } else {
+      if (c == '0') specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      if (value != 0) {
+        // Nonzero value means that we parsed width and don't need to
+        // parse it or flags again, so return now.
+        if (value == -1) FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+        specs.width = value;
+        return arg_index;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  parse_flags(specs, it, end);
+  // Parse width.
+  if (it != end) {
+    if (*it >= '0' && *it <= '9') {
+      specs.width = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, -1);
+      if (specs.width == -1) FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+    } else if (*it == '*') {
+      ++it;
+      specs.width = static_cast<int>(visit_format_arg(
+          detail::printf_width_handler<Char>(specs), get_arg(-1)));
+    }
+  }
+  return arg_index;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Context>
+void vprintf(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format,
+             basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  using OutputIt = buffer_appender<Char>;
+  auto out = OutputIt(buf);
+  auto context = basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>(out, args);
+  auto parse_ctx = basic_printf_parse_context<Char>(format);
+
+  // Returns the argument with specified index or, if arg_index is -1, the next
+  // argument.
+  auto get_arg = [&](int arg_index) {
+    if (arg_index < 0)
+      arg_index = parse_ctx.next_arg_id();
+    else
+      parse_ctx.check_arg_id(--arg_index);
+    return detail::get_arg(context, arg_index);
+  };
+
+  const Char* start = parse_ctx.begin();
+  const Char* end = parse_ctx.end();
+  auto it = start;
+  while (it != end) {
+    if (!detail::find<false, Char>(it, end, '%', it)) {
+      it = end;  // detail::find leaves it == nullptr if it doesn't find '%'
+      break;
+    }
+    Char c = *it++;
+    if (it != end && *it == c) {
+      out = detail::write(
+          out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, detail::to_unsigned(it - start)));
+      start = ++it;
+      continue;
+    }
+    out = detail::write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(
+                                 start, detail::to_unsigned(it - 1 - start)));
+
+    basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
+    specs.align = align::right;
+
+    // Parse argument index, flags and width.
+    int arg_index = parse_header(it, end, specs, get_arg);
+    if (arg_index == 0) parse_ctx.on_error("argument not found");
+
+    // Parse precision.
+    if (it != end && *it == '.') {
+      ++it;
+      c = it != end ? *it : 0;
+      if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+        specs.precision = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, 0);
+      } else if (c == '*') {
+        ++it;
+        specs.precision = static_cast<int>(
+            visit_format_arg(detail::printf_precision_handler(), get_arg(-1)));
+      } else {
+        specs.precision = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto arg = get_arg(arg_index);
+    // For d, i, o, u, x, and X conversion specifiers, if a precision is
+    // specified, the '0' flag is ignored
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.is_integral())
+      specs.fill[0] =
+          ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types or if '-' present.
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && arg.type() == detail::type::cstring_type) {
+      auto str = visit_format_arg(detail::get_cstring<Char>(), arg);
+      auto str_end = str + specs.precision;
+      auto nul = std::find(str, str_end, Char());
+      arg = detail::make_arg<basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>>(
+          basic_string_view<Char>(
+              str, detail::to_unsigned(nul != str_end ? nul - str
+                                                      : specs.precision)));
+    }
+    if (specs.alt && visit_format_arg(detail::is_zero_int(), arg))
+      specs.alt = false;
+    if (specs.fill[0] == '0') {
+      if (arg.is_arithmetic() && specs.align != align::left)
+        specs.align = align::numeric;
+      else
+        specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types or if '-'
+                              // flag is also present.
+    }
+
+    // Parse length and convert the argument to the required type.
+    c = it != end ? *it++ : 0;
+    Char t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+    using detail::convert_arg;
+    switch (c) {
+    case 'h':
+      if (t == 'h') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<signed char>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<short>(arg, t);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'l':
+      if (t == 'l') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<long long>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<long>(arg, t);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 'j':
+      convert_arg<intmax_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 'z':
+      convert_arg<size_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 't':
+      convert_arg<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, t);
+      break;
+    case 'L':
+      // printf produces garbage when 'L' is omitted for long double, no
+      // need to do the same.
+      break;
+    default:
+      --it;
+      convert_arg<void>(arg, c);
+    }
+
+    // Parse type.
+    if (it == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format string"));
+    char type = static_cast<char>(*it++);
+    if (arg.is_integral()) {
+      // Normalize type.
+      switch (type) {
+      case 'i':
+      case 'u':
+        type = 'd';
+        break;
+      case 'c':
+        visit_format_arg(
+            detail::char_converter<basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>>(arg),
+            arg);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    specs.type = parse_presentation_type(type);
+    if (specs.type == presentation_type::none)
+      parse_ctx.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+
+    start = it;
+
+    // Format argument.
