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<title>CRYPTO_CURVE_TO_HIDDEN(3MONOCYPHER)</title>
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<table class="head">
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<td class="head-ltitle">CRYPTO_CURVE_TO_HIDDEN(3MONOCYPHER)</td>
<td class="head-vol">3MONOCYPHER</td>
<td class="head-rtitle">CRYPTO_CURVE_TO_HIDDEN(3MONOCYPHER)</td>
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</table>
<div class="manual-text">
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="NAME"><a class="selflink" href="#NAME">NAME</a></h1>
<b class="Nm" title="Nm">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>,
<b class="Nm" title="Nm">crypto_hidden_to_curve</b>,
<b class="Nm" title="Nm">crypto_hidden_key_pair</b> &#x2014;
<span class="Nd" title="Nd">hiding of X25519 public keys</span>
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="selflink" href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></h1>
<b class="In" title="In">#include
&lt;<a class="In" title="In">monocypher.h</a>&gt;</b>
<div class="Pp"></div>
<var class="Ft" title="Ft">int</var>
<br/>
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>(<var class="Fa" title="Fa">uint8_t
hidden[32]</var>, <var class="Fa" title="Fa">const uint8_t curve[32]</var>,
<var class="Fa" title="Fa">uint8_t tweak</var>);
<div class="Pp"></div>
<var class="Ft" title="Ft">void</var>
<br/>
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_to_curve</b>(<var class="Fa" title="Fa">uint8_t
curve[32]</var>, <var class="Fa" title="Fa">const uint8_t hidden[32]</var>);
<div class="Pp"></div>
<var class="Ft" title="Ft">void</var>
<br/>
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_key_pair</b>(<var class="Fa" title="Fa">uint8_t
hidden[32]</var>, <var class="Fa" title="Fa">uint8_t secret_key[32]</var>,
<var class="Fa" title="Fa">uint8_t seed[32]</var>);
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="selflink" href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
These functions allow obfuscating X25519 public keys by making them appear
effectively indistinguishable from random noise. This is of interest for key
exchange protocols that require indistinguishability from randomness, such as
padded uniform random blobs (PURBs). They are intended for ephemeral
(short-lived, possibly just one-time) X25519 keys, not for long-term public
keys. After an initial key exchange involving hidden keys, subsequent key
exchange messages should be encrypted instead; see, for example, the Noise
protocol. This is an <i class="Em" title="Em">advanced feature</i> &#x2013;
unless you are implementing an protocol that requires indistinguishability of
all communications from random noise, consider
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_key_exchange_public_key.html">crypto_key_exchange_public_key(3monocypher)</a>
instead.
<div class="Pp"></div>
For understanding what these functions do, it is important to note that a
&#x201C;public key&#x201D; in this context refers to a
<i class="Em" title="Em">point on Curve25519</i>. This also means that these
functions are not compatible with
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_sign.html">crypto_sign(3monocypher)</a>
and related functions.
<div class="Pp"></div>
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>() takes a public key
<var class="Fa" title="Fa">curve</var> and a
<var class="Fa" title="Fa">tweak</var>, hiding the public key it so that it is
effectively indistinguishable from random noise. Note that only
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519_dirty_fast.html">crypto_x25519_dirty_fast(3monocypher)</a>
or
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519_dirty_small.html">crypto_x25519_dirty_small(3monocypher)</a>
can generate a suitable public key; the
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519.html">crypto_x25519(3monocypher)</a>
function is insufficient. The <var class="Fa" title="Fa">tweak</var> must be
chosen at random. Even then, this operation <i class="Em" title="Em">may</i>
fail: Not all curve points are capable of being hidden. In this case,
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>() must be tried again with
a new key pair; the <var class="Fa" title="Fa">tweak</var> does not need to be
changed. On average, two attempts are needed. Once a suitable public key has
been found, <b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>() always
succeeds for it. Given the same values for
<var class="Fa" title="Fa">tweak</var> and
<var class="Fa" title="Fa">curve</var>,
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>() yields the same output
value <var class="Fa" title="Fa">hidden</var>.
<div class="Pp"></div>
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_to_curve</b>() performs the inverse
operation: It decodes a hidden point to a curve point on Curve25519.
<div class="Pp"></div>
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_key_pair</b>() is a convenience function
that generates a secret key and its corresponding public key, which is
effectively indistinguishable from random noise, from a random seed.
<i class="Em" title="Em">The execution time of this function is
unpredictable</i> because it may take many failures until a key pair could be
generated successfully. <b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_key_pair</b>()
uses
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519_dirty_fast.html">crypto_x25519_dirty_fast(3monocypher)</a>
internally; if code size is an important concern, its functionality can be
replicated with
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519_dirty_small.html">crypto_x25519_dirty_small(3monocypher)</a>
instead.
<div class="Pp"></div>
The arguments are:
<dl class="Bl-tag">
<dt class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dt>
<dd class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dd>
<dt class="It-tag"><var class="Fa" title="Fa">curve</var></dt>
<dd class="It-tag">A point on the curve, which is a Curve25519 public key
generated with either
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519_dirty_fast.html">crypto_x25519_dirty_fast(3monocypher)</a>
or
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519_dirty_small.html">crypto_x25519_dirty_small(3monocypher)</a>.</dd>
<dt class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dt>
<dd class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dd>
<dt class="It-tag"><var class="Fa" title="Fa">hidden</var></dt>
<dd class="It-tag">The hidden encoding of a point on the curve which is
effectively indistinguishable from random.</dd>
<dt class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dt>
<dd class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dd>
<dt class="It-tag"><var class="Fa" title="Fa">secret_key</var></dt>
<dd class="It-tag">The secret key that was generated from the given
<var class="Fa" title="Fa">seed</var>.</dd>
<dt class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dt>
<dd class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dd>
<dt class="It-tag"><var class="Fa" title="Fa">seed</var></dt>
<dd class="It-tag">A 32-byte random number from which to derive a key pair.
