kicad/Documentation/development/coding-style-policy.md

# KiCad C++ Source Code Style Guide #

Latest Publishing: February 2017

First Published: September 2010

written by

Wayne Stambaugh \<<stambaughw@gmail.com>\>
and
Dick Hollenbeck \<<dick@softplc.com>\>

[TOC]

# 1. Introduction # {#csp_intro}
The purpose of this document is to provide a reference guide for KiCad
developers about how source code should be styled and formatted in
KiCad. It is not a comprehensive programming guide because it does not
discuss many things such as software engineering strategies, source
directories, existing classes, or how to internationalize text. The goal
is to make all of the KiCad source conform to this guide.

## 1.1 Why Coding Style Matters ## {#why}
You may be thinking to yourself that using the style defined in this
document will not make you a good programmer and you would be correct.
Any given coding style is no substitute for experience. However, any
experienced coder will tell that the only thing worse than looking at
code that is not in your preferred coding style, is looking at twenty
different coding styles that are not your preferred coding style.
Consistency makes a) problems easier to spot, and b) looking at code for
long periods of time more tolerable.

## 1.2 Enforcement ## {#enforcement}
The KiCad coding police are not going to break down your door and beat
you with your keyboard if you don't follow these guidelines (although
there are those who would argue that they should). However, there are
some very sound reasons why you should follow them. If you are
contributing patches, you are much more likely to be taken seriously by
the primary developers if your patches are formatted correctly. Busy
developers don't have the time to go back and reformat your code. If you
have a desire to become a regular KiCad developer with commit access to
the development branch, you're not likely to get a glowing
recommendation by the lead developers if you will not follow these
guidelines. It is just good programming courtesy to follow this policy
because it is respectful of the investment already made by the existing
developers. The other KiCad developers will appreciate your effort.

**Warning**

**Do not modify this document without the consent of the project
leader. All changes to this document require approval.**

## 1.3 Tools ## {#tools}

There are some tools that can help you format your code easily.

[`clang-format`][clang-format] is a formatting tool that can both be used to
provide code-style automation to your editor of choice, as well as allow git to
check formatting when committing (using a "Git hook"). You should install this
program to be able to use the Git hooks.

The style config file is `_clang-format`, and should be picked up automatically
by `clang-format` when the `--style=file` option is set.

To enable the Git hooks (only needs to be done once per Git repo):

    git config core.hooksPath .githooks

Set the `git clang-format` tool to use the provided `_clang-format` file:

    git config clangFormat.style file

Then, to enable the format checker, set the `kicad.check-format` Git config
to "true" for the KiCad repo:

    git config kicad.check-format true

Without this config, the format checker will not run on commit, but you can
still check files staged for commit manually (see below).

If the hook is enabled, when you commit a change, you will be told if you
have caused any style violations (only in your changed code). You can then fix
the errors, either manually, or with the tools below.

If you are warned about formatting errors, but you are sure your style is correct,
you can still commit:

    git commit --no-verify

### 1.3.1 Correcting Formatting Errors ### {#correcting-formatting-errors}

There is a Git aliases file that provides the right commands to show and correct
formatting errors. Add to your repository config by running this command from
the source directory:

    git config --add include.path $(pwd)/helpers/git/format_alias

Then you can use the following aliases:

* `git check-format`: show any formatting warnings (but make no changes)
* `git fix-format`: correct formatting (you will need to `git add` afterwards)

These aliases use a script, `tools/check-coding.sh`, which takes care of only
checking the formatting for files that should be formatted. This script has
other uses:

* Make (or see only) violations in files modified in the previous commit (useful
when interactive-rebasing):
    * `check_coding.sh --amend [--diff]`


# 2. Naming Conventions # {#naming_conventions}
Before delving into anything as esoteric as indentation and formatting,
naming conventions need to be addressed. This section does not attempt
to define what names you use for your code. Rather, it defines the style
for naming. See the references section for links to some excellent
coding references. When defining multiple word names use the following
conventions for improved readability:

- Use underscores for all upper and all lower case variables to make
  multiple word names more readable.
- Use camel case for mixed case variable names.