+    out = visit_format_arg(
+        detail::printf_arg_formatter<OutputIt, Char>(out, specs, context), arg);
+  }
+  detail::write(out, basic_string_view<Char>(start, to_unsigned(it - start)));
+}
+FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char>
+using basic_printf_context_t =
+    basic_printf_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>;
+
+using printf_context = basic_printf_context_t<char>;
+using wprintf_context = basic_printf_context_t<wchar_t>;
+
+using printf_args = basic_format_args<printf_context>;
+using wprintf_args = basic_format_args<wprintf_context>;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::printf_args`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto make_printf_args(const T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<printf_context, T...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::wprintf_args`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+inline auto make_wprintf_args(const T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<wprintf_context, T...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto vsprintf(
+    const S& fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  vprintf(buffer, detail::to_string_view(fmt), args);
+  return to_string(buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename S, typename... T,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<detail::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline auto sprintf(const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
+  return vsprintf(detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                  fmt::make_format_args<context>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto vfprintf(
+    std::FILE* f, const S& fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> int {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  vprintf(buffer, detail::to_string_view(fmt), args);
+  size_t size = buffer.size();
+  return std::fwrite(buffer.data(), sizeof(Char), size, f) < size
+             ? -1
+             : static_cast<int>(size);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto fprintf(std::FILE* f, const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
+  return vfprintf(f, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                  fmt::make_format_args<context>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline auto vprintf(
+    const S& fmt,
+    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> int {
+  return vfprintf(stdout, detail::to_string_view(fmt), args);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline auto printf(const S& fmt, const T&... args) -> int {
+  return vprintf(
+      detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+      fmt::make_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<char_t<S>>>(args...));
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_PRINTF_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10429fc8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h
@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - experimental range support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2018 - present, Remotion (Igor Schulz)
+// All Rights Reserved
+// {fmt} support for ranges, containers and types tuple interface.
+
+#ifndef FMT_RANGES_H_
+#define FMT_RANGES_H_
+
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename RangeT, typename OutputIterator>
+OutputIterator copy(const RangeT& range, OutputIterator out) {
+  for (auto it = range.begin(), end = range.end(); it != end; ++it)
+    *out++ = *it;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIterator>
+OutputIterator copy(const char* str, OutputIterator out) {
+  while (*str) *out++ = *str++;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIterator>
+OutputIterator copy(char ch, OutputIterator out) {
+  *out++ = ch;
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIterator>
+OutputIterator copy(wchar_t ch, OutputIterator out) {
+  *out++ = ch;
+  return out;
+}
+
+// Returns true if T has a std::string-like interface, like std::string_view.
+template <typename T> class is_std_string_like {
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto check(U* p)
+      -> decltype((void)p->find('a'), p->length(), (void)p->data(), int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      is_string<T>::value ||
+      std::is_convertible<T, std_string_view<char>>::value ||
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_std_string_like<fmt::basic_string_view<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T> class is_map {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U*) -> typename U::mapped_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+#ifdef FMT_FORMAT_MAP_AS_LIST
+  static constexpr const bool value = false;
+#else
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <typename T> class is_set {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U*) -> typename U::key_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+#ifdef FMT_FORMAT_SET_AS_LIST
+  static constexpr const bool value = false;
+#else
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value && !is_map<T>::value;
+#endif
+};
+
+template <typename... Ts> struct conditional_helper {};
+
+template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_range_ : std::false_type {};
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION > 1800
+
+#  define FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(val)  \
+    ->decltype(val) { return val; } \
+    static_assert(                  \
+        true, "")  // This makes it so that a semicolon is required after the
+                   // macro, which helps clang-format handle the formatting.
+
+// C array overload
+template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+auto range_begin(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+  return arr;
+}
+template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+auto range_end(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+  return arr + N;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T, void_t<decltype(std::declval<T>().begin()),
+                                           decltype(std::declval<T>().end())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// Member function overload
+template <typename T>
+auto range_begin(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).begin());
+template <typename T>
+auto range_end(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).end());
+
+// ADL overload. Only participates in overload resolution if member functions
+// are not found.
+template <typename T>
+auto range_begin(T&& rng)
+    -> enable_if_t<!has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T&&>::value,
+                   decltype(begin(static_cast<T&&>(rng)))> {
+  return begin(static_cast<T&&>(rng));
+}
+template <typename T>
+auto range_end(T&& rng) -> enable_if_t<!has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T&&>::value,
+                                       decltype(end(static_cast<T&&>(rng)))> {
+  return end(static_cast<T&&>(rng));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_const_begin_end : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_mutable_begin_end : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_const_begin_end<
+    T,
+    void_t<
+        decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>())),
+        decltype(detail::range_end(std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_mutable_begin_end<
+    T, void_t<decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<T>())),
+              decltype(detail::range_end(std::declval<T>())),
+              enable_if_t<std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value>>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_range_<T, void>
+    : std::integral_constant<bool, (has_const_begin_end<T>::value ||
+                                    has_mutable_begin_end<T>::value)> {};
+#  undef FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN
+#endif
+
+// tuple_size and tuple_element check.
