CRYPTO_POLY1305(3MONOCYPHER) | 3MONOCYPHER | CRYPTO_POLY1305(3MONOCYPHER)

# NAME

crypto_poly1305, crypto_poly1305_init, crypto_poly1305_update, crypto_poly1305_final — Poly1305 one-time message authentication codes

# SYNOPSIS

#include <monocypher.h>
void
crypto_poly1305(uint8_t mac[16], const uint8_t *message, size_t message_size, const uint8_t key[32]);
void
crypto_poly1305_init(crypto_poly1305_ctx *ctx, const uint8_t key[32]);
void
crypto_poly1305_update(crypto_poly1305_ctx *ctx, const uint8_t *message, size_t message_size);
void
crypto_poly1305_final(crypto_poly1305_ctx *ctx, uint8_t mac[16]);

# DESCRIPTION

Poly1305 is a one-time message authentication code. “One-time” means the authentication key can be used only once. This makes Poly1305 easy to misuse. On the other hand, Poly1305 is fast, and provably secure if used correctly.
Poly1305 is a low-level primitive. Consider using authenticated encryption, implemented by crypto_lock(3monocypher).
The arguments are:

mac
  The authentication code.
key
  The secret authentication key. Use only once per message. Do not use the session key to authenticate messages. It should be wiped with crypto_wipe(3monocypher) after use.
message
  The message to authenticate. May overlap with the mac argument.
message_size
  Length of message, in bytes.

## Direct interface

crypto_poly1305() produces a message authentication code for the given message and authentication key. To verify the integrity of a message, use crypto_verify16(3monocypher) to compare the received MAC to the output mac.

## Incremental interface

crypto_poly1305_init() initialises a context. key should be wiped once the context is initialised. Then, crypto_poly1305_update() authenticates the message chunk by chunk. Once the message is entirely processed, crypto_poly1305_final() yields the message authentication code.

# RETURN VALUES

These functions return nothing.

# EXAMPLES

The following examples assume the existence of arc4random_buf(), which fills the given buffer with cryptographically secure random bytes. If arc4random_buf() does not exist on your system, see intro(3monocypher) for advice about how to generate cryptographically secure random bytes.
To authenticate a message:

    const uint8_t msg[ 5] = "Lorem"; /* Message to authenticate */
    uint8_t       key[32]; /* Random secret key (use only once) */
    uint8_t       mac[16]; /* Message authentication code (MAC) */
    arc4random_buf(key, 32);
    crypto_poly1305(mac, msg, 5, key);
    /* Wipe the key */
    crypto_wipe(key, 32);

To verify the above message:

    const uint8_t msg     [ 5] = "Lorem"; /* Message to verify */
    uint8_t       key     [32];           /* The above key     */
    const uint8_t mac     [16];           /* The above MAC     */
    uint8_t       real_mac[16];           /* The actual MAC    */
    crypto_poly1305(real_mac, msg, 5, key);
    /* Wipe the key */
    crypto_wipe(key, 32);
    if (crypto_verify16(mac, real_mac)) {
        /* Corrupted message, abort processing */
    } else {
        /* Genuine message */
    }
    /* The real mac is secret.  Wipe it */
    crypto_wipe(real_mac, 16);

Incremental authentication:

    const uint8_t msg[500]= {1}; /* Message to authenticate      */
    uint8_t       key[ 32]; /* Random secret key (use only once) */
    uint8_t       mac[ 16]; /* Message authentication code (MAC) */
    crypto_poly1305_ctx ctx;
    arc4random_buf(key, 32);
    crypto_poly1305_init(&ctx, key);
    /* Wipe the key */
    crypto_wipe(key, 32);
    for (int i = 0; i < 500; i += 100) {
        crypto_poly1305_update(&ctx, msg, 100);
    }
    crypto_poly1305_final(&ctx, mac);

# SEE ALSO

crypto_blake2b(3monocypher), crypto_lock(3monocypher), crypto_verify16(3monocypher), intro(3monocypher)

# STANDARDS

These functions implement Poly1305, described in RFC 8439.

# HISTORY

The crypto_poly1305_init(), crypto_poly1305_update(), and crypto_poly1305_final() functions first appeared in Monocypher 0.1. crypto_poly1305() first appeared in Monocypher 1.1.0.

# SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

Poly1305 is difficult to use correctly. Do not use it unless you are absolutely sure what you are doing. Use authenticated encryption instead; see crypto_lock(3monocypher). If you are certain you do not want encryption, refer to crypto_blake2b(3monocypher) on how to use Blake2b to generate message authentication codes.

## Authentication key requirements

Poly1305 is a one-time authenticator. This puts rather stringent constraints on the authentication key:

- Any given key must be used only once. Using the same key for two different messages reveals it to the attacker. Do not use the session key, or it will void all security.
- Authentication keys must be random, and independent from each other. Do not use non-random nonces. Do not use related keys. Use fresh, unpredictable, uniformly distributed random numbers.
- The key must be transmitted to the recipient without revealing it to the attacker. Somehow.

The only practical source for the authentication key is a chunk of the encryption stream used to encrypt the message. That chunk must be dedicated to the authentication key: if it is reused to encrypt the message itself, the attacker may recover that chunk by guessing the message, then forge arbitrary messages.
To get this right, you need a session key, a unique nonce, and a stream cipher. Generate a stream with the session key and nonce. Take the first 32 bytes of that stream as your authentication key, then use the rest of the stream to encrypt your message. This is the approach used by crypto_lock_aead(3monocypher).

## Protection against side channels

Use crypto_verify16(3monocypher) to compare message authentication codes. Avoid standard buffer comparison functions. They may not run in constant time, enabling an attacker to exploit timing attacks to recover the MAC.
The authentication key should be wiped with crypto_wipe(3monocypher) after use.
The incremental interface automatically wipes its context when finished so users do not need to do it themselves.

March 31, 2020 | Linux 4.15.0-106-generic