See <a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="intro.html">intro(3monocypher)</a> for
advice about generating random bytes (use the operating system's random
number generator). The <var class="Fa" title="Fa">seed</var> is wiped
automatically.</dd>
<dt class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dt>
<dd class="It-tag">&#x00A0;</dd>
<dt class="It-tag"><var class="Fa" title="Fa">tweak</var></dt>
<dd class="It-tag">A 1-byte random number, which influences the final output
of <b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>().</dd>
</dl>
<div class="Pp"></div>
The <var class="Fa" title="Fa">hidden</var> and
<var class="Fa" title="Fa">curve</var> arguments may overlap or point at the
same buffer.
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="RETURN_VALUES"><a class="selflink" href="#RETURN_VALUES">RETURN
VALUES</a></h1>
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>() returns 0 on success, -1
if the given <var class="Fa" title="Fa">curve</var> argument is unsuitable for
hiding.
<div class="Pp"></div>
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_to_curve</b>() and
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_key_pair</b>() return nothing; they
cannot fail.
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="EXAMPLES"><a class="selflink" href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></h1>
Generate a key pair manually using
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519_dirty_small.html">crypto_x25519_dirty_small(3monocypher)</a>
instead of its fast variant:
<div class="Pp"></div>
<div class="Bd" style="margin-left: 5.00ex;">
<pre class="Li">
uint8_t sk [32]; /* Secret key output */
uint8_t pk [32]; /* Hidden public key output */
uint8_t tweak; /* Random tweak input */
arc4random_buf(&amp;tweak, 1);
for (;;) {
arc4random_buf(sk, 32);
crypto_x25519_dirty_small(pk, sk);
if (crypto_curve_to_hidden(pk, pk, tweak) == 0)
break;
}
/* Now save the secret key and send the hidden public key. */
</pre>
</div>
<div class="Pp"></div>
Performing a key exchange with the other party's public key having been hidden:
<div class="Pp"></div>
<div class="Bd" style="margin-left: 5.00ex;">
<pre class="Li">
uint8_t hidden_pk [32]; /* Their hidden public key */
uint8_t their_pk [32]; /* Their unhidden public key */
uint8_t your_sk [32]; /* Your secret key */
uint8_t shared_key[32]; /* Shared session key */
crypto_hidden_to_curve(their_pk, hidden_pk);
crypto_key_exchange(shared_key, your_sk, their_pk);
/* Wipe secrets if they are no longer needed */
crypto_wipe(your_sk, 32);
</pre>
</div>
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="SEE_ALSO"><a class="selflink" href="#SEE_ALSO">SEE
ALSO</a></h1>
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_key_exchange.html">crypto_key_exchange(3monocypher)</a>,
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519.html">crypto_x25519(3monocypher)</a>,
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="crypto_x25519_dirty_small.html">crypto_x25519_dirty_small(3monocypher)</a>,
<a class="Xr" title="Xr" href="intro.html">intro(3monocypher)</a>
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="STANDARDS"><a class="selflink" href="#STANDARDS">STANDARDS</a></h1>
These functions implement the Elligator 2 mapping for Curve25519. This mapping
is incompatible with both the hash-to-curve Internet draft and the
implementation of Elligator 2 in libsodium. Elligator 2 was described in:
<cite class="Rs" title="Rs"><span class="RsA">Daniel J. Bernstein</span>,
<span class="RsA">Mike Hamburg</span>, <span class="RsA">Anna Krasnova</span>,
and <span class="RsA">Tanja Lange</span>, <span class="RsT">Elligator:
Elliptic-curve points indistinguishable from uniform random strings</span>,
<i class="RsI">Association for Computing Machinery</i>, <i class="RsJ">CCS
'13: Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer &amp;
communications security</i>, <span class="RsP">pp. 967&#x2013;980</span>,
<span class="RsD">2013</span>.</cite>
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="HISTORY"><a class="selflink" href="#HISTORY">HISTORY</a></h1>
The <b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>(),
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_to_curve</b>(), and
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_hidden_key_pair</b>() functions first appeared
in Monocypher 3.1.0.
<h1 class="Sh" title="Sh" id="SECURITY_CONSIDERATIONS"><a class="selflink" href="#SECURITY_CONSIDERATIONS">SECURITY
CONSIDERATIONS</a></h1>
The secret keys for the public keys fed into
<b class="Fn" title="Fn">crypto_curve_to_hidden</b>()
<b class="Sy" title="Sy">must be chosen randomly</b>, rather than
deterministically. Otherwise, the timing information given by the required
number of retries also leaks information on the secret keys.
<div class="Pp"></div>
These functions <i class="Em" title="Em">help</i> build highly
difficult-to-analyze protocols, but are insufficient by themselves: Other
metadata, such as the amount of bytes sent in a packet or the size of the
32-byte random-looking string that represents the curve point itself, can be
very strong indicators of the use of cryptography. Consider using appropriate
padding algorithms, such as PADME, and obscure other metadata as much as
possible.</div>
<table class="foot">
<tr>
<td class="foot-date">March 31, 2020</td>
<td class="foot-os">Linux 4.15.0-106-generic</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</html>