+template <typename T> class is_tuple_like_ {
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto check(U* p) -> decltype(std::tuple_size<U>::value, int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+// Check for integer_sequence
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_integer_sequence) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900
+template <typename T, T... N>
+using integer_sequence = std::integer_sequence<T, N...>;
+template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = std::index_sequence<N...>;
+template <size_t N> using make_index_sequence = std::make_index_sequence<N>;
+#else
+template <typename T, T... N> struct integer_sequence {
+  using value_type = T;
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR size_t size() { return sizeof...(N); }
+};
+
+template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, N...>;
+
+template <typename T, size_t N, T... Ns>
+struct make_integer_sequence : make_integer_sequence<T, N - 1, N - 1, Ns...> {};
+template <typename T, T... Ns>
+struct make_integer_sequence<T, 0, Ns...> : integer_sequence<T, Ns...> {};
+
+template <size_t N>
+using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, N>;
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+using tuple_index_sequence = make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value>;
+
+template <typename T, typename C, bool = is_tuple_like_<T>::value>
+class is_tuple_formattable_ {
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value = false;
+};
+template <typename T, typename C> class is_tuple_formattable_<T, C, true> {
+  template <std::size_t... I>
+  static std::true_type check2(index_sequence<I...>,
+                               integer_sequence<bool, (I == I)...>);
+  static std::false_type check2(...);
+  template <std::size_t... I>
+  static decltype(check2(
+      index_sequence<I...>{},
+      integer_sequence<
+          bool, (is_formattable<typename std::tuple_element<I, T>::type,
+                                C>::value)...>{})) check(index_sequence<I...>);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      decltype(check(tuple_index_sequence<T>{}))::value;
+};
+
+template <class Tuple, class F, size_t... Is>
+void for_each(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple&& tup, F&& f) noexcept {
+  using std::get;
+  // using free function get<I>(T) now.
+  const int _[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(tup)), 0)...};
+  (void)_;  // blocks warnings
+}
+
+template <class T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value> get_indexes(
+    T const&) {
+  return {};
+}
+
+template <class Tuple, class F> void for_each(Tuple&& tup, F&& f) {
+  const auto indexes = get_indexes(tup);
+  for_each(indexes, std::forward<Tuple>(tup), std::forward<F>(f));
+}
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION < 1920
+// Older MSVC doesn't get the reference type correctly for arrays.
+template <typename R> struct range_reference_type_impl {
+  using type = decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<R&>()));
+};
+
+template <typename T, std::size_t N> struct range_reference_type_impl<T[N]> {
+  using type = T&;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+using range_reference_type = typename range_reference_type_impl<T>::type;
+#else
+template <typename Range>
+using range_reference_type =
+    decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<Range&>()));
+#endif
+
+// We don't use the Range's value_type for anything, but we do need the Range's
+// reference type, with cv-ref stripped.
+template <typename Range>
+using uncvref_type = remove_cvref_t<range_reference_type<Range>>;
+
+template <typename Range>
+using uncvref_first_type = remove_cvref_t<
+    decltype(std::declval<range_reference_type<Range>>().first)>;
+
+template <typename Range>
+using uncvref_second_type = remove_cvref_t<
+    decltype(std::declval<range_reference_type<Range>>().second)>;
+
+template <typename OutputIt> OutputIt write_delimiter(OutputIt out) {
+  *out++ = ',';
+  *out++ = ' ';
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt>
+auto write_range_entry(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<Char> str) -> OutputIt {
+  return write_escaped_string(out, str);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_convertible<T, std_string_view<char>>::value)>
+inline auto write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const T& str) -> OutputIt {
+  auto sv = std_string_view<Char>(str);
+  return write_range_entry<Char>(out, basic_string_view<Char>(sv));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Arg,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Arg, Char>::value)>
+OutputIt write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const Arg v) {
+  return write_escaped_char(out, v);
+}
+
+template <
+    typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename Arg,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_std_string_like<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<Arg, Char>::value)>
+OutputIt write_range_entry(OutputIt out, const Arg& v) {
+  return write<Char>(out, v);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T> struct is_tuple_like {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_tuple_like_<T>::value && !detail::is_range_<T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename C> struct is_tuple_formattable {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_tuple_formattable_<T, C>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename TupleT, typename Char>
+struct formatter<TupleT, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<fmt::is_tuple_like<TupleT>::value &&
+                             fmt::is_tuple_formattable<TupleT, Char>::value>> {
+ private:
+  // C++11 generic lambda for format().
