112 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
112 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
---
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page_title: "Box File Format"
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sidebar_current: "boxes-format"
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---
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# Box File Format
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In the past, boxes were just [tar files](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_\(computing\))
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of VirtualBox exports. With Vagrant supporting multiple
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[providers](/v2/providers/index.html) and [versioning](/v2/boxes/versioning.html)
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now, box files are slightly more complicated.
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Box files made for Vagrant 1.0.x (the VirtualBox export `tar` files) continue
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to work with Vagrant today. When Vagrant encounters one of these old boxes,
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it automatically updates it internally to the new format.
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Today, there are two different components:
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* Box File - This is a compressed (`tar`, `tar.gz`, `zip`) file that is specific
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to a single provider and can contain anything. Vagrant core doesn't ever
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use the contents of this file. Instead, they are passed to the provider.
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Therefore, a VirtualBox box file has different contents from a VMware
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box file and so on.
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* Box Catalog Metadata - This is a JSON document (typically exchanged
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during interactions with [Vagrant Cloud](https://vagrantcloud.com))
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that specifies the name of the box, a description, available
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versions, available providers, and URLs to the actual box files
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(next component) for each provider and version. If this catalog
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metadata doesn't exist, a box file can still be added directly, but
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it will not support versioning and updating.
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Each component is covered in more detail below.
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## Box File
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The actual box file is the required portion for Vagrant. It is recommended
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you always use a metadata file alongside a box file, but direct box files
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are supported for legacy reasons in Vagrant.
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Box files are compressed using `tar`, `tar.gz`, or `zip`. The contents of the
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archive can be anything, and is specific to each
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[provider](/v2/providers/index.html). Vagrant core itself only unpacks
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the boxes for use later.
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Within the archive, Vagrant does expect a single file:
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`metadata.json`. This is a JSON file that is completely unrelated to
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the above box catalog metadata component; there is only one
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`metadata.json` per box file (inside the box file), whereas one
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catalog metadata JSON document can describe multiple versions of the
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same box, potentially spanning multiple providers.
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`metadata.json` must contain at least the "provider" key with the
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provider the box is for. Vagrant uses this to verify the provider of
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the box. For example, if your box was for VirtualBox, the
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`metadata.json` would look like this:
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```json
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{
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"provider": "virtualbox"
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}
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```
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If there is no `metadata.json` file or the file does not contain valid JSON
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with at least a "provider" key, then Vagrant will error when adding the box,
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because it can't verify the provider.
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Other keys/values may be added to the metadata without issue. The value
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of the metadata file is passed opaquely into Vagrant and plugins can make
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use of it. At this point, Vagrant core does not use any other keys in this
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file.
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## Box Metadata
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The metadata is an optional component for a box (but highly recommended)
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that enables [versioning](/v2/boxes/versioning.html), updating, multiple
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providers from a single file, and more.
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<div class="alert alert-block alert-info">
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<strong>You don't need to manually make the metadata.</strong> If you
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have an account with <a href="https://vagrantcloud.com">Vagrant Cloud</a>, you
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can create boxes there, and Vagrant Cloud automatically creates
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the metadata for you. The format is still documented here.
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</div>
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It is a JSON document, structured in the following way:
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```json
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{
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"name": "hashicorp/precise64",
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"description": "This box contains Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 64-bit.",
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"versions": [{
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"version": "0.1.0",
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"providers": [{
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"name": "virtualbox",
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"url": "http://somewhere.com/precise64_010_virtualbox.box",
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"checksum_type": "sha1",
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"checksum": "foo"
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}]
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}]
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}
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```
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As you can see, the JSON document can describe multiple versions of a box,
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multiple providers, and can add/remove providers in different versions.
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This JSON file can be passed directly to `vagrant box add` from the
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local filesystem using a file path or via a URL, and Vagrant will
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install the proper version of the box. In this case, the value for the
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`url` key in the JSON can also be a file path. If multiple providers
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are available, Vagrant will ask what provider you want to use.
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