Avoid mixing camel case and underscores.

**Examples**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    CamelCaseName           // if camelcase, then no underscores
    all_lower_case_name
    ALL_UPPER_CASE_NAME
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 2.1 Class, Type Definitions, Name Space, and Macro Names ## {#definitions}
Class, typedef, enum, name space, and macro names should be comprised of
all capital letters.

**Examples**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    class SIMPLE
    #define LONG_MACRO_WITH_UNDERSCORES
    typedef boost::ptr_vector<PIN>      PIN_LIST;
    enum KICAD_T {...};
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 2.2 Local, Private and Automatic Variables ## {#local_variables}
The first character of automatic, static local, and private variable
names should be lower case. This indicates that the variable will not be
“visible” outside of the function, file, or class where they are
defined, respectively. The limited visibility is being acknowledged with
the lowercase starting letter, where lowercase is considered to be less
boisterous than uppercase.

**Examples**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    int i;
    double aPrivateVariable;
    static char* static_variable = NULL;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 2.3 Public and Global Variables ## {#global_variables}
The first character of public and global variable names are to be
uppercase. This indicates that the variable is visible outside the class
or file in which it was defined. (An exception is the use of prefix `g_`
which is also sometimes used to indicate a global variable.)

**Example**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    char* GlobalVariable;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 2.4 Local, Private and Static Functions ## {#functions}
The first character of local, private, and static functions should be
lower case. This indicates that the function is not visible outside the
class or file where it is defined.

**Example**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    bool isModified();
    static int buildList( int* list );
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 2.5 Function Arguments ## {#function_arguments}
Function arguments are prefixed with an 'a' to indicate these are
arguments to a function. The 'a' stands for “argument”, and it also
enables clever and concise Doxygen comments.

**Example**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    /*/** */*
     * Copy aFoo into this instance.
     */
    void SetFoo( int aFoo );
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Notice how the reader can say “a Foo” to himself when reading this.

## 2.6 Pointers ## {#pointers}
It is not desired to identify a pointer by building a 'p' into the
variable name. The pointer aspect of the variable pertains to type, not
purpose.

**Example**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    MODULE*   module;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The purpose of the variable is that it represents a MODULE. Something
like `p_module` would only make that harder to discern.

## 2.7 Accessing Member Variables and Member Functions ## {#accessing_members}
We do not use `this->` to access either member variables or member
functions from within the containing class. We let C++ perform this for
us.

## 2.8 Use of 'auto' ##
We do -not- use `auto` to reduce repetition.  We do use it to increase
readability.  This generally means -only- use `auto` where std::lib gets
overly verbose (such as iterators or `std::make_shared`), or when not using
`auto` would cause line-wraps that can't otherwise be avoided.


# 3. Commenting # {#commenting}
Comments in KiCad typically fall into two categories: in line code
comments and Doxygen comments. In line comments have no set formatting
rules other than they should have the same indent level as the code if
they do not follow a statement. In line comments that follow statements
should not exceed 99 columns unless absolutely necessary. The prevents
word wrapping in an editor when the viewable columns is set to 100. In
line comments can use either the C++ or the C commenting style, but C++
comments are preferred for single line comments or comments consisting
of only a few lines.

## 3.1 Blank Lines Above Comments ## {#blank_lines_above_comments}
If a comment is the first thing on a line, then that comment should have
one or more blank lines above them. One blank line is preferred.

## 3.2 Doxygen ## {#doxygen}
Doxygen is a C++ source code documenting tool used by the project.  Descriptive
*.html files can be generated from the source code by installing Doxygen and
building the target named **doxygen-docs** and **dev-docs** that include this
document.