+  template <typename FormatContext> struct format_each {
+    template <typename T> void operator()(const T& v) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::write_delimiter(out);
+      out = detail::write_range_entry<Char>(out, v);
+      ++i;
+    }
+    int i;
+    typename FormatContext::iterator& out;
+  };
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext = format_context>
+  auto format(const TupleT& values, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    *out++ = '(';
+    detail::for_each(values, format_each<FormatContext>{0, out});
+    *out++ = ')';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct is_range {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_range_<T>::value && !detail::is_std_string_like<T>::value &&
+      !detail::is_map<T>::value &&
+      !std::is_convertible<T, std::basic_string<Char>>::value &&
+      !std::is_constructible<detail::std_string_view<Char>, T>::value;
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename Context> struct range_mapper {
+  using mapper = arg_mapper<Context>;
+
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Context>::value)>
+  static auto map(T&& value) -> T&& {
+    return static_cast<T&&>(value);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Context>::value)>
+  static auto map(T&& value)
+      -> decltype(mapper().map(static_cast<T&&>(value))) {
+    return mapper().map(static_cast<T&&>(value));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Element>
+using range_formatter_type = conditional_t<
+    is_formattable<Element, Char>::value,
+    formatter<remove_cvref_t<decltype(range_mapper<buffer_context<Char>>{}.map(
+                  std::declval<Element>()))>,
+              Char>,
+    fallback_formatter<Element, Char>>;
+
+template <typename R>
+using maybe_const_range =
+    conditional_t<has_const_begin_end<R>::value, const R, R>;
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<
+        conjunction<fmt::is_range<R, Char>
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2017 and earlier.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1920
+        ,
+        disjunction<
+          is_formattable<detail::uncvref_type<detail::maybe_const_range<R>>,
+                         Char>,
+          detail::has_fallback_formatter<
+             detail::uncvref_type<detail::maybe_const_range<R>>, Char>
+        >
+#endif
+        >::value
+        >> {
+
+  using range_type = detail::maybe_const_range<R>;
+  using formatter_type =
+      detail::range_formatter_type<Char, detail::uncvref_type<range_type>>;
+  formatter_type underlying_;
+  bool custom_specs_ = false;
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+    if (it == end || *it == '}') return it;
+
+    if (*it != ':')
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("no top-level range formatters supported"));
+
+    custom_specs_ = true;
+    ++it;
+    ctx.advance_to(it);
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(range_type& range, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    Char prefix = detail::is_set<R>::value ? '{' : '[';
+    Char postfix = detail::is_set<R>::value ? '}' : ']';
+    detail::range_mapper<buffer_context<Char>> mapper;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    *out++ = prefix;
+    int i = 0;
+    auto it = detail::range_begin(range);
+    auto end = detail::range_end(range);
+    for (; it != end; ++it) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::write_delimiter(out);
+      if (custom_specs_) {
+        ctx.advance_to(out);
+        out = underlying_.format(mapper.map(*it), ctx);
+      } else {
+        out = detail::write_range_entry<Char>(out, *it);
+      }
+      ++i;
+    }
+    *out++ = postfix;
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    T, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<detail::is_map<T>
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2017 and earlier.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1920
+        ,
+        disjunction<
+          is_formattable<detail::uncvref_first_type<T>, Char>,
+          detail::has_fallback_formatter<detail::uncvref_first_type<T>, Char>
+        >,
+        disjunction<
+          is_formattable<detail::uncvref_second_type<T>, Char>,
+          detail::has_fallback_formatter<detail::uncvref_second_type<T>, Char>
+        >
+#endif
+    >::value
+    >> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <
+      typename FormatContext, typename U,
+      FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+          std::is_same<U, conditional_t<detail::has_const_begin_end<T>::value,
+                                        const T, T>>::value)>
+  auto format(U& map, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    *out++ = '{';
+    int i = 0;
+    for (const auto& item : map) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::write_delimiter(out);
+      out = detail::write_range_entry<Char>(out, item.first);
+      *out++ = ':';
+      *out++ = ' ';
+      out = detail::write_range_entry<Char>(out, item.second);
+      ++i;
+    }
+    *out++ = '}';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T> struct tuple_join_view : detail::view {
+  const std::tuple<T...>& tuple;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  tuple_join_view(const std::tuple<T...>& t, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : tuple(t), sep{s} {}
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+using tuple_arg_join = tuple_join_view<Char, T...>;
+
+// Define FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS to enable experimental format specifiers
+// support in tuple_join. It is disabled by default because of issues with
+// the dynamic width and precision.
+#ifndef FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+#  define FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+struct formatter<tuple_join_view<Char, T...>, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return do_parse(ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(T)>());
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    return do_format(value, ctx,
+                     std::integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(T)>());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::tuple<formatter<typename std::decay<T>::type, Char>...> formatters_;
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(ParseContext& ctx,
+                              std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext, size_t N>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(ParseContext& ctx,
+                              std::integral_constant<size_t, N>)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto end = ctx.begin();
+#if FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+    end = std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(formatters_).parse(ctx);
+    if (N > 1) {
+      auto end1 = do_parse(ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, N - 1>());
+      if (end != end1)
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("incompatible format specs for tuple elements"));
+    }
+#endif
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto do_format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>&, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext, size_t N>
+  auto do_format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 std::integral_constant<size_t, N>) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    auto out = std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(formatters_)
+                   .format(std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(value.tuple), ctx);
+    if (N > 1) {
+      out = std::copy(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      return do_format(value, ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, N - 1>());
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an object that formats `tuple` with elements separated by `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::tuple<int, char> t = {1, 'a'};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(t, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, a"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, string_view sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<char, T...> {
+  return {tuple, sep};
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple,
+                        basic_string_view<wchar_t> sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<wchar_t, T...> {
+  return {tuple, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an object that formats `initializer_list` with elements separated by
+  `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join({1, 2, 3}, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T>
+auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<const T*, const T*> {
+  return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_RANGES_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/std.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/std.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..227f484112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/std.h
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - formatters for standard library types
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_STD_H_
+#define FMT_STD_H_
+
+#include <thread>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "ostream.h"
+
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<version>)
+#  include <version>
+#endif
+// Checking FMT_CPLUSPLUS for warning suppression in MSVC.
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<filesystem>)
+#    include <filesystem>
+#  endif
+#  if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<variant>)
+#    include <variant>
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_filesystem
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Char>
+void write_escaped_path(basic_memory_buffer<Char>& quoted,
+                        const std::filesystem::path& p) {
+  write_escaped_string<Char>(std::back_inserter(quoted), p.string<Char>());
+}
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+template <>
+inline void write_escaped_path<char>(basic_memory_buffer<char>& quoted,
+                                     const std::filesystem::path& p) {
+  auto s = p.u8string();
+  write_escaped_string<char>(
+      std::back_inserter(quoted),
+      string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.c_str()), s.size()));
+}
+#  endif
+template <>
+inline void write_escaped_path<std::filesystem::path::value_type>(
+    basic_memory_buffer<std::filesystem::path::value_type>& quoted,
+    const std::filesystem::path& p) {
+  write_escaped_string<std::filesystem::path::value_type>(
+      std::back_inserter(quoted), p.native());
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1920
+// For MSVC 2017 and earlier using the partial specialization
+// would cause an ambiguity error, therefore we provide it only
+// conditionally.
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::filesystem::path, Char>
+    : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::filesystem::path& p, FormatContext& ctx) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char> quoted;
+    detail::write_escaped_path(quoted, p);
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>>::format(
+        basic_string_view<Char>(quoted.data(), quoted.size()), ctx);
+  }
+};
+#endif
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<std::thread::id, Char> : basic_ostream_formatter<Char> {};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_variant
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::monostate, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::monostate&, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, "monostate");
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T>
+using variant_index_sequence =
+    std::make_index_sequence<std::variant_size<T>::value>;
+
+// variant_size and variant_alternative check.
+template <typename T, typename U = void>
+struct is_variant_like_ : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T>
+struct is_variant_like_<T, std::void_t<decltype(std::variant_size<T>::value)>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// formattable element check
+template <typename T, typename C> class is_variant_formattable_ {
+  template <std::size_t... I>
+  static std::conjunction<
+      is_formattable<std::variant_alternative_t<I, T>, C>...>
+      check(std::index_sequence<I...>);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      decltype(check(variant_index_sequence<T>{}))::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename OutputIt, typename T>
+auto write_variant_alternative(OutputIt out, const T& v) -> OutputIt {
+  if constexpr (is_string<T>::value)
+    return write_escaped_string<Char>(out, detail::to_string_view(v));
+  else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, Char>)
+    return write_escaped_char(out, v);
+  else
+    return write<Char>(out, v);
+}
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T> struct is_variant_like {
+  static constexpr const bool value = detail::is_variant_like_<T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename C> struct is_variant_formattable {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_variant_formattable_<T, C>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Variant, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    Variant, Char,
+    std::enable_if_t<std::conjunction_v<
+        is_variant_like<Variant>, is_variant_formattable<Variant, Char>>>> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const Variant& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+
+    out = detail::write<Char>(out, "variant(");
+    std::visit(
+        [&](const auto& v) {
+          out = detail::write_variant_alternative<Char>(out, v);
+        },
+        value);
+    *out++ = ')';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif
+
+#endif  // FMT_STD_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2865b76efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/include/fmt/xchar.h
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional wchar_t and exotic character support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_XCHAR_H_
+#define FMT_XCHAR_H_
+
+#include <cwchar>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T>
+using is_exotic_char = bool_constant<!std::is_same<T, char>::value>;
+}
+
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN
+
+using wstring_view = basic_string_view<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_context = buffer_context<wchar_t>;
+using wformat_args = basic_format_args<wformat_context>;
+using wmemory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>;
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+// Workaround broken conversion on older gcc.
+template <typename... Args> using wformat_string = wstring_view;
+#else
+template <typename... Args>
+using wformat_string = basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+#endif
+
+template <> struct is_char<wchar_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<detail::char8_type> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char16_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char32_t> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename... Args>
+constexpr format_arg_store<wformat_context, Args...> make_wformat_args(
+    const Args&... args) {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+inline namespace literals {
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS && !FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+constexpr detail::udl_arg<wchar_t> operator"" _a(const wchar_t* s, size_t) {
+  return {s};
+}
+#endif
+}  // namespace literals
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
+auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<It, Sentinel, wchar_t> {
+  return {begin, end, sep};
+}
+
+template <typename Range>
+auto join(Range&& range, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<detail::iterator_t<Range>, detail::sentinel_t<Range>,
+                 wchar_t> {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, wstring_view sep)
+    -> join_view<const T*, const T*, wchar_t> {
+  return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto vformat(basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+             basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  return to_string(buffer);
+}
+
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 409
+template <typename... Args>
+using wformat_string = basic_format_string<wchar_t, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+#endif
+
+template <typename... T>
+auto format(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) -> std::wstring {
+  return vformat(fmt, fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+// Pass char_t as a default template parameter instead of using
+// std::basic_string<char_t<S>> to reduce the symbol size.