    $ cd <kicad_build_base>
    $ make doxygen-docs

The generated source \*.html files will be placed into
\<kicad\_project\_base\>/Documentation/doxygen/html/ and the developer's
\*.html files will be placed into
\<kicad\_project\_base\>/Documentation/development/doxygen/html/

Doxygen comments are used to build developer documentation from the
source code. They should normally be only placed in header files and not
in \*.cpp files. This eliminates the obligation to keep two comments in
agreement with each other.  If the class, function, or enum, etc. is
only defined in a \*.cpp source file and not present in any header file,
in which case the Doxygen comments should go into the \*.cpp source file.
Again, avoid duplicating the Doxygen comments in both the header and
\*.cpp source files.

KiCad uses the JAVADOC comment style defined in the [“Documenting the
code”][doccode] section of the Doxygen [manual][manual]. Don't forget
to use the special Doxygen tags: bug, todo, deprecated, etc., so other
developers can quickly get useful information about your code. It is
good practice to actually generate the Doxygen \*.html files by
building target doxygen-docs, and then to review the quality of your
Doxygen comments with a web browser before submitting a patch.

[doccode]: http://www.doxygen.nl/manual/docblocks.html
[manual]:  http://www.doxygen.nl/manual

### 3.2.1 Function Comments ### {#function_comments}
These go into a header file, unless the function is a private (i.e.
static) function known only to a \*.cpp file. The format of a function
comment is chosen to serve a dual purpose role: delineation of the
function declaration within the source code and to create a consistent
leading sentence in the doxygen html output. The chosen format is
to use a descriptive single line sentence, followed by a blank line,
followed by an optional detailed description as the shown in the example
below.

**Example**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    /*/** */*
     * Format and write text to an output stream.
     *
     * A really detailed description goes here if it's needed.
     *
     * @param aMestLevel is the multiple of spaces to precede the output with.
     * @param aFmt is a printf() style format string.
     * @param ... is a variable list of parameters that will get blended into
     *  the output under control of the format string.
     * @return the number of characters output.
     * @throw IO_ERROR, if there is a problem outputting.
     */
    int PRINTF_FUNC Print( int aNestLevel, const char* aFmt, ... );
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The single line description goes on the 2nd line of the comment. The
\@return keyword if present, should describe the return value followed
by a hyphen. The \@param keyword names a function parameter and the text
following should flow like a normal English sentence.

### 3.2.2 Class Comments ### {#class_comments}
A class comment describes a class declaration by giving the purpose and
use of the class. Its format is similar to a function comment. Doxygen
can use the html \<p\> (paragraph designation) to begin a new paragraph
in its output. So if the text of the comment is large, break it put into
multiple paragraphs.