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+auto format(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return vformat(detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                 fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat(
+    const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, detail::to_string_view(format_str), args);
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format(const Locale& loc, const S& format_str, Args&&... args)
+    -> std::basic_string<Char> {
+  return detail::vformat(loc, detail::to_string_view(format_str),
+                         fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
+                basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const S& fmt, Args&&... args) -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                    fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Locale, typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&&
+                                detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat_to(
+    OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<Char>(out);
+  vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(format_str), args,
+             detail::locale_ref(loc));
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf);
+}
+
+template <
+    typename OutputIt, typename Locale, typename S, typename... Args,
+    typename Char = char_t<S>,
+    bool enable = detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+        detail::is_locale<Locale>::value&& detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value>
+inline auto format_to(OutputIt out, const Locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+                      Args&&... args) ->
+    typename std::enable_if<enable, OutputIt>::type {
+  return vformat_to(out, loc, to_string_view(format_str),
+                    fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto vformat_to_n(
+    OutputIt out, size_t n, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, Char, detail::fixed_buffer_traits> buf(out,
+                                                                           n);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, format_str, args);
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, Char>::value&&
+                            detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, const S& fmt,
+                        const Args&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                      fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_exotic_char<Char>::value)>
+inline auto formatted_size(const S& fmt, Args&&... args) -> size_t {
+  detail::counting_buffer<Char> buf;
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, detail::to_string_view(fmt),
+                     fmt::make_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>(args...));
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+inline void vprint(std::FILE* f, wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
+  wmemory_buffer buffer;
+  detail::vformat_to(buffer, fmt, args);
+  buffer.push_back(L'\0');
+  if (std::fputws(buffer.data(), f) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, FMT_STRING("cannot write to file")));
+}
+
+inline void vprint(wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args) {
+  vprint(stdout, fmt, args);
+}
+
+template <typename... T>
+void print(std::FILE* f, wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return vprint(f, wstring_view(fmt), fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename... T> void print(wformat_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return vprint(wstring_view(fmt), fmt::make_wformat_args(args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  Converts *value* to ``std::wstring`` using the default format for type *T*.
+ */
+template <typename T> inline auto to_wstring(const T& value) -> std::wstring {
+  return format(FMT_STRING(L"{}"), value);
+}
+FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_XCHAR_H_
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/src/fmt.cc b/thirdparty/fmt/src/fmt.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80e77e26af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/src/fmt.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+module;
+#ifndef __cpp_modules
+#  error Module not supported.
+#endif
+
+// put all implementation-provided headers into the global module fragment
+// to prevent attachment to this module
+#if !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#endif
+#if !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN) && defined(_WIN32)
+#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <climits>
+#include <clocale>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <cwchar>
+#include <exception>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <locale>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <system_error>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if _MSC_VER
+#  include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+#if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#  include <xlocale.h>
+#endif
+#if __has_include(<winapifamily.h>)
+#  include <winapifamily.h>
+#endif
+#if (__has_include(<fcntl.h>) || defined(__APPLE__) || \
+     defined(__linux__)) &&                            \
+    (!defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) || (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP))
+#  include <fcntl.h>
+#  include <sys/stat.h>
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+#  ifndef _WIN32
+#    include <unistd.h>
+#  else
+#    include <io.h>
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+export module fmt;
+
+#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT export
+#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_BEGIN export {
+#define FMT_MODULE_EXPORT_END }
+#define FMT_BEGIN_DETAIL_NAMESPACE \
+  }                                \
+  namespace detail {
+#define FMT_END_DETAIL_NAMESPACE \
+  }                              \
+  export {
+// all library-provided declarations and definitions
+// must be in the module purview to be exported
+#include "fmt/args.h"
+#include "fmt/chrono.h"
+#include "fmt/color.h"
+#include "fmt/compile.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "fmt/os.h"
+#include "fmt/printf.h"
+#include "fmt/xchar.h"
+
+// gcc doesn't yet implement private module fragments
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION
+module : private;
+#endif
+
+#include "format.cc"
+#include "os.cc"
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/src/format.cc b/thirdparty/fmt/src/format.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99b7e9dd47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/src/format.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Formatting library for C++
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include "fmt/format-inl.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace detail {
+
+template FMT_API auto dragonbox::to_decimal(float x) noexcept
+    -> dragonbox::decimal_fp<float>;
+template FMT_API auto dragonbox::to_decimal(double x) noexcept
+    -> dragonbox::decimal_fp<double>;
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+template FMT_API locale_ref::locale_ref(const std::locale& loc);
+template FMT_API auto locale_ref::get<std::locale>() const -> std::locale;
+#endif
+
+// Explicit instantiations for char.
+
+template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<char>;
+template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> char;
+
+template FMT_API void buffer<char>::append(const char*, const char*);
+
+// DEPRECATED!
+// There is no correspondent extern template in format.h because of
+// incompatibility between clang and gcc (#2377).
+template FMT_API void vformat_to(buffer<char>&, string_view,
+                                 basic_format_args<FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(char)>,
+                                 locale_ref);
+
+// Explicit instantiations for wchar_t.
+
+template FMT_API auto thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref)
+    -> thousands_sep_result<wchar_t>;
+template FMT_API auto decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) -> wchar_t;
+
+template FMT_API void buffer<wchar_t>::append(const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*);
+
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/src/os.cc b/thirdparty/fmt/src/os.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f388ead019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/src/os.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - optional OS-specific functionality
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+// Disable bogus MSVC warnings.
+#if !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
+#include "fmt/os.h"
+
+#include <climits>
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+#  include <sys/stat.h>
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+
+#  ifndef _WIN32
+#    include <unistd.h>
+#  else
+#    ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#      define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#    endif
+#    include <io.h>
+
+#    ifndef S_IRUSR
+#      define S_IRUSR _S_IREAD
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IWUSR
+#      define S_IWUSR _S_IWRITE
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IRGRP
+#      define S_IRGRP 0
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IWGRP
+#      define S_IWGRP 0
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IROTH
+#      define S_IROTH 0
+#    endif
+#    ifndef S_IWOTH
+#      define S_IWOTH 0
+#    endif
+#  endif  // _WIN32
+#endif    // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// Return type of read and write functions.
+using rwresult = int;
+
+// On Windows the count argument to read and write is unsigned, so convert
+// it from size_t preventing integer overflow.
+inline unsigned convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) {
+  return count <= UINT_MAX ? static_cast<unsigned>(count) : UINT_MAX;
+}
+#elif FMT_USE_FCNTL
+// Return type of read and write functions.
+using rwresult = ssize_t;
+
+inline std::size_t convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) { return count; }
+#endif
+}  // namespace
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+detail::utf16_to_utf8::utf16_to_utf8(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s) {
+  if (int error_code = convert(s)) {
+    FMT_THROW(windows_error(error_code,
+                            "cannot convert string from UTF-16 to UTF-8"));
+  }
+}
+
+int detail::utf16_to_utf8::convert(basic_string_view<wchar_t> s) {
+  if (s.size() > INT_MAX) return ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
+  int s_size = static_cast<int>(s.size());
+  if (s_size == 0) {
+    // WideCharToMultiByte does not support zero length, handle separately.
+    buffer_.resize(1);
+    buffer_[0] = 0;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  int length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, nullptr, 0,
+                                   nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (length == 0) return GetLastError();
+  buffer_.resize(length + 1);
+  length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, &buffer_[0],
+                               length, nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (length == 0) return GetLastError();
+  buffer_[length] = 0;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+class system_message {
+  system_message(const system_message&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const system_message&) = delete;
+
+  unsigned long result_;
+  wchar_t* message_;
+
+  static bool is_whitespace(wchar_t c) noexcept {
+    return c == L' ' || c == L'\n' || c == L'\r' || c == L'\t' || c == L'\0';
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit system_message(unsigned long error_code)
+      : result_(0), message_(nullptr) {
+    result_ = FormatMessageW(
+        FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+            FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+        nullptr, error_code, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+        reinterpret_cast<wchar_t*>(&message_), 0, nullptr);
+    if (result_ != 0) {
+      while (result_ != 0 && is_whitespace(message_[result_ - 1])) {
+        --result_;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  ~system_message() { LocalFree(message_); }
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return result_ != 0; }
+  operator basic_string_view<wchar_t>() const noexcept {
+    return basic_string_view<wchar_t>(message_, result_);
+  }
+};
+
+class utf8_system_category final : public std::error_category {
+ public:
+  const char* name() const noexcept override { return "system"; }
+  std::string message(int error_code) const override {
+    system_message msg(error_code);
+    if (msg) {
+      utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message;
+      if (utf8_message.convert(msg) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        return utf8_message.str();
+      }
+    }
+    return "unknown error";
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_API const std::error_category& system_category() noexcept {
+  static const detail::utf8_system_category category;
+  return category;
+}
+
+std::system_error vwindows_error(int err_code, string_view format_str,
+                                 format_args args) {
+  auto ec = std::error_code(err_code, system_category());
+  return std::system_error(ec, vformat(format_str, args));
+}
+
+void detail::format_windows_error(detail::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  const char* message) noexcept {
+  FMT_TRY {
+    system_message msg(error_code);
+    if (msg) {
+      utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message;
+      if (utf8_message.convert(msg) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+        fmt::format_to(buffer_appender<char>(out), "{}: {}", message, utf8_message);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
+}
+
+void report_windows_error(int error_code, const char* message) noexcept {
+  report_error(detail::format_windows_error, error_code, message);
+}
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+buffered_file::~buffered_file() noexcept {
+  if (file_ && FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_)) != 0)
+    report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
+}
+
+buffered_file::buffered_file(cstring_view filename, cstring_view mode) {
+  FMT_RETRY_VAL(file_, FMT_SYSTEM(fopen(filename.c_str(), mode.c_str())),
+                nullptr);
+  if (!file_)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot open file {}", filename.c_str()));
+}
+
+void buffered_file::close() {
+  if (!file_) return;
+  int result = FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_));
+  file_ = nullptr;
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
+}
+
+int buffered_file::descriptor() const {
+  int fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fileno(file_));
+  if (fd == -1) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file descriptor"));
+  return fd;
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_FCNTL
+file::file(cstring_view path, int oflag) {
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  using mode_t = int;
+#  endif
+  constexpr mode_t mode =
+      S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH;
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+  fd_ = -1;
+  FMT_POSIX_CALL(sopen_s(&fd_, path.c_str(), oflag, _SH_DENYNO, mode));
+#  else
+  FMT_RETRY(fd_, FMT_POSIX_CALL(open(path.c_str(), oflag, mode)));
+#  endif
+  if (fd_ == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot open file {}", path.c_str()));
+}
+
+file::~file() noexcept {
+  // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
+  // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
+  if (fd_ != -1 && FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_)) != 0)
+    report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
+}
+
+void file::close() {
+  if (fd_ == -1) return;
+  // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
+  // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_));
+  fd_ = -1;
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
+}
+
+long long file::size() const {
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  // Use GetFileSize instead of GetFileSizeEx for the case when _WIN32_WINNT
+  // is less than 0x0500 as is the case with some default MinGW builds.