**Example**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    /*/** */*
     * An interface (abstract) class used to output UTF8 text in a
     * convenient way.
     *
     * The primary interface is "printf() like" but with support for
     * indentation control. The destination of the 8 bit wide text is
     * up to the implementer.
     * <p>
     * The implementer only has to implement the write() function, but
     * can also optionally re-implement GetQuoteChar().
     * <p>
     * If you want to output a wxString, then use CONV_TO_UTF8() on it
     * before passing it as an argument to Print().
     * <p>
     * Since this is an abstract interface, only classes derived from
     * this one may actually be used.
     */
    class OUTPUTFORMATTER
    {
~~~~~~~~~~~~~


# 4. Formatting # {#formatting}
This section defines the formatting style used in the KiCad source.

## 4.1 Indentation ## {#indentation}
The indentation level for the KiCad source code is defined as four
spaces. Please do not use tabs.

### 4.1.1 Defines ### {#defines}
There should be only one space after a \#define statement.

### 4.1.2 Column Alignment ### {#column_alignment}
Please try to align multiple consecutive similar lines into consistent
columns when possible, such as \#define lines which can be thought of as
containing 4 columns: \#define, symbol, value, and comment. Notice how
all 4 columns are aligned in the example below.

**Example**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    #define LN_RED        12        // my favorite
    #define LN_GREEN      13        // eco friendly
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Another common case is the declaration of automatic variables. These are
preferably shown in columns of type and variable name.

## 4.2 Blank Lines ## {#blank_lines}

### 4.2.1 Function Declarations ### {#function_declarations}
There should be 1 blank line above a function declaration in a class
file if that function declaration is presented with a Javadoc comment.
This is consist with the statement above about blank lines above
comments.

### 4.2.2 Function Definitions ### {#function_definitions}
Function definitions in *.cpp files will not typically be accompanied by
any comment, since those are normally only in the header file. It is
desirable to set off the function definition within the *.cpp file by
leaving two blank lines above the function definition.

### 4.2.3 If Statements ### {#if_statements}
There should be one blank line above if statements.

## 4.3 Line Length ### {#line_length}
The maximum line width is 99 columns. An exception to this is a long
quoted string such as the internationalized text required to satisfy
MSVC++, described below.

## 4.4 Strings ## {#strings}
The KiCad project team no longer supports compiling with Microsoft
Visual C++. When you need to break long strings into smaller substrings,
please use the C99 compliant method for improved readability. Using
any of previously accepted methods defined below for breaking
long internationalized strings will no longer be accepted.

**Examples**
~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    // This works with C99 compliant compilers is the **only** accepted method:
    wxChar* foo = _( “this is a long string broken ”
                     “into pieces for readability.” );

    // This works with MSVC, breaks POEdit, and is **not** acceptable:
    wxChar* foo = _( “this is a long string broken ”
                    L“into pieces for readability” );

    // This works with MSVC, is ugly, and is **not** accepted:
    wxChar* foo = _( “this is a long string \
    broken into pieces for readability” );
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A second acceptable solution is to simply put the text all on one
line, even if it exceeds the 99 character line length limit. However,
the preferred method is to break strings within the 99 character limit
whenever possible to prevent wrapping.

## 4.5 Trailing Whitespace ## {#trailing_whitespace}
Many programming editors conveniently indent your code for you. Some of
them do it rather poorly and leave trailing whitespace. Thankfully, most
editors come with a remove trailing whitespace macro or at least a
setting to make trailing whitespace visible so you can see it and
manually remove it. Trailing whitespace is known to break some text
parsing tools. It also leads to unnecessary diffs in the version control
system. Please remove trailing whitespace.

## 4.6 Multiple Statements per Line ## {#multiple_statements_per_line}
It is generally preferred that each statement be placed on its own line.
This is especially true for statements without keywords.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    x=1; y=2; z=3; // Bad, should be on separate lines.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 4.7 Braces ## {#braces}
Braces should be placed on the line proceeding the keyword and indented
to the same level. It is not necessary to use braces if there is only a
single line statement after the keyword. In the case of if..else
if..else, indent all to the same level.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    void function()
    {
        if( foo )
        {
            statement1;
            statement2;
        }
        else if( bar )
        {
            statement3;
            statement4;
        }
        else
            statement5;
    }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 4.8 Parenthesis ## {#parenthesis}
Parenthesis should be placed immediately after function names and
keywords. Spaces should be placed after the opening parenthesis, before
the closing parenthesis, and between the comma and the next argument in
functions. No space is needed if a function has no arguments.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    void Function( int aArg1, int aArg2 )
    {
        while( busy )
        {
            if( a || b || c )
                doSomething();
            else
                doSomethingElse();
        }
    }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 4.9 Switch Formatting ## {#switch}
The case statement is to be indented to the same level as the switch.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    switch( foo )
    {
    case 1:
        doOne();
        break;
    case 2:
        doTwo();
        // Fall through.
    default:
        doDefault();
    }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It is preferred to place all cases on a single line when that makes the
code more readable. This is often done for look-ups or mapping functions. In
this case, you will have to manually align for readability as appropriate and
reject clang-format's suggested changes, if you use it:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    switch( m_orientation )
    {
    case PIN_RIGHT: m_orientation = PIN_UP;    break;
    case PIN_UP:    m_orientation = PIN_LEFT;  break;
    case PIN_LEFT:  m_orientation = PIN_DOWN;  break;
    case PIN_DOWN:  m_orientation = PIN_RIGHT; break;
    }
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

## 4.10 Lamdas ## {#lamda_formatting}
The braces and statements of the body should be indented as you would a method,
with the braces lined up under the capture block:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    auto belowCondition = []( const SELECTION& aSel )
                          {
                              return g_CurrentSheet->Last() != g_RootSheet;
                          };
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

or:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    auto belowCondition =
        []( const SELECTION& aSel )
        {
            return g_CurrentSheet->Last() != g_RootSheet;
        };
~~~~~~~~~~~~~


# 5. License Statement # {#license_statement}
There is a the file copyright.h which you can copy into the top of
your new source files and edit the \<author\> field. KiCad depends on
the copyright enforcement capabilities of copyright law, and this
means that source files must be copyrighted and not be released into
the public domain. Each source file has one or more owners.


# 6. Header Files # {#header_files}
Project \*.h source files should:

- contain a license statement
- contain a nested include \#ifndef
- be fully self standing and not depend on other headers that are not
  included within it.

The license statement was described above.

## 6.1 Nested Include #ifndef ## {#nested_include}
Each header file should include an \#ifndef which is commonly used to
prevent compiler errors in the case where the header file is seen
multiple times in the code stream presented to the compiler. Just
after the license statement, at the top of the file there should be
lines similar to these (but with a file name specific token other than
`RICHIO_H_`):

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    #ifndef RICHIO_H_
    #define RICHIO_H_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

And at the very bottom of the header file, use a line like this one:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    #endif // RICHIO_H_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The \#ifndef wrapper begins after the license statement, and ends at
the very bottom of the file. It is important that it wrap any nested
\#include statements, so that the compiler can skip them if the
\#ifndef evaluates to false, which will reduce compilation time.

## 6.2 Headers Without Unsatisfied Dependencies ## {#header_depends}
Any header file should include other headers that it depends on. (Note:
KiCad is not at this point now, but this section is a goal of the
project.)

It should be possible to run the compiler on any header file within the
project, and with proper include paths being passed to the compiler, the
header file should compile without error.

**Example**

    $ cd /svn/kicad/testing.checkout/include
    $ g++ wx-config --cxxflags -I . xnode.h -o /tmp/junk

Such structuring of the header files removes the need within a client
\*.cpp file to include some project header file before some other project
header file. (A client \*.cpp file is one that intends to **use, not
implement,** the public API exposed within the header file.)

Client code should not have to piece together things that a header file
wishes to expose. The exposing header file should be viewed as a fully
sufficient **ticket to use** the public API of that header file.

This is not saying anything about how much to expose, only that that
which is exposed needs to be fully usable merely by including the header
file that exposes it, with no additional includes.

For situations where there is a class header file and an
implementation \*.cpp file, it is desirable to hide as much of the
private implementation as is practical and any header file that is not
needed as part of the public API can and should be included only in
the implementation \*.cpp file. However, the number one concern of
this section is that client (using) code can use the public API which
is exposed in the header file, merely by including that one header
file.


# 7. When in Doubt... # {#when_in_doubt}
When editing existing source code files and there are multiple acceptable
code formatting options or no formatting is defined, follow the existing
formatting in the file.


# 8. I Wrote X Lines of Code Before I Read This Document # {#x_lines}
It's OK. We all make mistakes. Fortunately, KiCad provides a
configuration file for the code beautifier uncrustify. Uncrustify won't
fix your naming problems but it does a pretty decent job of formatting
your source code. There are a few places where uncrustify makes some
less than ideal indentation choices. It struggles with the string
declaration macros wxT(“”) and \_(“”) and functions used as arguments to
other functions. After you uncrustify your source code, please review the
indentation for any glaring errors and manually fix them. See the
uncrustify [website][uncrustify] for more information.