+  // Both functions support large file sizes.
+  DWORD size_upper = 0;
+  HANDLE handle = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(_get_osfhandle(fd_));
+  DWORD size_lower = FMT_SYSTEM(GetFileSize(handle, &size_upper));
+  if (size_lower == INVALID_FILE_SIZE) {
+    DWORD error = GetLastError();
+    if (error != NO_ERROR)
+      FMT_THROW(windows_error(GetLastError(), "cannot get file size"));
+  }
+  unsigned long long long_size = size_upper;
+  return (long_size << sizeof(DWORD) * CHAR_BIT) | size_lower;
+#  else
+  using Stat = struct stat;
+  Stat file_stat = Stat();
+  if (FMT_POSIX_CALL(fstat(fd_, &file_stat)) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file attributes"));
+  static_assert(sizeof(long long) >= sizeof(file_stat.st_size),
+                "return type of file::size is not large enough");
+  return file_stat.st_size;
+#  endif
+}
+
+std::size_t file::read(void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
+  rwresult result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(read(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
+  if (result < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot read from file"));
+  return detail::to_unsigned(result);
+}
+
+std::size_t file::write(const void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
+  rwresult result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(write(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
+  if (result < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+  return detail::to_unsigned(result);
+}
+
+file file::dup(int fd) {
+  // Don't retry as dup doesn't return EINTR.
+  // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/dup.html
+  int new_fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup(fd));
+  if (new_fd == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot duplicate file descriptor {}", fd));
+  return file(new_fd);
+}
+
+void file::dup2(int fd) {
+  int result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
+  if (result == -1) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}",
+                           fd_, fd));
+  }
+}
+
+void file::dup2(int fd, std::error_code& ec) noexcept {
+  int result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
+  if (result == -1) ec = std::error_code(errno, std::generic_category());
+}
+
+void file::pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end) {
+  // Close the descriptors first to make sure that assignments don't throw
+  // and there are no leaks.
+  read_end.close();
+  write_end.close();
+  int fds[2] = {};
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  // Make the default pipe capacity same as on Linux 2.6.11+.
+  enum { DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 65536 };
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds, DEFAULT_CAPACITY, _O_BINARY));
+#  else
+  // Don't retry as the pipe function doesn't return EINTR.
+  // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696799/functions/pipe.html
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds));
+#  endif
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create pipe"));
+  // The following assignments don't throw because read_fd and write_fd
+  // are closed.
+  read_end = file(fds[0]);
+  write_end = file(fds[1]);
+}
+
+buffered_file file::fdopen(const char* mode) {
+// Don't retry as fdopen doesn't return EINTR.
+#  if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(_POSIX_)
+  FILE* f = ::fdopen(fd_, mode);
+#  else
+  FILE* f = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fdopen(fd_, mode));
+#  endif
+  if (!f)
+    FMT_THROW(
+        system_error(errno, "cannot associate stream with file descriptor"));
+  buffered_file bf(f);
+  fd_ = -1;
+  return bf;
+}
+
+long getpagesize() {
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  SYSTEM_INFO si;
+  GetSystemInfo(&si);
+  return si.dwPageSize;
+#  else
+  long size = FMT_POSIX_CALL(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
+  if (size < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get memory page size"));
+  return size;
+#  endif
+}
+
+FMT_API void ostream::grow(size_t) {
+  if (this->size() == this->capacity()) flush();
+}
+#endif  // FMT_USE_FCNTL
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in b/thirdparty/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc1684f245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/support/cmake/fmt-config.cmake.in
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+@PACKAGE_INIT@
+
+if (NOT TARGET fmt::fmt)
+  include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/@targets_export_name@.cmake)
+endif ()
+
+check_required_components(fmt)
diff --git a/thirdparty/fmt/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in b/thirdparty/fmt/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29976a8af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/thirdparty/fmt/support/cmake/fmt.pc.in
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+prefix=@CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX@
+exec_prefix=@CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX@
+libdir=@libdir_for_pc_file@
+includedir=@includedir_for_pc_file@
+
+Name: fmt
+Description: A modern formatting library
+Version: @FMT_VERSION@
+Libs: -L${libdir} -l@FMT_LIB_NAME@
+Cflags: -I${includedir}
+