[uncrustify]: http://uncrustify.sourceforge.net/


# 9. Show Me an Example # {#show_me_an_example}
Nothing drives the point home like an example. The source file richio.h
below was taken directly from the KiCad source.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~{.cpp}
    /*
     * This program source code file is part of KICAD, a free EDA CAD application.
     *
     * Copyright (C) 2007-2010 SoftPLC Corporation, Dick Hollenbeck <dick@softplc.com>
     * Copyright (C) 2007 KiCad Developers, see change_log.txt for contributors.
     *
     * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
     * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
     * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
     * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
     *
     * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     * GNU General Public License for more details.
     *
     * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     * along with this program; if not, you may find one here:
     * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html
     * or you may search the http://www.gnu.org website for the version 2 license,
     * or you may write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
     * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA
     */

    #ifndef RICHIO_H_
    #define RICHIO_H_


    // This file defines 3 classes useful for working with DSN text files and is named
    // "richio" after its author, Richard Hollenbeck, aka Dick Hollenbeck.


    #include <string>
    #include <vector>

    // I really did not want to be dependent on wxWidgets in richio
    // but the errorText needs to be wide char so wxString rules.
    #include <wx/wx.h>
    #include <cstdio>       // FILE



    /*/** */*
     * A class used to hold an error message and may be used to throw exceptions
     * containing meaningful error messages.
     */
    struct IOError
    {
        wxString    errorText;

        IOError( const wxChar* aMsg ) :
            errorText( aMsg )
        {
        }

        IOError( const wxString& aMsg ) :
            errorText( aMsg )
        {
        }
    };


    /*/** */*
     * Read single lines of text into a buffer and increments a line number counter.
     */
    class LINE_READER
    {
    protected:

        FILE*               fp;
        int                 lineNum;
        unsigned            maxLineLength;
        unsigned            length;
        char*               line;
        unsigned            capacity;

    public:

        /*/** */*
         * @param aFile is an open file in "ascii" mode, not binary mode.
         * @param aMaxLineLength is the number of bytes to use in the line buffer.
         */
        LINE_READER( FILE* aFile, unsigned aMaxLineLength );

        ~LINE_READER()
        {
            delete[] line;
        }

        /*
        int  CharAt( int aNdx )
        {
            if( (unsigned) aNdx < capacity )
                return (char) (unsigned char) line[aNdx];
            return -1;
        }
        */

        /*/** */*
         * Read a line of text into the buffer and increments the line number
         * counter.
         *
         * @return is the number of bytes read, 0 at end of file.
         * @throw IO_ERROR when a line is too long.
         */
        int ReadLine();

        operator char* ()
        {
            return line;
        }

        int LineNumber()
        {
            return lineNum;
        }

        unsigned Length()
        {
            return length;
        }
    };



    /*/** */*
     * An interface (abstract class) used to output ASCII text in a convenient way.
     *
     * The primary interface is printf() like with support for indentation control.
     * The destination of the 8 bit wide text is up to the implementer. If you want
     * to output a wxString, then use CONV_TO_UTF8() on it before passing it as an
     * argument to Print().
     * <p>
     * Since this is an abstract interface, only classes derived from this one
     * will be the implementations.
     * </p>
     */
    class OUTPUTFORMATTER
    {

    #if defined(__GNUG__)   // The GNU C++ compiler defines this

    // When used on a C++ function, we must account for the "this" pointer,
    // so increase the STRING-INDEX and FIRST-TO_CHECK by one.
    // See http://docs.freebsd.org/info/gcc/gcc.info.Function_Attributes.html
    // Then to get format checking during the compile, compile with -Wall or -Wformat
    #define PRINTF_FUNC       __attribute__ ((format (printf, 3, 4)))

    #else
    #define PRINTF_FUNC       // nothing
    #endif

    public:

        /*/** */*
         * Format and write text to the output stream.
         *
         * @param nestLevel is the multiple of spaces to preceed the output with.
         * @param fmt is a printf() style format string.
         * @param ... is a variable list of parameters that will get blended into
         *  the output under control of the format string.
         * @return the number of characters output.
         * @throw IO_ERROR if there is a problem outputting, such as a full disk.
         */
        virtual int PRINTF_FUNC Print( int nestLevel, const char* fmt, ... ) = 0;

        /*/** */*
         * Return the quoting character required for aWrapee.
         *
         * Return the quote character as a single character string for a given
         * input wrapee string.  If the wrappee does not need to be quoted,
         * the return value is "" (the null string), such as when there are no
         * delimiters in the input wrapee string.  If you want the quote character
         * to be assuredly not "", then pass in "(" as the wrappee.
         * <p>
         * Implementations are free to override the default behavior, which is to
         * call the static function of the same name.
         * </p>
         *
         * @param aWrapee is a string that might need wrapping on each end.
         * @return the quote character as a single character string, or ""
         *   if the wrapee does not need to be wrapped.
         */
        virtual const char* GetQuoteChar( const char* aWrapee ) = 0;

        virtual ~OUTPUTFORMATTER() {}

        /*/** */*
         * Get the quote character according to the Specctra DSN specification.
         *
         * @param aWrapee is a string that might need wrapping on each end.
         * @param aQuoteChar is a single character C string which provides the current
         *          quote character, should it be needed by the wrapee.
         *
         * @return the quote_character as a single character string, or ""
         *   if the wrapee does not need to be wrapped.
         */
        static const char* GetQuoteChar( const char* aWrapee, const char* aQuoteChar );
    };


    /*/** */*
     * Implement an OUTPUTFORMATTER to a memory buffer.
     */
    class STRINGFORMATTER : public OUTPUTFORMATTER
    {
        std::vector<char>       buffer;
        std::string             mystring;

        int sprint( const char* fmt, ... );
        int vprint( const char* fmt,  va_list ap );

    public:

        /*/** */*
         * Reserve space in the buffer
         */
        STRINGFORMATTER( int aReserve = 300 ) :
            buffer( aReserve, '\0' )
        {
        }


        /*/** */*
         * Clears the buffer and empties the internal string.
         */
        void Clear()
        {
            mystring.clear();
        }

        /*/** */*
         * Remove whitespace, '(', and ')' from the internal string.
         */
        void StripUseless();


        std::string GetString()
        {
            return mystring;
        }


        //-----<OUTPUTFORMATTER>------------------------------------------------
        int PRINTF_FUNC Print( int nestLevel, const char* fmt, ... );
        const char* GetQuoteChar( const char* wrapee );
        //-----</OUTPUTFORMATTER>-----------------------------------------------
    };


    #endif // RICHIO_H_
~~~~~~~~~~~~~


# 10. Resources # {#resources}
There are plenty of excellent resources on the Internet on C++ coding
styles and coding do's and don'ts. Here are a few useful ones. In most
cases, the coding styles do not follow the KiCad coding style but there
is plenty of other good information here. Besides, most of them have
some great humor in them enjoyable to read. Who knows, you might even
learn something new.

- [C++ Coding Standard][cppstandard]
- [Linux Kernel Coding Style][kernel]
- [C++ Operator Overloading Guidelines][overloading]
- [Wikipedia's Programming Style Page][style]

[clang-format]: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormat.html
[cppstandard]:http://www.possibility.com/Cpp/CppCodingStandard.html
[kernel]:https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/tree/Documentation/process/coding-style.rst
[overloading]:http://www.cs.caltech.edu/courses/cs11/material/cpp/donnie/cpp-ops.html
[style]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_style